Moving target indication (MTI) is an effective means for radar to find moving targets in clutter environment. This paper introduces the basic principles of MTI, how to avoid the blind speed problem and the optimization of MTI filter. Implementing the multi-notch adaptive moving target indication (AMTI) filter that designed by using the stagger code in varied cases, which is based on a feature vector method optimization.
MTI band-stop filter as a “single channel”, followed by detection is relatively simple. When the target speed is large and the repetition frequency is low, make sure that there is no distance blur, through the “variable week” variable repeat cycle or repeat and “time varying” [1]. Can overcome the blind speed problem, the drawback is no improvement in noise. In general, the mess is not very strong, the radar can handle a limited number of pulses, suitable for the use of repetitive and time-varying weighted system. The adaptive has a variety of ways to achieve, in which the performance is better “first order” and “second order”. The first- order basic method is to use the interval-based velocity measurement and the zero-point distribution method to determine the weighting parameters of the clutter cancellation filter to obtain the filter whose notch is aligned with the center of the clutter spectrum [2]. Its advantages are simpler, the disadvantage is that it cannot be adaptive with the clutter spectrum, so sometimes the performance is worse. The second-order basic method is to estimate the clutter covariance matrix, and then use matrix inversion or feature decomposition feature vector method to determine the filter weight coefficient.
This paper first analyzes the moving target indication (MTI), on this basis, the MTI is optimized, and the appropriate filter coefficients are designed by the feature vector method, which can effectively suppress the clutter. And the use of stagger code design MTI filter to eliminate the impact of blind speed. For motion clutter, the spectral center is not at zero frequency, and is time-varying. In order to suppress such clutter, this paper adopts adaptive motion clutter suppression technique AMTI, and designs multi-notch AMTI filter [3].
2. Research on Adaptive Clutter Suppression Algorithm
The earliest MTI filter is a delay line canceller, is currently one of the most commonly used MTI filter. According to the different number of cancellation, but also divided into single delay line canceller, double delay line canceller and multi-delay line canceller [4].
Single delay line canceller as shown in Figure 1, the impulse response of the single delay line canceller is expressed as, and output is equal to the convolution between the impulse response and the input [5].
The impulse response of the counter is:
The power gain of the single delay line canceller is:
Double delay line canceller as shown in Figure 2. The response of the double delay line canceller is
Single delay line canceller
Double delay line canceller
The double delay line canceller impulse response is:
The adaptive moving target indication (AMTI) filter is usually composed of a FIR filter with a horizontal structure. The output of the MTI filter is:
where is the weight vector and is the input signal vector. The frequency response of this filter is:
In the radar system, in order to avoid the occurrence of blind effects, usually the use of “variable T” approach, that is, by regularly changing the radar launch pulse period so that the frequency of blindness is greater than the target possible Doppler frequency. Adaptive clutter suppression is compatible with parametric techniques, meaning that the clutter suppression filter must be time-varying. For the determined value, the frequency characteristic of the MTI filter is determined only by the weight vector, so the calculation of the weight vector is the core of the MTI process, according to different design methods, the optimal weight vector is generally different. In engineering practice, the improvement factor is often used to measure the performance of MTI system. The improvement factor of the MTI filter is defined as. Obviously, the greater the, the better the effect of the system on clutter suppression. It has been proved that the optimal weight vector of the MTI filter should be the eigenvector corresponding to the minimum eigenvalue of the covariance matrix of the input clutter, in order to maximize the average improvement factor of the MTI. At this point the improvement factor is [6].
2.1. Optimal Design of Filter
The so-called optimization design requires a set of optimal filter coefficients, to maximize the improvement factor, a lot of design methods. In the case of the variable T, the better methods are feature vector method, matching algorithm, zero-point allocation method and linear prediction method [7]. The feature vector method is the solution that minimizes the clutter output power when the target gain is constant. The zero-point assignment method is to set the frequency response zero at the notch when designing the band-stop filter. The matching algorithm and the linear prediction method are the solutions that minimize the clutter output power when one of the elements of the weight vector is constant. So the feature vector method has better performance [8].
The feature vector method is a clutter suppression method based on the maximum improvement factor.
It is usually assumed that the clutter has a Gaussian power spectrum, the spectral center is, the spectral width is, and the spectral density function is:
According to the Wiener filter theory, if the clutter is a stationary stochastic process, its power spectrum and autocorrelation function are Fourier transform pairs. Therefore, the clutter autocorrelation function is the Fourier transform of its power spectrum.
is the relevant time. If the center of the clutter spectrum is zero, then
We obtain the clutter autocorrelation matrix A of N pulses
, the Doppler spectrum of the target echo signal can be expressed as
The target autocorrelation function is
Assume that the clutter data and the target data of the N pulse MTI input are respectively
Then the MTI output of the clutter power and signal power are
where and represent the clutter power and the signal power at the MTI filter input, respectively, is the weight vector of the FIR filter. According to the definition of the improvement factor of the MTI filter
By know, for the unit array, therefore,
The characteristic equation of is
where is the eigenvector corresponding to the eigenvalue. Among them
In the eigenvalues of, the subspace of the eigenvector corresponding to the large eigenvalue is the subspace of the signal, and the main points of the clutter are located in this subspace. The subspace of the eigenvector corresponding to the small eigenvalue is the noise subspace. Since the noise subspace is orthogonal to the signal subspace, the eigenvector B corresponding to the minimum eigenvalue is taken as the weight vector of the MTI filter, this can suppress the clutter component to the greatest extent, which is the biggest improvement factor [9].
2.2. Stagger Repetition Frequency
In general, it is not possible to obtain a PRF that can meet the required ambiguous distance and Doppler coverage. Therefore, a method of stagger repetition frequency is proposed. Stagger repetition frequency is a measure that can be used to prevent blind influence [10].
If the radar uses N repetition frequencies, their repetition periods can be expressed as
is the maximum convention period for, then the odds ratio is:
is the stagger code, the ratio of the largest value to the minimum value in the parametric code is called the maximum ratio of the azimuth cycle.
If is mutually different and satisfies Equation (22), then the first true blind velocity corresponds to the Doppler frequency.
The average repetition period of the radar is
is the mean of the difference. Therefore
Because is the average radar repetition frequency, it is also called for the blind expansion factor.
The coefficient of the MTI filter between the pulses is different for each pulse of the three pulse canceller, so it is a time-varying filter. If the radar uses three repetition frequencies, , at one time, three sets of MTI filters work in turn. The depth of the stagger MTI filter speed response notch is independent of the form of the canceller and is independent of the pulse received in the radar antenna beam and is related to the maximum ratio of the azimuth cycle. The larger the maximum change ratio, the shallower the corresponding notch depth.
2.3. Optimization of Adaptive MTI Filter
In the clutter region, the spectral center of the motion clutter in the input signal is estimated to obtain the Doppler frequency estimate of the center of the clutter spectrum. And then estimate the spectral width to obtain the estimated value of the spectral width. Then we obtain the weight coefficient of the multi-notch filter by using the obtained estimator and into the feature vector method, and design the MTI filter with multi-notch. As shown in Figure 3.
First estimate the motion of the clutter spectrum center.
The radar suffers from narrowband clutter and noise that can be expressed as
Optimization design of adaptive MTI filter
is the amplitude, is the Doppler frequency of the clutter, is the initial phase, and is the additive noise. Noise is not related to clutter, and noise between different PRI is uncorrelated.
Delay the signal after a PRI
The correlation function of and is
Therefore, the center frequency estimate of the clutter spectrum is obtained
After obtaining the center frequency of the clutter spectrum, the spectral width estimation is performed by the integral method.
Combined with the Gauss spectrum, there are Gaussian power spectra
is the frequency variance of the Gaussian power spectrum, is the center of the power spectrum, and is the corresponding power spectrum at zero Doppler frequency. According to the definition of half power points
According to the nature of Gaussian distribution, there are
Prior to the estimated spectrum as the center to both sides of the center of the accumulated clutter power spectrum (corresponding to integration), to 95.44% for the energy threshold, and then using the relationship between and to the spectral width of the spectral estimate Gauss. After obtaining the estimated spectral center and estimating the spectrum width, the weight coefficient of the filter is obtained by using the feature vector method.
It is found that the power spectrum is the sum of their respective power spectra for the stagger clutter of multiple Gaussian spectra. The autocorrelation function should also have the sum of the corresponding multi-clutter components. Thus, we can derive the weight coefficients of two or more notch filters to design a multi-notch AMTI filter.
3. Simulation and Performance Analysis
In Figure 4, obviously, the frequency response of the single delay line canceller and the double delay line canceller changes cyclically, and the period is. The peak appears at, and the zero value appears at,. As
Normalized frequency response of single delay line canceller and double delay line supporter. (a) dB. (b) Volt.
can be seen from the figure, the double delay line canceller has a deeper notch and a more flat passband response than a single delay line canceller.
In Figure 5, the frequency response is still cyclical when the T is equal. It can be clearly seen from the figure that the notch depth is significantly enhanced compared to the delay line canceller, the passband response is also more flat, and the frequency of the notches can be set at the same time.
In Figure 6, it can be seen that the use of staggered repetition frequency can greatly improve the first blind speed. The larger stagger ratio, the lighter the
Normalized frequency response of the MTI filter. (a) Center of the clutter spectrum: 0 Hz. (b) Center of the clutter spectrum: 50 Hz.
corresponding notch, and avoid the loss of weak targets in one of them.
Figure 7 shows the normalized frequency response of the MTI filter designed using the feature vector method, Filter length of 4 order, the average pulse repetition frequency of 100 Hz, the stagger ratio of 15:16:17, The center of the clutter spectrum is selected as 0 Hz and 50 Hz, respectively, the spectral width is 0.64 Hz. The filter has a very deep notch at the clutter component, the entire pass band is relatively flat, and effectively suppresses the blind speed.
In Figure 8, filter length of 4 order, the average pulse repetition frequency of 100 Hz, the stagger ratio of 15:16:17. The clutter center frequency is 0 Hz, the
Normalized frequency response of the three-pulse differential register. (a) Stagger ratio: 13:16:19. (b) Stagger ratio: 15:16:17.
spectral width is 0.64 Hz, the meteorological clutter center frequency is 30 Hz, the spectral width is 1.4 Hz. It can be seen from the figure at 0 Hz and 30 Hz with a deeper notch, can inhibit the clutter.
4. Conclusion
In the process of receiving the echo signal by the radar, the presence of the clutter signal has been interfering with the detection and extraction of the useful signal, it is necessary to suppress clutter. The moving target indication (MTI) technique has a good ability to suppress static clutter, but it is powerless for dynamic clutter. The use of adaptive technology can effectively inhibit the dynamic
Normalized frequency response for the 15: 16: 17MTI filter. (a) Center of the clutter spectrum: 0 Hz. (b) Center of the clutter spectrum: 50 Hz.
clutter. In this paper, we propose an algorithm for processing AMTI based on the maximum average improvement factor, and give the corresponding MATLAB simulation waveform. Especially with the development of DSP chip, the pro- cessing speed has been improved, which made this method very suitable for practical application.
Acknowledgements
This work is supported partly by National Natural Science Foundation of China under Grant No. 61301205 and No. 61571146, National Defense Based Science
Normalized frequency response of multi-notch adaptive MTI (AMTI)
Research Program under Grant No. JCKY2013604B001. This paper is funded by the International Exchange Program of Harbin Engineering University for Innovation-oriented Talents Cultivation.
Cite this paper
Zhang, W.X., Ma, S.D. and Du, Q.Y. (2017) Optimization of Adaptive MTI Filter. Int. J. Communications, Network and System Sciences, 10, 206-217. https://doi.org/10.4236/ijcns.2017.108B022
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