A series of emulsion paint samples were prepared using Eziulo clay as an extender, commercial whiting, and titanium dioxide (TiO<sub>2</sub>). The clay that was calcined at 850
oC and sieved to three particle sizes (0.075, 0.100 and 0.150 mm) was incorporated into emulsion paints at varying amounts ranging from 5% - 32% of the total extender and pigment in the paints. Poly (vinyl acetate) was used as the binder while distilled water served as the solvent. The Eziulo clay which consisted mostly of silica (63.30%), alumina (19.40%), and iron (III) oxide (2.10%) had the following properties: pH (6.67), specific gravity (2.47) and oil absorption (34.30 g/100 g clay). The colour and solubility of the clay in dilute hydrochloric acid, acetic acid, sodium chloride solution, methanol and distilled water were generally unaffected either in the cold or when heated expect for the slight solubility observed in methanol. The clay formulated paint samples exhibited higher viscosity (7.0 - 7.80 poise) than the paint sample without Eziulo clay (6.60 poise). Conversely, the pH and specific gravity of the paint sample without Eziulo clay were higher than those of paint sample containing the clay. The surface and hard dry times of the formulated paint samples were greater than that of the paint sample without Eziulo clay. The determined surface dry times were within the range, 16 - 18 min, irrespective of clay content and particle size. The hard dry times of the formulated paint samples were found to reverse with increases in clay content. The paint dry film flexibility was unaffected by the incorporation of clay, irrespective of the amount and clay particle size. The emulsion paint dry films exhibited decreases in film adhesion to substrates with increases in clay content, and increases in film adhesion with increases in clay particle size. The paint dry films did not exhibit any chalking tendency, were resistant to fungal attack, and passed the water drop test. The present study has demonstrated the utility of Eziulo clay in emulsion paint formulations which should justify its use in the surface coatings industry.
Extenders are inert substances which do not impact opacity to paints but are incorporated into paints for a variety of reasons [1] . They modify various coating properties such as viscosity, adhesion, hardness, gloss, abrasion resistance, flow characteristics, settling tendencies, etc. [2] . The selection and proper blending of suitable extenders help to optimize several engineering properties and the aesthetics of coatings.
Most of the extender pigments used in coatings such as titanium dioxide (TiO2) are of mineral origin and require long processing, including grinding, levigation, chemical treatment, etc, from the ore to the final stage, resulting in significant loss of materials [3] . Similarly, these processed extenders are expensive, and are not available in abundance, and this has led to increases in the cost of resultant coatings products [4] . TiO2, a prime pigment which is used extensively in the paint industry is chemically active and contributes not only to the high cost of paints, but also, increases the rate of degradation of paint surfaces [5] . Efforts are being made to find economically and technically viable extenders for use in coatings, and thus, bring down the cost of coatings products to acceptable limits.
Clay, which is one of the natural resources that are abundant on earth, is being investigated for possible use as extenders in coatings. The use of calcined clay as part replacement of TiO2 in latex paint formulations has been reported [6] . It was found that the calcined clay replaced up to 20% TiO2 in paint formulations without having adverse effects on coating properties. Similarly, the use of Okposi and Amankwo Afikpo clays in alkyd paint formulations was reported by Igwe and Ezeamaku [7] . The formulated paints which contained 13.1 to 36.0 wt% of the clays exhibited good paint properties as the commercial whiting formulated paint samples.
Raheem and Olowu [8] produced emulsion paints using two types of clays: white tinged with purple and smooth clay, and grey brown and coarse clay. Paints produced were compared to conventional chemical pigmented paint which served as a control. It was found that the clays could serve as partial replacement for chemical pigments in paint production. An indigenous China clay (kaolin) from Mbano, Nigeria was used as an extender in alkyd paint production by Odozi et al. [9] . The performance characteristics of the clay in alkyd paints were comparable, and even, marginally better than the imported commercial China clay.
The performance of Obowo, and Ihitte-Uboma clays-TiO2 core-shell extender pigments in alkyd paint formulations was investigated by Ewulonu et al. [10] . Results showed that the core-shell extender pigment formulated paints exhibited better dust-free, talc-free, and through-dry times as compared to titanium dioxide formulated paint samples, and equally, had low specific gravity (1.30 - 1.38). Similarly, Chukwujike et al. [11] formulated alkyd paints having improved paint properties using indigenous Nsu clay calcined at 850˚C. TiO2 was used as the prime pigment in this study.
The present paper reports the characterization and utilization of Eziulo clay obtained from Ishielu Local Government Area, Ebonyi state, Nigeria in the preparation of emulsion paints. Emulsion paints based on commercial whiting were also prepared and these served as reference paint samples.
2. Materials and Methods2.1. Materials
The poly (vinyl acetate) used in this study was obtained from TK Integrated Services Limited, Ojota, Nigeria while commercial whiting, titanium dioxide, linseed oil and stearic acid were purchased from a chemical store at Onitsha, Nigeria.
The Eziulo clay used as an extender in this study was hand dug from the clay deposit at Ishielu Local Government Area, Ebonyi State, Nigeria. The clay which was first crushed and calcined at 850˚C was sieved to the following particle sizes, 0.075, 0.100, and 0.150 mm.
2.2. Determinations on Clay Sample
The following tests were carried out on the clay sample using standard methods: pH (ASTM D 1208-89), specific gravity (ASTM D 153-84), oil absorption (ASTM D 281-12), and chemical composition (ASTM D 5381-93).
2.3. Preparation of Emulsion Paint Samples
A series of emulsion paint samples were prepared using Eziulo clay, commercial whiting, and titanium dioxide. The commercial whiting was used as a reference extender. A typical formulation used in the preparations is shown in Table 1.
2.4. Characterization of Prepared Paint Samples
The prepared emulsion paints were characterized in terms of the following paint properties using standard methods: pH (ASTM D 1208-90), viscosity (ASTM D 1200-10), and specific gravity (ASTM D 1475-13). The dry times (surface, and hard dry times), paint flexibility, adhesion to substrate, water drop test, resistance to fungal attack and chalking test were conducted in accordance to Nigerian industrial standards NIS [12] .
3. Results and Discussion3.1. Composition Analysis of Eziulo Clay
The results of chemical composition analysis of Eziulo clay determined using energy dispersive X-ray fluorescence spectrometer (EDXRF) are presented in Table 2.
The result shows the appreciable presence of silica (SiO2) and alumina (Al2O3) in the clay, followed by titanium dioxide (TiO2) and iron (III) oxide (Fe2O3), with the other constituents present in smaller proportions. From Table 2, it is evident that Eziulo clay contains less than 65% silicon as recommended by World Health Organization, (WHO) [13] for clays to be used for paint production. Paints containing more than 65% silicon can cause fibrosis, silicosis, and lung cancer [13] .
Formulations for emulsion paint samples
Ingredients TiO2
Formulations (g)
0.075 mm
0.100 mm
0.150 mm
A0F0
A1F1
A1F2
A1F3
AF4
A0F0
A2F1
A2F2
A2F3
A2F4
A0F0
A3F1
A3F2
A3F3
A3F4
12
11
10
8
6
12
11
10
8
6
12
11
10
8
6
Whiting
26
25
24
22
20
26
25
24
22
20
26
25
24
22
20
Clay
0
2
4
8
12
0
2
4
8
12
0
2
4
8
12
Binder
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
Solvent
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
Thickener
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
Defoamer
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
Preservative
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
pH corrector
0.3
0.3
0.3
0.3
0.3
0.3
0.3
0.3
0.3
0.3
0.3
0.3
0.3
0.3
0.3
Note: A0F0 = Formulation without Eziulo clay; A1Fi = Formulation with Eziulo clay of particle size, 0.075 mm; A2Fi = Formulation with Eziulo clay of particle size, 0.100 mm; A3Fi= Formulation with Eziulo clay of particle size, 0.150 mm; where i = 1, 2, 3, 4.
Composition of Eziulo clay
Constituents
Composition, wt %
SiO2
63.30
Al2O3
19.40
TiO2
1.64
Fe2O3
2.10
MgO
0.08
CaO
0.17
Na2O
0.63
K2O
0.36
V2O5
0.08
MnO
0.08
Bi2O3
0.10
C2O3
0.07
L.O.I.
11.23
3.2. Determinations on Eziulo Clay3.2.1. Specific Gravity
The specific gravity of Eziulo clay was determined to be 2.47, a value which is less than that of commercial whiting (2.70) [7] , and many other conventionally used extenders [14] [15] . The above result gives the clay the advantage of being able to be used in high proportions without having adverse increase in the bulk density of the formulations [2] .
3.2.2. pH
The pH of Eziulo clay was determined to be 6.67, a value which shows that the clay is slightly acidic. The pH of some extenders are: talc (9 - 9.5), fly ash (8.15) [16] , Okigwe-Mbano clay (6.0) [9] , Amankwo-Afikpo clay (7.46) [7] , and an indigenous waste clay (7.88) [17] .
3.2.3. Oil Absorption
Eziulo clay has an oil absorption value of 34.30 g/100 g clay. The oil absorption of an extender gives an idea of the amount of binder required in paint formulation. Less oil absorption indicates less resin needed in paint formulation without compromising other coating properties. The oil absorption of some extenders are: fly ash (19.0), China clay (30 - 60) [3] , barites (10 - 14), gypsum (20 - 24) [14] , mica (50 - 70), talc (25 - 35) [16] , and Okigwe-Mbano clay (60) [9] . The level of oil absorption recorded for Eziulo clay indicates that more of the clay can be incorporated into paints without compromising other paint properties.
3.3.4. Chemical Resistance Tests
Dilute hydrochloric acid, methanol, acetic acid, sodium chloride solution, and distilled water had no effect on the colour of Eziulo clay either in the cold or when heated. Similarly, the clay did not dissolve in the chemical media studied either in the cold or when heated except for the slight solubility of the clay recorded in methanol when heated. Thus, Eziulo clay is expected to be stable in the surrounding environment of use devoid of the presence of methanol as the above results indicate. The observed stability of the clay is attributed to the high SiO2 (63.30%) and Al2O3 (19.40%) content of the clay. It is interesting to note that SiO2 has a melting point of 1713˚C while Al2O3 has a melting point of 2054˚C [18] [19] [20] [21] . These two compounds, SiO2 and Al2O3 are insoluble in water and mineral acids [22] . The extender talc has been reported to be slightly soluble in dilute hydrochloric acid while commercial whiting is soluble in acetic acid [16] . Generally, if an extender dissolves in its solvent as the paint dries, the solvent comes to the surface and evaporates, thereby leaving crystals of the extender on the paint surface in the form of fine powder.
3.3. The Effects of Clay Content and Particle Size on Properties of Emulsion Paint Samples
The effects of Eziulo clay content and particle size on the properties of the wet paint, and paint dry films of emulsion paint samples were determined using standard methods.
3.3.1. Viscosity of Paint Samples
Data obtained on the viscosity of the prepared emulsion paints are illustrated graphically in Figure 1.
The figure shows a gradual increase in the viscosity of the paint samples with increases in clay content for any clay particle size considered. Similarly, at any clay content considered the viscosity of the paint samples generally decrease with increases in clay particle size. The latter observation is attributed to the fact that the smaller the particle size of an extender, the greater will be its parking efficiency and consequently, the greater the viscosity of its paint [23] . Generally, the formulated emulsion paint samples exhibited higher paint viscosity than the sample without clay. The viscosity of the formulated paint samples obtained in this study conformed to Nigerian Industrial Standards, NIS [12] requirement that the minimum viscosity for emulsion paints shall be 6.0 poise.
3.3.2. Specific Gravity
Figure 2 illustrates the data obtained for the specific gravity of the formulated paint samples at different clay contents and particle sizes. The figure shows that at any clay content considered, the specific gravity of the paints decreased with increases in clay particle size. Similarly, the specific gravity of the paints decreased with increases in clay particle size at any clay content considered.
The formulated emulsion paints exhibited low specific gravity when compared to the paint sample without the Eziulo clay (specific gravity, 2.78). The high specific gravity of TiO2 formulated emulsion paint is to be expected since TiO2 used in this study, a product of Sigma Aldrich, has a specific gravity of 4.26.
3.3.3. pH
The pH of the formulated paint samples illustrated graphically in Figure 3
Effect of clay content and particle size on the viscosity of formulated emulsion paints
Effect of clay content and particle size on the specific gravity of formulated emulsion paints
Effect of clay content and particle size on the pH of formulated emulsion paints
shows decreases in pH of paint samples with increases in clay content at any clay particle size investigated. However, clay particle size has no appreciable effect on the pH of the paint samples. The formulated paint samples had pH values in the range, 7.0 - 8.0. According to Nigerian industrial standards, NIS [12] , emulsion paint shall have a pH in the range of 7.0 - 9.0; an indication that all the formulated emulsion paint samples passed the NIS requirement for emulsion paints.
3.3.4. Paint Dry Times
The data on the dry times (surface, and hard dry times) of the formulated paint samples are illustrated graphically in Figure 4 and Figure 5. Figure 4 shows that the surface dry times of the formulated paint samples were greater than that of paint sample without the Eziulo clay.
Generally, the surface dry times of the emulsion paint samples were within the
Effect of clay content and particle size on the surface dry times of formulated emulsion paints
The effect of clay content and particle size on hard dry times of formulated emulsion paints
range, 16 - 18 min, irrespective of the clay content and particle size. Similarly, the formulated emulsion paint samples exhibited higher hard dry times than the paint sample without Eziulo clay. From Figure 5, it is evident that at any clay particle size considered, the hard dry times of the formulated emulsion paint samples increased with increases in clay content. The formulated paint samples satisfied the NIS [12] requirements for the surface and had dry times of emulsion paints which shall be 20 min maximum for surface dry time, and 120 min maximum for hard dry time.
3.3.5. Flexibility of Paint Dry Films
The flexibility tests performed on the dry films of the emulsion paints showed that the flexibility of the paint dry films were unaffected by the incorporation of Eziulo clay; irrespective of the amount and particle size of the clay. The paint dry films passed the NIS [12] flexibility test as there was no cracking, peeling or delamination on any of the paint dry films tested.
3.3.6. Adhesion to Substrate of Paint Dry Films
The adhesion properties of the formulated emulsion paint dry films to glass panels are illustrated in Figure 6. The figure shows that all the paint dry films
Effect of clay content and particle size on adhesion of formulated emulsion paints to substrates
passed the adhesion test because the removal of paint films in each case was less than 50% of the square lines of the coat [12] . There was a progressive increase in the adhesion of the paint films with increases in clay particle size for all the clay contents investigated. However, the adhesion of the paint films to glass substrates generally decreased with increases in clay content at any clay particle size considered.
3.3.7. Water Drop Test
The water drop tests performed on the paint samples showed that the paint samples passed the water drop test as there was no swelling, blistering, and cracking of the paint films [12] . It is important to note that water in one way or another is the common enemy to most materials of construction. With some exceptions, protective coatings are designed to control the action of water.
3.3.8. Resistance to Fungal Attack
The paint dry films exposed to the outside of the laboratory for 3 months were observed to be resistant to fungal attack as there was no growth of fungi from any of them, an indication of good performance of Eziulo clay in coatings [24] .
3.3.9. Chalking Test
None of the formulated emulsion paint samples chalked, just like the paint sample formulated without Eziulo clay. A good paint should not chalk.
4. Conclusions
Eziulo clay obtained from Ishielu Local Government Area of Ebonyi State; Nigeria has been used successfully to formulate emulsion paints with improved properties.
The specific gravity, pH and oil absorption of the clay were determined to be 2.46, 6.67, 34.30 g/g clay respectively. The clay consisted mostly of silica (63.30%), alumina (19.40%), and iron (III) oxide (2.10%). The colour of Eziulo clay was unaffected in the following media: dilute hydrochloric acid, acetic acid, distilled water, and sodium chloride solution. Similarly, the clay did not dissolve in the chemical media tested except for the slight solubility observed in methanol.
The specific gravity and pH of the formulated emulsion paint sample without Eziulo clay were higher than those containing the clay. These properties generally decrease with increases in clay content and particle size. However, the viscosity of Eziulo clay formulated paint samples was higher than that of the paint without Eziulo clay.
The formulated emulsion paint samples exhibited good surface and hard dry times. Generally, the surface and hard dry times of the paint without Eziulo clay were slightly lower than those of the paints containing Eziulo clay. The clay formulated paints exhibited better adhesion to substrates than the paint without the clay; the adhesion increased with increases in clay content, and decreased with decreases in clay particle size.
The paint dry films exhibited good flexibility as there was no cracking, peeling and delamination on any of the surfaces painted with the formulated paints. Similarly, the paint samples did not chalk, passed the water drop test, and were resistant to fungal attack, all attesting to good paint qualities obtainable with Eziulo clay.
Cite this paper
Igwe, I.O., Osuoha, G. and Nwapa, C. (2017) Characterization and Utilization of Eziulo Clay as an Extender in Emulsion Paint Formulations. Journal of Minerals and Materials Characterization and Engineering, 5, 174-184. https://doi.org/10.4236/jmmce.2017.54015
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