This paper presents ideas concerning the internal structure of the proton. These ideas are enabled by the unitless system developed in US9-1. Familiarity with US9-1 is required in the following presentation [1] . The primary constants of US9-1, m_e, R and @, adequately describe the actual values of mass, lifetime, and mass times lifetime of fundamental particles. This unexpected correlation should lead directly to internal algorithms. In US9, m_e and @ are components of internal temporal processing in particles. US9 has entered the heart of the Standard Model.

Therefore, a primary objective of US9-2 is to produce a preliminary internal model of the proton which will provide practitioners of the Standard Theory a stable proton to interact with.

The evolution of Physics in the Universe must emphasize efficiency of information processing and communication. The Hydrogen atom has the inherent capability of evolving to more complex structures, the atoms and molecules. This leads to biological evolution and thus must exhibit similar traits. The proton must contain fundamental properties that are shared by all evolved creatures. The experience of life is shared by all entities in the Universe. The Uncertainty Principle will become the Organizational Principle [2] .

This results in internal time which can appear as external space-time but is simply a consequence of internal information processing. Force fields are communications between particles which originate within the particles but require a distance determination to be activated.

In US9-1, a unitless Physics was derived from fundamental constants which demonstrated intimate relationships in many areas of Physics that were not recognizable with the standard system. US9-1 produced a simple relationship between electrostatics and gravity and simple relationships between the constants of US9-1 and the masses and lifetimes of fundamental particles. Standard Physics concludes that the internal structure of the proton is chaotic [3] .

US9-2 will consider the internal structure of the proton as the stable source of communications and physical law. We will introduce several principles which are required to answer logical gaps in the Standard Model and to provide connections in Physics to evolution. Such connections require an internal viewpoint of particles in addition to field theory. The purpose of this paper is to illuminate the properties necessary for a complete theory of Physics which provides internal mechanisms for the creation of communication fields and the reaction of fundamental particles to fields.

MKS constants US9 constants

π = 3.141592654 π = 3.141592654

@ = 137.035999074(44) = 1/α @ = 137.035999074(44)

R = 1836.15267245(75) R = 1836.15267245(75)

c = 2.99792458E8 [M/S] c _ = m _ e @

h = 6.62606957(29)E−34 [KM²/S] ℏ _ = m _ e 3

m_e = 9.10938291(40)E−31 [K] m _ e = 3.6249118 E 6 electron mass

G = 6.67384(80)E−11 [M³/KS²] http://file .scirp .org/Html/1-1730680_78896 .htm

e 2 = ℏ α c e _ = m _ e 2

US9 values are always underlined.

All physical constants are intimately related in US9, based on the value of the electron mass. A value of “1” has the same meaning for length, time and mass. The US9 values are assumed to be for internal processing where units are temporal.

US9 conversion constants:

K M = 1.4598347 E − 17   [ M ]

K K g = 2.5129944 E − 37   [ Kg ]   or   ( 0.141   ev / c 2 )

K S = 2.41888433 E − 17   [ S ]

K V = K M / K S = 0.60351572   [ M / S ]

K J = K K g K V 2 = 9.1531103 E − 38 [ J ] or K e v = 5.712922471 E − 19   [ ev ]

These constants are to be multiplied times the unitless values to obtain measured values in MKS units. Note the similarity of K_M and K_S.

The K’s are the equivalents of the US9 value of “1”.

1ev is equivalent to a US9 mass: M_1ev = 7.127827701

US9 requires minimum and maximum values for all parameters. This is required to prevent information processing in Nature from the infinities in the Standard model.

As energy,

m _ e 3 / 2 = ℏ _ / 2 = S p i n 1 / 2 = 2.381564 E 19

or [ × K e v = 13.60569049   ev ]

Mystery of US9-1 Table 2 from US9-1

In US9-1, Table 2 demonstrated that for 22 fundamental particles the values of Δt could be represented using only m_e and @ with coefficients of relatively low value, 1.785 ± 1.097. Also, M could be represented by m_e, R and @, 1.309 ± 0.580. This clearly indicates that the internal processing of fundamental particles generates particles in terms of US9 constants.

In US9, Einstein’s rest energy and Plank’s constant are intimately related:

M _ c _ 2 = R M m _ e m _ e 2 @ 2 = R M ℏ _ @ 2 = R M ℏ _ / [ 1 / @ 2 ]

or R M ℏ _ per 1.28808867E−21 sec.

For the electron: R_M = 1.

The assumption of “per α²” refers to speculated internal processing time. Such relationships are not possible with MKS units. The association of rest energy with the Uncertainty Principle has a much deeper meaning [4] .

Δ _ p = m _ e Δ _ v assume Δ _ x = λ _ d B / 2

In the Bohr Hydrogen atom:

λ _ d B = h _ / m _ e v _ = 2 π m _ e 3 / m _ e [ m _ e / n B ] = n B 2 π m _ e

Δ _ p Δ _ x ≥ ± ℏ _ / 2 = ± m _ e Δ _ v λ _ d B / 2 = ± m e Δ _ v n B 2 π m _ e / 2 = ± m _ e 2 Δ _ v n B π

Δ _ v = ± [ m _ e 3 / 2 ] / m _ e 2 n B π = ± m _ e / n B 2 π

Δ _ v / v _ = ± [ m _ e / n B 2 π ] / [ m _ e / n B ] = ± 1 / 2π

M _ c _ 2 Δ _ t d B = R M m _ e m _ e 2 @ 2 2 π / R M @ 2 = 2 π m _ e 3 = h _ = ± 4 π Δ _ E Δ _ t = ± 4 π Δ _ p Δ _ x

Can the U.P. contain non-random decisions? In order to retain particle identity, avoidance of damaging collisions could be maintained by appropriate digital motion. This could be the justification for the mysterious Uncertainty Principle. Even if a small part of the U.P. were systematic, Physics would require adjustments. If ± Δ _ p / @ represented digital motion decisions based on interaction communications, there would be systematic errors in Standard Physics. This will be discussed later in this paper.

Force fields originate from particles. An Internal structure is required to produce communication and to react to the communicated field.

The internal structure of the proton is enabled via the elimination of the electrostatic force and the part of the strong force that counters the electrostatic force within the proton. The inefficiency of opposing forces requires excessive information processing that is unlikely in Nature.

Electrostatic force from the proton is inactive over the proton radius_. This occurs because the deBroglie communication does not complete a full cycle. The proton radius has been measured to be about 0.86E−15 meters or/K_M = 58.9. The gravitational force replaces the need for the strong force. Gravitational orbits are possible.

Applying the deBroglie period to the proton:

Δ _ t d B p = h _ / M _ P c _ 2 = 2 π m _ e 3 / R m _ e m _ e 2 @ 2 = 2π / R @ 2 = 1.822225567 E − 7

or [ × K S = 4.407752875 E − 24   sec ]

The time required for a round trip communication which enables definition of distance is

N r 2 Δ _ t d B p = N r 3.644451134 E − 7

or [ × K s = N r 8.81550575 E − 24 sec ]

which replaces “r” internally as the measurement of distance between interacting particles.

Minimum Proton electrostatic comm. distance:

r _     p = Δ _ t d B p c _ = 2 π m _ e / R @ = 90.51785422

or [ × K M = 1.321411046 E − 15   m ]

The larger value, ×1.54, requires a new theory regarding the quantized distance force. The similarity of the measured proton radius value and the value from the deBroglie period indicates the following hypothesis.

Hypothesis I: The electrostatic force requires quantized communication between interacting particles to determine distance. Electrostatic force from the proton is inactive over the proton radius_. Gravitational internal structure is possible.

For relativistic particles, the distance determined would be significantly over estimated producing a zone of variable reaction to the electrostatic force. This assumes that a return signal is necessary to determine the distance between two interacting particles. The near coincidence between the radius measurement and the deBroglie distance is one justification for this dead zone. The information required to use the strong force to counter the electrostatic force is unnaturally inefficient. The chaotic internal state of the proton predicted by the Standard Model is inappropriate for the foundation particle of the Universe. Gravitation may be the foundation of internal particle structure and E&M may be a later development in the evolution of Physics.

Applying the deBroglie period to the electron:

Δ _ t d B e = 2 π / @ 2 = h _ / m _ e c _ 2 = 3.345884344 E − 4

or [ × K s = 4.747422865 E − 21   s ]

Minimum electron electrostatic comm. distance:

r _       e = Δ _ t d B e c _ = 2 π m _ e / @ = 1.662044478 E 5

or [ × K M = 2.426310203 E − 12   m ]

This is the ground radius of the Hydrogen atom divided by 21.81. Calculation of superconductivity would be altered if an electronic dead zone does occur. This is a quantized distance measurement. This contributes greatly to the Uncertainty Principle.

The time required for a round trip communication which enables definition of distance is

2 Δ _ t d B e = 6.691768688 E − 4

or [ × K s = 9.49484573 E − 21   s ]

If we assign the deBroglie period to the spin rotation period:

2 π r _ / v _ = 2 π / R M @ 2

r _ = v _ / R M @ 2

M _ v _ r _ = R M m _ e v _ 2 / R M @ 2 = m _ e v _ 2 / @ 2 = ℏ _ / 2 = m _ e 3 / 2

v _ 2 = m _ e 2 @ 2 / 2 = c _ 2 / 2

v _ = ± c _ / 2 1 / 2

γ = 1 / ( 1 − [ 1 / 2 1 / 2 ] 2 ) 1 / 2 = 3.414213562

Spin velocity is independent of mass.

proton: R M = γ R electron: R M = γ

r _ = v _ / R M @ 2

r _       e = c _ / 2 1 / 2 3.414213562 @ 2 = 5.478442307 E 3

or [ × K M = 7.997620182 E − 14   m ] or about 0.15% of the H₁ radius.

r _     p = c _ / 2 1 / 2 3.414213562 R @ 2 = 2.98365234

or [ × K M = 4.355640086 E − 17   m ] or about 3% of the proton radius.

These values are possible.

Hypothesis II: The proton can be considered as a gravitational binary.

US9: G _ = 1 / R m _ e 4 = 1 / M _ P ℏ _ = 1 / R e _ 2

Kepler’s Harmonic Law in US9 for gravitational orbits:

P _ 2 = 4 π 2 a _ 3 / G _ [ M _ 1 + M _ 2 ] = 4 π 2 a _ 3 R m _ e 4 / M _

R m _ e = M _ is the total mass of a proton binary system.

P _ 2 = 4 π 2 a _ 3 m _ 3 = 4 π 2 a _ 3 ℏ _

a _ 3 = P _ 2 / 4 π 2 m _ e 3 = P _ 2 / 4 π 2 ℏ _ = ± P _ 2 / 8 π 2 Δ _ p Δ _ x

This relationship between the gravitational orbit radius and the Uncertainty Principle is a deeper mystery.

For electron: P _ 2 = 4 π 2 a _ 3 R m _ e 4 / m _ e = 4 π 2 a _ 3 R m _ e 3

For a _ = 1 or [ x K M = 1.4598347 E − 17   m ]

P _   p = 2 π m _ e 3 / 2 = 4.336367035 E 10

or [ × K S = 1.048917027 E − 6   sec ]

P _   e = 2 π R 1 / 2 m _ e 3 / 2 = 1.858148541 E 12

or [ × K S = 4.494646389 E − 5   sec ]

Electron Gravitational Binaries:

P _ 2 = 4 π 2 a _ 3 / G _ m _ e = 4 π 2 a _ 3 R m _ e 3 = 4 π 2 a _ 3 ℏ _

P _ = Δ _ d B e = 2 π / @ 2 = 3.345881282 E − 4

or [ × K S = 8.093299804 E − 21   sec ]

P _ 2 = 4 π 2 / @ 4 = 4 π 2 a _ 3 R m _ e 3

a _ 3 = 1 / R m _ e 3 @ 4 = 1 / R ℏ _ @ 4

a _ = 1 / R 1 / 3 m _ e @ 4 / 3 = 3.188747033 E − 11

or [ × K M = 4.655043568 E − 28   m ]

This result is possible.

Hypothesis III: All known fundamental particles can be considered as gravitational binaries.

Assuming that the lifetimes of all fundamental particles are orbital periods yields reasonable gravitational orbits down to periods of 1E−25 seconds. This is demonstrated in Table 1 [5] .

Calculations for Table 1 and Table 2:

P _ 2 = 4 π 2 a _ 3 / G _ ( M _ 1 + M _ 2 ) = 4 π 2 a _ 3 R m _ e 4 / M _

assume P _ = Δ _ t = Δ t   sec / 2.41888433 E − 17 = lifetime

a _ = ( Δ _ t M _ / 4 π 2 R m _ e 4 ) 1 / 3 = Δ _ t 2 / 3 M 1 / 3 / 2.32177175 E 10

v _ = 2 π a _ / Δ _ t

The velocity in US9 units is only 1.657 larger than in MKS units.

Values for the electron and proton are estimated via a _ = 1 .