This paper is mainly dedicated to the experimental electric and spectroscopic analysis of positive corona discharges in the case of point to plane configuration, generated in nitrogen at atmospheric pressure. The maximum corona current (a few hundreds of mA), the average current (a few μA) and the average propagation velocity (a few 10
7 cm/s) are analyzed with the variation of the applied voltage (a few kV) and the gap distance (not exceeding 16 mm). By using an ICCD camera, the dynamics of the discharge during the propagation of primary and secondary streamers across the gap distance was analyzed. Spectroscopic study is emphasized in a spectral range from 200 nm up to 500 nm, to determine the important excited species present in the gaseous environment such as the second positive and the first negative systems (SPS and FNS respectively). The identification of the quenching NOγ emission bands is also emphasized.
Corona Discharge Nitrogen Atmospheric Pressure Spectroscopic Study ICCD Camera1. Introduction
Corona discharges created under a pulsed voltage, have been studied as a potential technology for the removal of dangerous environmental pollutant [1] [2] [3] and appear to offer a specific advantage for gas treatment with a big efficiency [4] . The corona discharges created under a pulsed voltage, produce the streamers, in which many types of radicals, ions and excited particles are produced by electron impact process. The chemical species produced in the streamers transform the pollutant molecules by chemical reactions. The plasma generated by pulsed corona discharge processes, breeds in several stages. In the beginning, when we apply a positive high voltage to a point-to-plan gap, an avalanche phenomenon builds up. Then, when the space charges begin to affect the applied field, the streamer discharges create a faintly ionized channel, and a small luminous zone, “steamer head” develops from the anode towards the cathode. The streamer head reaches the plane in a few tens of nanoseconds and creates an ionized filament that links the point and the plane. This primary phase called “primary streamer” [5] [6] . After the primary streamer reaches the cathode, a following streamer develops from the point towards the plane up to the half of the gap between electrodes. That is called a “secondary streamer” [5] [6] .
Several studies of corona discharge ignited in nitrogen by the pulsed voltage at atmospheric pressure were carried out to provide more detailed on the discharge behavior and breakdown mechanisms [7] [8] [9] [10] [11] . Furthermore, N2 is also chosen because it’s the dominant gas of ambient air in the atmosphere and is broadly used in many industrial and technical applications as for instance plasma nitriding and surface treatments.
The present work is dedicated to spectroscopic and parametric studies of pulsed corona discharge ignited in nitrogen between point to plan configuration. The objective is to study the influence of various parameters like: inter-electrode distance and the magnitude of high voltage on the maximum corona current, average current and the propagation velocity of streamers.
We limited ourselves to the regime of pulsed voltage because under our experimental conditions under DC power supply the streamer regime is not stable because we get directly a transition from glow or onset streamer to spark regime, which are not studied in this work. The means used to record our measurement are those that we used in our previous work [12] . Then we give a different images recorded by an ICCD camera to see the development of the discharge in the inter-electrode space, showing different instants corresponding to the propagation of streamers in the gap distance. Excited species present in the gaseous medium were also observed by using spectroscopic investigations.
2. Experimental Arrangements
Schematic overview of our measurement set-up that we have already referred in our previous work [12] [13] is given in Figure 1. Corona discharges are generated under a positive pulsed high voltage, by using point plane arrangement in a sealed cell at atmospheric pressure. The point is made of tungsten. And its curvature radius, ρ, is around 20 μm. A disc of copper of 2 cm of thickness was used as a cathode. The two electrodes are separated by an inter-electrode distance adjustable from the outside by means of a Z column, without opening the reactor. The purge of the reactor is carried out by the combination of two pumps which make it possible to obtain a secondary vacuum, a primary pump and a secondary
Schematic diagram of the experimental device
Electric circuit of the pulsed power supply
pump which is a turbo-molecular pump. The discharge is generated by using a pulsed high-voltage supply.
The pulse voltage supply diagram (Figure 2) is composed by a DC high voltage (up to 15 kV) which is subsequently transformed in a pulsed voltage by the Behlke switch (HTS 300-03 GSM) controlled by a TTL which can adjust the frequency and the pulse width of the applied voltage. The maximum frequency that can be reached is of 100 Hz and the voltage width, τ, is from 10 μs to 500 μs. The switch is connected to the chamber of corona discharge, which is in series with a resistor r to measure the current of the discharge i(t). The waveforms are recorded through an oscilloscope (sampling frequency of 5 G∙s−1 and 500 MHz of bandwidth) while the mean current of the discharge is measured by a digital ammeter.
The emitted light by plasma is focused by a lens on an optical fiber. The latter is connected to a monochromator in which the light is dispersed by a diffraction grating and detected by a CCD sensor.
The monochromator has a focal length of 0.5 m (2500i SpectraPro Acton Research Corporation) and equipped with a set of three diffraction gratings (600, 1200 and 2400 grooves∙mm−1) to analyze the emitted light from the discharge. It has an output port with an ICCD camera (PI-MAX, Princeton Instruments) for continuously spectral measurements.
3. Results and Discussion
The electrical study presented in this part, concerns mainly the variation of the inter-electrode distance and the pulsed applied voltage, to understand the influence of our parameters on the behavior of the corona discharge obtained in nitrogen. The objective is to analyze their influences on the maximum corona discharge current, the streamer velocity and the average corona current. Then the imagery analysis by ICCD camera will complete the electrical study to visualize the development of the discharge in the inter-electrode space and also to support the analysis that will be given in this section. The spectroscopic study of corona discharge, in the wavelength domain from 200 nm to 500 nm is also carried out.
3.1. Electrical Study of Corona Discharge in Tip to Plane Configuration
The pulse shape of the pulsed applied voltage and the corona current discharge is shown in Figure 3, for a frequency of 100 Hz, pulse width of the voltage of 40 μs, inter-electrode distance of 8 mm and applied voltage of 8 kV in pure nitrogen case at atmospheric pressure.
As we have seen in the previous paper [12] , we mention the presence of several peaks in the pulse current. First and last peak (opposite sign), superposes with the rising and lowering phase of the applied voltage pulse. These are therefore the capacitive currents created by the rapid change of the applied voltage on the
Corona current and applied voltage for d = 8 mm, f = 100 Hz, V<sub>a</sub> = 8 kV and τ = 40 μs in pure nitrogen
Instantaneous corona discharge current in pure nitrogen for d = 8 mm, f = 100 Hz, V<sub>a</sub> = 8 kV and τ = 40 μs
tip. However, the central peak (or second peak) is the corona discharge current. We are interested in this work by its variation with our various operating parameters. Our analysis relates more particularly to the influence of different parameters on the instantaneous and average current of the discharge. A zoom of the corona discharge, is shown in Figure 4.
Along with the discharge current, we also analyze the snapshot images recorded by the ICCD camera. Figure 5 shows the images taken every 3 ns, the instants ti of images are directly indicated on the curve of the discharge current (Figure 4).
The beginning of the discharge is marked by the presence of the space charge peak (first very narrow peak shown in Figure 4), with a duration of 3 ns and intensity of 36 mA. This space charge current appears very early in comparison with the result obtained in dry air [12] , because of the absence of the attachment process in the pure nitrogen case. The critical size of the avalanche that allows the propagation of the streamer corona is reached very quickly in the case of nitrogen (3 ns under our experimental conditions). It is represented by the snapshot at instant t1 = 3 ns in Figure 5. At the end of this phase, several streamers propagate simultaneously from the tip towards the plane and through the inter-electrode space with different speeds (t2 and t3 in Figure 4 and 6 ns and 27 ns in Figure 5). After t3, we observe a change in the slope (Figure 4), this reflects the sharp increase of the streamer propagation velocity just before their arrival on the plane.
The average streamer propagation velocity is estimated to about 2.63 × 107 cm/s. The instants t4, t5, t6 and t7 (Figure 4) correspond to the coming of the streamers on the plane (snapshots at 48 ns, 54 ns, 60 ns and 63 ns of Figure 5).
Images at different instants of evolution of the discharge at atmospheric pressure in pure nitrogen for d = 8 mm, f = 100 Hz, V<sub>a</sub> = 8 kV and τ = 40 μs, exposure time of 3 ns and the reference intensity image is 123 ns
The images taken respectively at 96 ns, 123 ns and 144 ns, correspond to the propagation of secondary streamers start from the tip, but without exceeding the half of the inter-electrode space. The part corresponding to the beginning of the current relaxation is illustrated by the images taken at the instants 168 ns and 180 ns in Figure 5. As expected, we observe that the relaxation phase is much less luminous because of the presence of lower energy electrons.
3.1.1. Influence of Gap Distance and Applied Voltage on Maximum Corona Current
The variation of the maximum corona current discharge (second peak on Figure 4) with the inter-electrode distance for different applied voltages is shown in Figure 6.
For a fixed applied voltage, pulse width of the voltage and frequency, the maximum corona discharge current decreases with the inter-electrode distance (see Figure 6). This is simply due to the lowering of the electric field versus the gap space [10] [12] [14] , which subsequently lower the energy and the ionizing
Maximum corona discharge current with gap distance for different applied voltage in pure nitrogen for, τ = 40 μs and f =100 Hz
efficiency of the electrons. However, for a given gap distance, the maximum current of the corona discharge increases as expected when the applied voltage rises because the electron energy and the ionization efficiency increases when a higher voltage is applied. This is directly reflected in an enhancement of the charged particle convection and the maximum discharge current [15] .
3.1.2. Average Velocity of Primary Streamer Propagation
The average primary streamer propagation velocity is calculated from the current of corona discharge (Figure 4) by dividing the gap distance on the time flowing of the primary streamer through the gap [13] [16] . The traverse time of the primary streamer from the point to the plane, is estimated from the current pulse plotted in Figure 4. The propagation streamer time begins at the rise of the first current peak (at 35 ns in this case) and ends at the beginning of the change of the slope of the second peak (after the instant t3). The variation of the average propagation velocity, with the inter electrode distance, for different applied voltages is shown on Figure 7. For a given voltage, the propagation velocity decreases with rising the inter electrode distance, because the electric field in the gap inter electrode becomes lower. However, for a fixed interelectrode distance, the average propagation velocity increases as expected when the applied voltage is risen [14] [17] - [24] .
The results of the literature for the steamers propagation velocity at atmospheric pressure in the nitrogen are fairly consistent with ours when considering the field magnitude orders at the streamers head. For example, Bayle et al. [25] have measured the variation of the propagation velocity of the streamer in nitrogen. They obtained variations between 2 and 4 × 108 cm∙s−1 in a range of the electric field to pressure ratio E/P from 155 to 1850 V∙cm−1∙Torr−1 (about 470 Td
Average propagation velocity with the gap distance for different applied voltage in pure nitrogen for f = 100 Hz and τ = 40 μs
and 560 Td). While, Chalmers et al. [26] , have obtained streamer propagation velocities between 1 and 6 × 107 cm/s, for the smaller E/P variations, between 45 and 55 V∙cm−1∙Torr−1 (between 136 Td and 167 Td). Stritzke et al. [27] , have published the results for E/P = 50 V∙cm−1∙Torr−1 (about 150 Td) which are of the order of 5 × 107 cm∙s−1. Whereas, Naidis [28] has analytically shown a relationship between the average primary streamer propagation velocity, the diameter and a primary streamer head reduced electric field E/N. This relationship has been used by Atsushi Komuro et al. [29] to explain the decrease of the pulsed voltage, leading to the decrease of the current and velocity of the primary streamer.
3.1.3. Influence of Gap Distance and Applied Voltage on the Average Current of Corona Discharge
The variation of the average discharge current with the inter electrode distance, for different applied voltage, a given pulse duration and frequency are shown in Figure 8. We observe, as expected, when the voltage growing up the average discharge current rises (for fixed gap distance, frequency and pulse duration). Also, for a given applied voltage, pulse duration and frequency the mean current discharge decreases when the gap distances increase [13] . For each applied voltage, the minimal distance is the distance just before to switch into the spark regime and the larger distance corresponds to the last detectable or measurable current. In this study, we were interested to the corona discharge regime, just before going to the spark regime.
If we fix the applied voltage at a given value of 7 kV, the average corona current discharge decreases when we increase the inter electrode distances from 7 mm to 11.5 mm. This variation range matches to the appearance of the maxi-
Average discharge current with the inter electrode distance in pure nitrogen for several applied voltage, τ = 40 μs and f = 100 Hz
mum corona current discharge. Conversely, the average discharge current decreases linearly between 11.5 mm and 14.5 mm, without observing a corona discharge current in this range (Figure 8). This current is due to the convective flow of particles generated in the inter-electrode space which is registered and persists even outside of the streamer corona discharge regime (glow or pre-onset streamer regime). We observe the same trends for the other applied voltages.
3.2. Spectroscopic Investigation of Corona Discharge
The purpose is to identify the main excited species present in the gaseous medium, in the pulsed positive tip to plane discharge at atmospheric pressure in pure nitrogen.
It is notable that, the variation of the operating parameters considered above leads to qualitatively equivalent emission spectra. Only the spectra intensity can change during for instance the increase of the voltage or the decrease the gap distance. Therefore, we give in the following the emission spectra only for one case matching to an inter electrode distance of 8 mm, a maximum voltage of 8 kV, a frequency of 100 Hz and pulse width of 40 μs. The spectra were logged in the wavelength domain from 200 nm to 500 nm by using a grating of 2400 grooves/mm.
3.2.1. Emission of N<sub>2</sub>(C<sup>3</sup>π<sub>u</sub> - B<sup>3</sup>π<sub>g</sub>) and <inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/1-1000226x10.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula>
Figure 9 shows the different emissions recorded in the corona discharge produced in pure nitrogen at atmospheric pressure under pulsed voltage regime within 200 nm and 500 nm. We observe the presence of nitrogen second positive system (SPS: N2(C3πu − B3πg)), characterized by higher intensities. This one cov-
Emission spectrum of corona discharge in pure nitrogen for d = 8 mm, V<sub>a</sub> = 8 kV, f = 100 Hz, τ = 40 μs, exposure time: 1 s and grating: 2400 grooves/mm
ers the spectral range from 295.32 nm to 434.36 nm. This system is compounded by seven series of emission bands: Δν = +2 and +1, Δν = 0 and Δν = −1, −2, −3, −4, (the emission recorded at the wavelength 337 nm, for the transition (0,0) corresponds to the most intense SPS emission, observed in this spectrum). We note also the presence of one emission at 391.44 nm, very low light intensity, corresponding to nitrogen first negative system (FNS:. This system is composed only by one emission band series with Δν = 0 (Figure 9).
Figure 10 displays a zoom of the different head bands of N2(C3πu − B3πg) and.
3.2.2. Emission of the NO<sub>γ</sub>(A<sup>2</sup>Σ<sup>+</sup> − X<sup>2</sup>Π) System
In Figure 9, we have also observed the presence of much less intense emissions, corresponding to the NO emissions (O coming from the impurities present in our nitrogen) and more particularly NOγ(A2Σ+ − X2Π) emissions, which covers the wavelength range from 214.9 nm to 289.8 nm. In general we get eight emission bands series, including one transition corresponding to Δν > 0, one transition corresponding to Δν = 0 and six transition corresponding to Δν < 0. Figure 11 shows a zoom of the different head bands of NOγ system, observed in Figure 9.
3.2.3. Discussions
The excitation of the N2 molecule occurs during the primary streamer propagation and secondary streamer propagation phase. During this phase, ionization, excitation and recombination, are the main reactions. If the electrons are sufficiently energetic, the ionization occurs from the ground state molecule as following:
R1
R2
R3
Naturally, there are also the direct excitations by electronic impact from the ground states which require less energy than the ionization [30] :
R4
R5
R6
Spectra of different transitions of nitrogen second positive system and first negative system in pure nitrogen for d = 8 mm, V<sub>a</sub> = 8 kV, f = 100 Hz and τ = 40 μs
Zoom on different transitions of NO<sub>γ</sub> system in pure nitrogen for d = 8 mm, f = 100 Hz, V<sub>a</sub> = 8 kV and τ = 40 μs
There may also have an over-excitation due to the interactions of excited molecules with one electron but that is much less likely than the direct excitation owing to the weakly ionized nature of the generated plasma in the corona discharge. The reason is easy to understand because, even if the cross section of over-excitation of a molecule is greater than one order of magnitude as that the excitation from the fundamental, the density of the excited states is smaller of about 105 times, whence the product density times the cross section is clearly an advantage of the process from the fundamental level (approximately greater by 104 times). We will not discuss here the electronic excitation or the stepwise ionization involving the metastable state, because of its long lifetime, about 13 s [31] .
・ The excitation from the metastable state:
R7
R8
R9
・ The ionization from the metastable state:
R10
R11
R12
・ The electron-ion dissociative recombination can give excited states by the ensuing reaction:
R13
During and after the discharge, the molecular states which are populated in the highest levels de-excite either by spontaneous emission or either by collisions.
The ion radiative transition, is done by a correlated emission to the first negative system of N2 (emission observed in our case at 391.44 nm), according to the following reaction:
R14
The ion may vanish by three-body collision to produce the polyatomic ion:
R15
Or by electronic recombination [31] [32] :
R16
R17
The dissociation may be done by several pathways and more particularly by recombination:
R18
The molecular state N2(C3πu) de-excites to the molecular state N2(B3πg), giving the observed emissions of the nitrogen second positive system as follows [33] :
R19
With a more intense emission at 337 nm (Figure 9).
The state may vanish by the radiative emission of nitrogen first positive system to give the metastable [33] . This system which created between 503 nm and 1051 nm is not underlined in our case.
R20
Or by collision with molecule, to give the metas- table state:
R21
The metastable, may disappear by electronic collision as shown before, or by two-body collision, which by energy transfer gives the state:
R22
The emissions between 200 nm and 300 nm, are attribuated to the NOγ, even if the purity degree, of the nitrogen used is 99.999%, the possible ways of NO formation are [34] :
R23
R24
R25
R26
R27
R28
Then the radiative state NO(A2Σ+), can be formed from the ground level NO(X2Π) by electronic impact [35] [36] [37] or by impact with the N2 metastable state:
R29
R30
NO(A2Σ+) which has a lifetime of 220 ns [38] , can then either deexcites radiatively as:
R31
Or disappears by collision (quenching) as follows:
reaction rate: 10−10 cm3/s R32
reaction rate: 10−13 cm3/s R33
reaction rate: 10−10 cm3/s R34
When the molecular oxygen is present at the impurity state with only a few tens of ppm, the quenching reaction R32 performs a marginal role in the disappearance of the radiative state NO(A2Σ+) by non-radiative collision. So it’s a radiative emission R31 which prevails and allows seeing the experimentally observed spectrum in the pure nitrogen case. It is important to emphasize that the two other quenching reactions R33and R34 have a similar weight to that of O2 R32, i.e. negligible in the quenching of NO(A2Σ+), because even if the density of the N2 carrier gas is dominant, the reaction coefficient is 1000 times smaller than, for instance, the reactions R32 and R34. This is what explains the negligible weight of the quenching by collision with N2 or NO because in addition, NO density is a about few tens ppm because we work in the weakly-ionized gas conditions having a low ionization and excitation degrees (less than 10−5) [39] .
4. Conclusions
This work, presents the results of electrical and spectroscopic analysis of point to plane configuration corona discharge at atmospheric pressure in pure nitrogen in the pulsed applied voltage case. The variation of the inter electrode distance and the pulsed applied voltage, show that corona discharges current, average discharge current and the average propagation velocity of streamer, decreases when the inter electrode distance raises. Inversely, these values increase with the applied voltage because it is linked to the electric field and the ionization efficiency which decreases with the gap space and increases with the pulsed applied voltage. We have also studied the influence of the same operating parameters on the average discharge current and we have notified that, for a given pulsed applied voltage, the average current decreases with the inter electrode distance. Inversely, for a fixed gap distance, the average current value increases when the pulsed applied voltage rises.
The measured spectra in the pulsed corona discharge case at atmospheric pressure in pure nitrogen, allowed us to determine the emission bands of nitrogen second positive system, with seven different head bands. We also identified the emission band of nitrogen first negative system mainly for the transition (0,0). We have also observed the presence of much less intense emissions, corresponding to NOγ(A2Σ+ − X2Π) system, which covers the wavelength range from 214.9 nm to 289.8 nm, with eight different transition series.
Cite this paper
Abahazem, A., Merbahi, N., Guedah, H. and Yousfi, M. (2017) Electric and Spectroscopic Studies of Pulsed Corona Discharges in Nitrogen at Atmospheric Pressure. Journal of Analytical Sciences, Methods and Instrumentation, 7, 57-74. https://doi.org/10.4236/jasmi.2017.73006
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