Lymphatic malformations (LM) are hamartomatous disorder of the lymphatic system. It was believed that it is due to entrapment of lymphatic tissues during embryogenesis [1] . So it is considered as congenital malformation rather than true neoplasm [2] . There were reports that it has a familial tendency with no reports of malignant transformation [3] . It can be found in any site of the body but most frequently involved head and neck with over 60%. Of these, up to 50% occurred in the oral cavity where tongue is the most common site followed by buccal mucosa. There is no gender predilection and about 50% of the malformation is noted at birth and 90% at 2 years of age [4] .

According to Alqahtani et al. 41% of the lesions are diagnosed on the bases of history and clinical appearance alone. Therefore, the clinical picture and appropriate knowledge of distribution and frequency of LM are very important [5] .

Histologically, it can be classified into three types according to the size of lymphatic vessels into capillary, cavernous and cystic type [6] . However, the three types can be found in one lesion [4] . Intra-orally, LM exhibited cavernous type most commonly and the neck showed the cystic type [6] .

In Sudan, a country with limited medical resources and low income, the clinical picture can be the only way to make a definitive diagnosis for such malformation before any treatment intervention.

There was no previous published epidemiological study had been conducted in Sudan to evaluate the clinical profile for lymphatic malformation. This study intended to assess this malformation among patients presented to oral and maxillofacial department in Khartoum Teaching Dental Hospital.

The materials of this study were patients attending the Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery at Khartoum Teaching Dental Hospital (KTDH), complaining of lymphatic malformation. The data retrieved from the hospital records in the period 2005-2008. Data collection sheets stating the age, gender, site, consistency and color were used. Records missing one of these variables where excluded from the study. The patients were classified according to age into four groups: Group (1) from birth to 10 years; Group (2) from 11 to 20, Group (7) from 21 to 30 and lastly Group (4) from 31 and above.

Ethical approval was obtained from ethical committee review board and research unit in KTDH.

Data was analyzed using the Statistical Package for Social Science (SPSS) version 13 for windows software with the help of biostatistician. Descriptive statistics by mean of means, standard deviation and frequency distribution were calculated.

A total of 20 cases of lymphangioma were found in the records of KTDH during the period (May 2005 to November 2008). The age of 2 years was the most common age at presentation with mean age of the patients was 14.8 (ranging from 6 months to 49 yrs). Eleven cases were females (55%), and the rest were males (45%) (Figure 1).

In the first age group (<1 - 10 years), there were 10 cases accounting for 50% of the whole series. In the second group (11 - 20) there were 4 cases accounting 20% of the series. In the third group (21 - 30), and the fourth group (31 - 40), there were 3 cases in each accounting for 15% of the series (Figure 2).

The sites involved are the neck, lip, cheek and the tongue. The neck and lip were the most common sites where six cases were found in each, accounting for 30%, followed by the tongue and the cheek, four cases in each (Figure 3).

The consistency of oral and cervicofacial lymphangioma was recorded; 11 patients presented with soft swelling representing (55%), seven patients with fluctuant swelling (35%) and one patient presented with rubbery mass and one firm (Figure 4).

The color of the lymphangioma was different according to the anatomical site. Blue and normal skin textures were the most common colours where six cases (30%) were found in each. The second common color was pink by four cases

(20%). The red and yellowish colours were also found, each representing two cases (10%) of the series (Figure 5).

In the lip, the most common colors were the blue and normal skin accounting for two cases for each. In the neck, the commonest colours were blue, pink and normal skin colour accounting for two cases. In the tongue, the blue color was accounting for 2 cases, and the yellowish and the pink colours, each accounting for 1 case. In the cheek, the colors of the lymphangioma were the red and the yellow, each representing 25% (Figure 6).

Lymphatic malformation (LM) have been traditionally been referred to as lymphangioma despite absences of significant endothelial mitotic activity.

Lymphatic malformation can occur in any site of the body and have preference to head and neck region which account for 50% to 75% of all cases [4] . It is

a hemartomtous lesion that account for 6% of all benign, 11% of all tumors of maxillofacial area and 9% of all soft tissue tumor among children [5] .

The exact pathogenesis is unknown. Some authors consider it as malformation and others considered it as a true neoplasm. It had been suggested that, the proximity of the blood and lymphatic vessels to each other made that confusion. Recently, a sialoglycoprotien known as d2-40 has been found to be expressed in the endothelium of normal lymphatic vessels and lymphatic malformation and not in the blood vessels. So it may play as a marker in the future to differentiate between them [7] .

Up to 60% of LM cases diagnosed at birth and 90% at the age of two years [5] . Moreover, in Brennan et al. series, the age was ranging from 2 to 84 year compare [2] . In this series, the most common presenting age was 2 years ranging from 6 months to 49 yrs with mean age of 14.7 year.

The study of Alqahtani reported slight predominance (52.6%) in boys [5] . However, the current result showed slight girls predominance (11 cases, 55%). This gender differences is minimal, and due to rarity of this lesion, a larger case series or meta-analysis may verified such variation.

In the oral and maxillofacial area, it most commonly occurs at posterior triangle that may extend to involve the oral cavity superiorly or inferiorly to reach the mediastinum. Generally, it does grow slowly but it may rapidly grow following upper respiratory tract infection or accidental trauma. This fact can be justified by incensing lymphatic production or secondary infection of malformation [4] .

According to Filston et al. the incidence of lymphatic malformation is ranging from 1.2 to 2.8 per 1000 newborn [8] . It is rarely occurred in the oral cavity, and when occurred the most common site is tongue followed by buccal mucosa, where lip being a rare site of occurrence with approximately 6% of all oral lymphangioma [2] . Interesting in our series, the lip was the most common site of occurrence with the neck by 30% for each.

The most common sign is mass that is not present at birth and noticed later which may induce by upper respiratory infection or trauma. This will lead to the second and third most common presenting symptoms that are respiratory obstruction and feeding problem [9] .

According to Guarisco et al., the soft fluctuant mass was the most common consistency types with 90% and the rest are rubbery to firm masses which is consisting with our finding. It is usually compressible lobulated, and ill-defined mass which is movable and not attached to overlying skin or mucosa [9] .

It is known that the clinical color of L.M is differing from site to site depending on the lesion extension. Superficial lesion tends to be pinkish to blue while deep lesions are commonly described as normal in color [10] . In current study, there was a variation in the color which can be justified by the depth of L.M (Figure 5 & Figure 6). Furthermore, in Sudan, there is different ethnic group with different skin color ranging from black to white which also may affect the clinical appearance.

The imaging by mean of soft tissues radiograph evaluates the soft tissues. CT scan and ultrasonography, helps in determining the consistency and MRI in the extension of the lesion and its proximity to vital structures, in determining whether the lesion contains a vascular component, and is used to assess recurrence in treated lesions. FNAC aid in differentiating between LM and other fluid fill lesions [5] .

Furthermore, a Practical classification subtypes the LM into macroscopic, microscopic or combined. This classification based on CT scan or MRI using a volume as measure. Macroscopic LM consists of one or more cyst all of which are greater than 2 cc [11] . Moreover, it can be classified based on ultrasonography by measuring the diameter of the cyst. LM with macroscopic type have predominant cyst with diameter more than 1 cm [12] .

The treatment plan should consider important factors. These factors include type, size, anatomical involvement site and infiltration to the surrounding tissues. The treatment modalities consist of aspiration, surgical excision, sclerotherapy and medications. Some authors suggest observation as conservative management. Alqutham et al. suggested the indication of observation is asymptomatic patient or a child with a large LM when important structures at risk [5] . They also suggest that the interlesion injection is indicated in case of resection is not possible or a symptomatic recurrent lesion that is not easily excised [5] . Yet, 12% of the recurrent lesion may regress spontaneously, a point which should be considered in the management plan [5] .

The present study showed that the oral lymphangioma was high in number among Sudanese patients who presented to department of oral and maxillofacial surgery, Khartoum Teaching Dental Hospital. Females are more affected than males, while infants and children were more affected than other age groups. The bulks of the patients were presented with swelling in the neck, lip and in the tongue. More prospective studies are needed to evaluate more clinical presentations of lymphatic malformations, the treatment modalities and the outcome.

El Hag, O.A., Ali, E.A.M. and Osman, M.A.K. (2017) Clinical Profile of Lymphatic Malformation from One Oral and Maxillofacial Center in Sudan. Open Journal of Stomatology, 7, 345- 352. https://doi.org/10.4236/ojst.2017.78029