As stated in 2012 [1] , the author came to the conclusion as to the existence of a situation where a Stoica induced “non pathological” singularity would disrupt the existence of a functional quantum measure in 4 dimensions. The relationship of this construction to the Sum rule is explained, Afterwards, we introduce constructions as due to a new Heisenberg Uncertainty principle HUP, as given by [2] [3] [4] which among other things demonstrates the method which can give a start to cosmological expansion of the universe, and we assert that in certain cases, the answer in terms of an energy flux may indeed falsify the conclusion given in [1] . To start off, we consider in this paper whether in the absence of a Heisenberg Uncertainty principle HUP, as given in [2] [3] [4] if singularity behavior in space-time can be affected by co-ordinate choices¹. Afterwards, we will examine the role of the Heisenberg uncertainty principle HUP given in [2] [3] [4] and also consider the formulation of the problem needs more than four dimensions, or if it does not. This delineation of the number of dimensions needed to solve the initial problem as given in [1] will be central to determine if the Heisenberg uncertainty principle HUP as given in [2] [3] [4] has any applicability to space-time initial conditions.

In this situation, without considering a modified Heisenberg Uncertainty principle, HUP, in Pre Planckian space, as given by [2] [3] [4] , we digress back to the older situation as given by [1] , i.e. we’re forced then to consider having to have more than four dimensions.

As stated before in [1] we then unequivocally state that the following will hold. From [1] , we have the following quote

Quote:

A proper choice of coordinates is going to involve more than four dimensions and that what is chosen in four-dimensional space-time usually in the Roberson Walker metric will lead to a singularity problem. We claim that this affects the quantum measure problem in four dimensions. The main point of the article is below where we outline how to fix the glaring problems in four-dimensional measures theory which we state as unphysical.

We note here that higher dimensions will, as in String theory, remove this problem. We wish to reconcile the four and higher dimensional examples of co ordinate behavior and reflect upon what the four dimensional representation does to quantum measures, especially if there is a removal of the standard four dimensional representation of a mathematical singularity at the start of inflation. To do this, we will give an argument which will point in the direction of vanishing of disjoint sets in four dimensions leading to a breakup of the quantum measure in four dimensions.

Our initial goal is to show that disjoint sets, are due to separability in a topological sense, and that at a point in space?time, that the very notion of separability breaks down completely [5] .

Separability in a topological sense can be constructed as follows. A topological space X is said to be separable if X has a countable dense subset. In other words, there is a countable subset D of X such that closure (D) = X.

Equivalently, each nonempty open set in X intersects D. The fact is, that if there is a space?time point, that the countable subset D of X is such that the closure (D) = X breaks down completely.

Afterwards, we should note that disjoint sets in a topological space, X, are due to working with X being a Hausdorff space. We then note the properties of Hausdorf spaces can be written follows:

1) If K is a compact subset of X and is a point outside of K then y and K have disjoint neighborhoods, i.e. there exist an open neighborhood of y and an open set for which.

2) Every compact subset of X is closed.

3) Any two disjoint compact subsets of X have disjoint open neighborhoods, i.e. if C and D are compact disjoint subsets of X, then there exist open sets and for which.

Note that when one has a point in space time, the there is not a comparable construction to closure (D) = X or.

This lack of having at a point in space-time a topological set X with open subsets with these constructions dooms having these properties. I.e. if one does not have a Hausdorff space, one is going to find it impossible to form disjoint sets in a separable X if X is itself a point.

When one does not have separable sub sets, at a single point, then the construction used for quantum measures breaks down. We review in Appendix A what happens due to Stoic’s treatment [6] of the Friedman and acceleration equations and show it implies a smoothness condition which eliminates disjoint sets at a point, entirely, i.e. no pressure, density and scale factor.

While the existence of the pathological singularity can be treated by use of Planck’s length, which can be used to construct disjoint sets, if Stoica is believable, this Planck’s length is no longer essential, which brings up interesting questions so far avoided by main stream cosmologists. This paper merely brings up that issue, and asks what can be done to correct for it, at the point of the big bang. To do this, we later revisit what happened in Surya’s paper [7] in the DICE 2010 conference, and make a few suggestions of our own afterwards. Appendix A summarizes how Surya built up her quantum measures and is mandatory reading for those wishing to understand how quantum measures are built up outside the point regime so specified by Surya which is claimed to break down in usual singularity regimes at the origin of the big bang².

Our contribution is to examine quantum measures assuming a non-string theory treatment of cosmology. And to argue that the breakdown of a quantum measure in four dimensions necessitates use of higher dimensional embedding of the start of cosmological inflation.

End of quote of [1] .

This concludes our introduction as to what is done if the Heisenberg Uncertainty principle HUP of [2] [3] [4] [8] [9] is not used to generate a vacuum energy which could change the conclusion as to the necessity of higher dimensions in order to remove the breakdown of the vector measure of the so called quantum vector measure.

What we will do next is to elaborate the HUP which is cited in [2] [3] [4] [8] [9] which given certain conditions will possibly conserve the quantum vector measure.

In order to do this we will be looking at the following construction. From [2] [3] [4] [10] [11] we can cite the following

Iliac. Examining what happens in Pre Planckian Space time due to?

We will be looking at the value of Equation (1) if. In short, we have then that

If we use the following, from the Roberson-Walker metric [2] [3] [4] [6] .

Following Unruth [8] [9] , write then, an uncertainty of metric tensor as, with the following inputs

Then, if [2] [3] [4] [6]

This Equation (14) is such that we can extract, up to a point the Heisenberg Uncertainty principle HUP principle for uncertainty in time and energy, with one very large caveat added, namely if we use the fluid approximation of space-time [2] [3] [4] [6]

Then [2] [3] [4] [6] [8] [9] [10] [11]

Then, (7)

How likely is? Not going to happen.

We next will then go into a description of what Equation (7) will do to the issue of if not the quantum measure breaks down to that we will work from the stand point of what a traditional quantum measure will do and to put in what the situation is, if we use Equation (7) and if we do NOT assume Equation (7), in terms of a local HUP.

We use, in part a page and a half of information directly from the initial paper [1] to set up what we will be reviewing as a case of what happens if there is no uncertainty principle to eliminate the presumed singularity.

From [1] we will make use of the following quote of background from the initial starting paper: This is quoting in part of the background from the FIRST reference [1]

As given in [1] Appendix B refers to bi-additivity of D leading to finite additivity of. And to go to Appendix B to see the construction leading to the following equation, which uses disjoint sets, as given in [12]

The use of finite additivity of is assumed for the quantum measures and in Appendix B involves use of disjoint sets. Now for the difference in terms of the 2^nd half of this paper, as compared to the situation in [1] .

We assert that if Planck’s length is mandatory due to space-time evolution from a HUP as done later, then there is no question that Equation (8) holds. Furthermore, we assert that the 2^nd half of this paper due to the HUP does satisfy Equation (8) so the Surya hypothesis as given in [1] holds.

The difference in what we are proposing in the 2^nd half of this paper is that unlike the situation from [1] , is that the introduction of quantum HUP, from first principles, as done later, will mean that we will avoid having to use the argument given in [1] as reproduced below in section IV a. below. But what if there is no HUP and that we have a breakdown of a minimum length? i.e. then frankly Equation (8) breaks down. If there IS a HUP, then Equation (8) does NOT break down.

Assuming no HUP, as is done later, we will present reference [1] construction leading to the conclusion of the violation of Equation (8), and why.

If there is a HUP for space-time metrics, then the main problem, of applying Equation (8) lies in insuring the existence of disjoint sets at a point of space-time. If we can get through the HUP, the existence of a minimum space-time length allows us to state, there can be disjoint sets, and then the math construction of Surya [7] goes through verbatim.

We recite the results of [1] in the case that there is NO HUP and that there is NO smallest “length”.

Classical relativity theory though will not allow applying Equation (8). In our 2^nd half of the paper will claim that Equation (8) holds. We claim that this is due to the disappearance of the Pathology given in page 5 of Reference [1] .

Now, let us go through what we did in [1] which means that we have to show that there is no way we can have disjoint sets. What are the consequences? In essence, the elimination of disjoint sets destroys a quantum measure. What does this entail and why?

To do this, let us review the notion of a quantum measure.

The precondition for a quantum measure for a quantum measurement is given by Equation (8) [13] for n disjoint sets. This Equation (8) is a math precondition for being a vector measure over. Equation (1) right at the point of the big bang cannot insure the existence of n disjoint sets. Therefore at the loci of the big bang one would instead get, due to non-definable disjoint sets, a situation definable as, at best.

We then come to our main result. In the case of NO Heisenberg Uncertainty principle HUP as we talk about later in the 2^nd part of the paper, then Equation (8) is replaced by the inequality, i.e. the elimination of disjoint sets will lead to.

Not being able to have a guarantee of having n disjoint sets because of singular conditions at the big bang will bring into question whether Equation (8) can hold and the overall research endeavor of analyzing the existence of quantum measures.

So what do we call the quantum measure generally? In Equation (10) the existence of the quantum measure is defined by the supremum argument.

Now what about the inequality of Equation (9) in the case we eliminate disjoint measures, and how would that lead a change in Equation (8) to Equation (9)?

This is what becomes very problematic if [14] [15] is true about non pathological consequences of a BB singularity, i.e. in the case of no initial singularity the following argument holds.

Our claim is as follows. The Supremum argument as of Equation (10) in the case of NO HUP for metric tensors is no longer valid. If there is no HUP for metric tensors, then the elimination of disjoint partitions means that we have then the elimination of the equality as given in Equation (10).

Why would this break down if we do not apply a metric Heisenberg Uncertainty principle HUP?

We claim that the existence of a singularity will not allow us to analyze disjoint partitions. We furthermore claim that the result we are referencing is that Equation (10) DOES INDEED hold if a metric tensor Heinsenberg Uncertainty principle HUP exists which gives geometric existence to space-time permitting the existence of disjoint sets.

We furthermore claim that if we do not have a metric tensor Heinsenberg Uncertainty principle HUP, that we eliminate disjoint sets. Then we go to Equation (11) below.

If we do NOT apply a HUP which removes the presumed singularity, then Equation (10) is now an inequality written as:

Our point as to what happens if an inequality holds, is due to a breakdown of the notion of “unconditional convergence of the vector measure.”

Equation (10) depends upon having [14] [15] an “unconditional convergence of the vector measure over all partitions”. Replace partitions with causal set structure, and one still has the same requirement of an unconditional convergence of the vector set over all “causal set structure”.

Equation (11) is what we have if no Heisenberg Uncertainty principle HUP exists, and that the main result of our paper is that Equation (11) no longer holds, and that we instead have Equation (10) if a metric tensor Heinsenberg Uncertainty Principle HUP exists. We detail the reasons for that statement in Section V below.

In order to reformulate the conclusions of Equation (11), we will be examining if the existence of Equation (7) stops physical disruptions of a disjoint partition, i.e. what we will be examining if we have an effective way to examining disjoint partitions, as showing up for why in the case of not using Equation (7) we had effectively removed the singularity at the beginning of space-time.

The simplest way to consider what may be involved in alterations of geometry is seen in the fact that in pre octonionic space time regime (which is Pre Planckian), one would have [27] (Crowell, 2005).

This Pre Octonionic space-time behavior should be seen to be separate from the flatness condition as referred to in [27] . But retuning to [27] we have that, in Pre Planckian space-time, that.

under any circumstances, with low to high temperatures, or flat or curved space (23).

Whereas in the octonion gravity space time regime where one would have Equation (22) hold that for enormous temperature increases Equation (22), then by [27] (Crowell, 2005).

Here,

We argue that Equation (24) holds, and that the Stoica non pathological singularity is removed, if there is a sufficiently large energy flux given by change in energy, in Equation (13), but this requires that it not be infinite.

We shall next go to the conclusions and to first review the conclusions made if we do not have the modifications due to an ultra large change in initial energy due to Equation (13).

First of all, the question we need to ask is, “Is the existence of a Planck length, as a minimum length mandatory as to space-time?” If it is, the problem of the existence of disjoint intervals is solved, i.e. we need not worry, even if it is 10^-35 meters in length. If this minimum length exists, Equation (8) holds everywhere.

If a mandatory minimum non-zero space-time interval is necessary, then there is nothing which forbids the existence of (8) above. If such an interval does not exist, then (1) breaks down. Furthermore, the space of all infinitely differentiable functions is also separable, and a fundamental sequence is the sequence of all powers of x. This is shown by Taylor Series and Weierstrass Theorem [5] . But having either Weierstrass Theorem or Taylor series at a single point of space-time is a non starter, and also the dodge of using the simplification of a finite dimensional normed space breaks down. No longer at a point, many of the computations can be simplified by the existence of a finite basis, where every vector in the space is a linear combination of some subset of vectors in the basis. One does not have a finite basis in a point of space time [5] .

It should be noted that Connes [13] outlines conditions for non-commutative geometry in space-time for the development of exotic basis which in higher dimensions could restore separable space, i.e. even Hausdorff behavior, as would be necessary for disjoint sets to exist. But such a development would be involving encasing the four dimensional singularity as embedded in a hierarchy of higher dimensional geometric spaces. With 3 dimensional space and time at a singular point, one does not have a Hausdorff metric space X, separatability and without having either of the above, then the construction for a quantum measure, as outlined and developed in the given Appendix A will not work out.

In essence, for making a consistent cosmology, our results argue in favor of a string theory style embedding of the start of inflation and what we have argued so far is indicating how typical four dimensional cosmologies have serious mathematical measure theoretic problems. These quantum measure theoretic problems are unphysical especially in light of the Stoica findings [7] .

We argue in this second case, that then the problems are consistent with regards to the sort of measure theory as advocated by Tao [15] , and that the use of Equation (13) removes the problem cited in [1] .

A general comment should be raised, here, that Reference [28] , that we can have if this is true, alternative gravity theories as a result, as noted by Corda, that this will also entail additional graviton polarization states which are in principle possible in extended theories in gravity. That would affect the sum rule ideas as presented, here. In addition, lattice quantum gravity issues, as noted in [14] should be evaluated or dismissed. The end result of all these procedures is that what is brought up in [29] may impact our choice of ideas as to what is a measure, and in doing so give a different result than what is given in [30] as far as the early universe admissible singularities.

In doing this, note that what is implied in our document, if [28] holds with additional polarization states, added, will give even more structure to our results and lead to further potential invalidation of [30] . Dr. Corda is commended for this insight, as communicated to the author, and it means that, as what is now occurring that additional investigations into [30] with its potential future invalidation of the Hawkings-Ellis singularity theorem structure are necessary. It also lays into the distinct possibility that other objects, purportedly with singularities have a different character from what is usually purported as given in [31] , by Frolov, and Novikov, also are of timely import which was recently brought to the attention of the author by J. Dickau in recent communications.

This work is supported in part by National Nature Science Foundation of China grant No. 11375279.

Beckwith, A.W. (2017) Reconsidering “Does the Sum Rule Hold at the Big Bang?” with Pre Planckian HUP, and Division Algebras. Journal of High Energy Physics, Gravitation and Cosmology, 3, 539-557. https://doi.org/10.4236/jhepgc.2017.34041

This is straight from reference [1] and is applied only if we do not apply Equation (13). Upon application of Equation (13), this application is no longer used, and [6] is not pertinent. And [14] as an elaboration is not considered.

If Equation (13) is not used, which removes, this construction, we state that Stoica [6] does a re-scaling of the pressure and density along t he following lines, namely the initial Friedman equation is changed i.e. it starts with

Furthermore we also have the accelleration equation given by

Using the re-scaling of [6] using as part of a ‘typical space’

We then re-scale the density and also the pressure as follows:

This will lead to

The upshot is, as explained in [2] that then;

So then the acceleration equation and Friedman equation vanish at

This is straight from reference [1] and is applied only if we do not apply Equation (13). Upon application of Equation (13), this application is no longer used, and [6] is not pertinent. Also, we then would, if we apply Equation (13) NOT use the additional details in [14] . With that, let us commence the review.

We introduce the formalism by appealing to the concept of spatial diffeomorphism [12] as a necessary condition for linking the physics of what happens at a singularity to outside of the singularity of inflation generated space time geometry. Trivially, a diffeomorphism involves an infinitely differentiable, one-to-one mapping of the model to itself. In contrast, there is a breakdown of differentiability at the start of the big bang, based on non-loop-quantum-gravity theories.

We submit that the difficulties in terms of consistency of Equation (8) of this document. In terms of initial causal structural breakdown-which we claim leads to Equation (8) being re written as an inequality-one has to come up with a different way to embed quantum measures within a superstructure, as noted in the conclusions of this paper. Spatial diffiomorphisms as stated in [12] do not work unless there is a lattice structure, effectively doing away with a singularity. If the lattice structure is not used, differentiability breaks down and one does not have one-to-one mapping of the physics of the big bang singularity onto the rest of the inflationary process. We submit that this breakdown would then make Equation (b1) not definable. As to the measure set structure, the readers are referred to [12] to get the foundations of the measure theory structure understood. The rest of this text is an adoptation of what was done in [6] , with the author’s re interpretation of what the significance is of quantum measures as stated in [6] , in the vicinity of a singularity.

The author’s main point is that there is a breakdown of measurable structure, starting with definitions given in [6] and [12] where the concept of disjoint sets becomes meaningless in a point of space. In the causal set approach, the probabilities are held to be Markovian [6] , label-independent and adhere to Bell’s inequality. The author of [6] refers to a sequential growth called a classical transition percolation model. Then reference [6] extends the classical transition percolation model to complex models involving quantum measures in the definition of a (quantum) complex percolation model. Reference [6] defines the amplitude of transition as follows. For a quantum measure space defined as triple as given by, with a yet to be defined vector measure, is an event algebra or set of propositions about the system, and is the sample space of histories or space-time configurations.

Let be amplitude of transition, instead of a probability; and set as the amplitude for a transition from an empty set to n element of a causal set, and with cylinder set as a subset of containing labeled past finite causal sets whose first n elements form the causal subset. Note that the cylinder sets form event algebra with measure given by form the sub-causal set. Here, is a complex measure on, so then is a vector measure [3] . This is the primary point of breakdown that occurs in the case of a space time singularity. Away from the singularity we will be working with the physics of

This is done for a cylinder set , where is a given path, and as a truncated path, with a subset of and, with the probability of a truncated path, with a given initial to final spatial and times. Note that the measure would be for obeying the weaker Quantum sum rule [32]

This probability would be a quantum probability which would not obey the classical rule of Kolmogrov [6]

The actual probability used would have to take into account quantum interference. That is due to Equation (1b) and Kolmogrov probability no longer applying, leading to

Here, is a decoherence functional , which is (i) Hermitian, (ii) finitely biadditive, and (iii) strongly additive, i.e., the eignvalues of D constructed as a matrix over the histories are non-negative.A quantum mesurement is then defined via

A quantum vector measurment is defined via

Where

, if, if (b7)

Also is the vector space over with an inner product given by

with a Hilbert space constructed by taking a sequence of Cauchy sequences sharing an equivalence relationship

if (b9)

So then the following happens,

This is for all and so then the quantum measure is defined for so the inner product on is

The claim associated with Equation (b1) above is that since is a complex measure of, Equation (b1) corresponds to an unconditional convergence of the vector measure over all partitions. Secondly according to the Caratheodary-Hahn theorem there is unconditional convergence for classical stochastic growth, but this is not necessarily always true for a quantum growth process.

The main point of the formalism for Equation (b13) is of bi-additivity of D leading to the finite addivity of

Submit or recommend next manuscript to SCIRP and we will provide best service for you:

Accepting pre-submission inquiries through Email, Facebook, LinkedIn, Twitter, etc.

A wide selection of journals (inclusive of 9 subjects, more than 200 journals)

Providing 24-hour high-quality service

User-friendly online submission system

Fair and swift peer-review system

Efficient typesetting and proofreading procedure

Display of the result of downloads and visits, as well as the number of cited articles

Maximum dissemination of your research work

Submit your manuscript at: http://papersubmission.scirp.org/

Or contact jhepgc@scirp.org