Dichloromethane-methanol (1:1) extract (DME) of
N. laevis leaves was prepared by cold maceration. The effects of the extract on the haematological and some biochemical parameters of alloxan-induced diabetic rats were investigated. The results showed that the oral administration of the extract (250, 500, 1000 mg/kg) caused a significant (
P < 0.5) and dose-dependent increase in red blood cell count (RBC) and its indices, as well as a significant (
p <
0
.05) and dose-dependent reduction in the platelet count and the white blood cells (WBC). The activities of alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) were significantly (
p <
0
.05) decreased. This effect was not dose related. The serum levels of total bilirubin, urea and creatinine were significantly (
p <
0
.05) decreased. The serum total protein and total antioxidant status (TAS) significantly (
p <
0
.05) increased dose dependently. Overall, administration of DME has significant ameliorative effect on alloxan-induced anaemia and other haematological alterations in diabetes and this may be of immense benefits in the management of diabetes and its associated haematological complications. Improved liver and kidney functions as well as improved antioxidant status are beneficial in the management of chronic diseases such as diabetes.
Newbouldia laevis (family Bignoniaceae) is a non-leguminous, medium sized angiosperm, commonly called boundary tree (planted as hedgerows and as a life fence), chieftaincy tree (used in chieftaincy and traditional religious ceremonies) [1] , or tree of life (possibly because of its longevity). Locally, it is called Ogirisi (Igbo), Akoko (Yoruba), Aduruku (Hausa) [2] . It is a plant with diverse claims of effectiveness, widely utilized in traditional medicine by various cultures throughout the tropical Africa, including but not limited to Nigeria, Togo, Senegal, Ghana, Congo, Cote de Voire, and Cameroun. Some of the documented medical uses include in the folk treatment of fevers (including yellow fever), malaria, stomach ache, cough, sexually transmitted infections, skin infections, tooth ache, breast cancer, constipation, pain (pelvic pain in females, chest pain, ear ache), gonococcal orchitis, elephantiasis, sorefeet, ulcer, epilepsy, convulsion, migraine, sickle cell anaemia, as a febrifuge, as a vermifuge, in female reproductive healthcare (fibroids, infertility, hemorrhage), as aphrodisiacs, eye problems, snake bites, wound healing, diabetes, arthritis, rheumatism and other inflammatory conditions [3] [4] [5] [6] [7] . Some of the folkloric uses of this plant have been scientifically validated.
Pharmacological studies on extracts of different parts of N. laevis have revealed the antioxidant and free radical scavenging [8] , antimicrobial and antimalarial [9] , sedative and anticonvulsant [10] , analgesic, antinociceptive and antiinflamatory [11] , hepatoprotective [12] , anticancer [13] , uterine contraction [14] , wound healing and antiulcer [15] , antisickling [16] , hypoglycemic [17] activities among others.
Recently, the antihyperglycemic activity of the leaf extract and active fractions of the plant was reported [18] and apigenin was reported to be one of the active metabolites responsible for the antihyperglycemic activity [19] .
The popular traditional use of Newbouldia laevis in the management of various ailments, including chronic ailments such as diabetes, necessitates the evaluation of its toxicological potential. Studies have reported the altered biochemical parameters of the liver and kidney functions, and haematological parameters following the administration of alloxan and / or extracts of medicinal plants [20] [21] . Mansi and Lehham [22] reported alteration in various haematological parameters and the immune system during the course of diabetes. Also toxicological studies have revealed that ingestion of medicinal plants or drugs can alter the normal haematological values [23] and as such could be an important tool in the assessment of deleterious effect of drugs [24] as well as medicinal plants and their extracts.
Therefore, the present study was undertaken to provide information on the restorative effects of dichloromethane/methanol (1:1) extract of N. laevis leaves on alloxan-induced diabetic rats using biochemical indices of the liver and kidney functions as well as haematological parameters.
2. Materials and Methods2.1. Collection of Plant Material
Fresh leaves of N. laevis were collected from plants growing in Igbo-Ukwu, Aguata Local Government Area of Anambra State, South-Eastern Nigeria, in October. Botanical identity was kindly confirmed by Mr. J.M.C. Ekekwe, of the Department of Botany, University of Nigeria Nsukka, where a voucher specimen is deposited.
2.2. Preparation of Extract
The leaves were washed, air-dried under shade for 7 days and pulverized into a coarse powder using locally fabricated hammer mill. The powdered leaf material (5 kg) was extracted with dichloromethane /methanol (1:1) by cold maceration for 48 h. The filtrate was concentrated in vacuo at 40˚C to dryness with a rotary evaporator (yield 14.2%) and labeled DME extract of N. laevis. The DME extract was stored in a refrigerator until required.
2.3. Experimental Animals
White albino mice (15 - 30 g) and adult Wistar rats (150 - 250 g) of both sexes obtained from the Laboratory Animal Facility of the Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Nigeria Nsukka were employed for these experiments. The animals were allowed 14 days acclimatization period on transfer to the research area with free access to food and water before starting the experiments. All animal experiments were in compliance with National Institute of Health Guide for the care and use of Laboratory Animals [25] .
2.4. Acute Toxicity (LD<sub>50</sub>) Test and Phytochemical Studies
The oral and intraperitoneal median lethal doses (LD₅₀) of DME in mice were determined using the method described by Lorke [26] , while the freshly prepared extract was chemically tested for the presence of chemical constituents using standard protocols [27] .
2.5. Induction of Diabetes
Alloxan monohydrate (Sigma, St. Louis, MO, USA) was used to induce diabetes in adult Wistar rats of both sexes. A freshly prepared alloxan monohydrate (65 mg/kg in 0.9% saline) was administered intravenously to the animals [28] . Glucose solution (50%) was used to prevent the initial hypoglycemia caused by alloxan monohydrate [29] . After 3 days of alloxan treatment blood samples were collected from overnight fasted animals through the tail vein and blood glucose level was estimated using Accu-check Active® (Roche Diagnostics) Glucometer. Rats with blood glucose levels above 250 mg/dl [30] were considered diabetic and selected for the study.
2.6. Effect of DME on Alloxan-Induced Diabetic Rats
A total of twenty five (25) diabetic and five (5) normoglycemic rats of both sexes were used. The rats randomly selected were divided into six (6) groups of five (5) rats per group. The treatment schedules were as follows:
Group 1: normal control treated with 3% Tween 80 (5 ml/kg). Group 2: diabetic control treated with 3% Tween 80 (5 ml/kg). Group 3: diabetic rats treated with the standard drug glibenclamide (5 mg/kg). Group 4: diabetic rats treated with 250 mg/kg of DME. Group 5: diabetic rats treated with 500 mg/kg of DME. Group 6: diabetic rats treated with 1000 mg/kg of DME.
The treatments were per os daily for 21 days. Fasting blood glucose was measured on day 0, 7, 14 and 21. The animals were weighed on those days to assess possible weight changes. On day 22, the animals were euthenized under chloroform anesthesia after overnight fast. Blood samples were collected through retro-orbital plexus into EDTA coated bottles and simple plain bottles for determination of haematological and biochemical parameters.
2.7. Determination of Haematological Parameters
Blood samples collected in EDTA bottles were analyzed for haematological parameters using a haematology analyzer (Mindray Auto Hematology Analyzer, BC-5200, USA) following the manufacturer’s instructions. The parameters analyzed include white blood cell count (WBC) and the differentials, platelets, red blood cell count (RBC), haemoglobin (Hb), packed cell volume (PCV), mean corpuscular volume (MCV), mean corpuscular haemoglobin (MCH) and mean corpuscular haemoglobin concentration (MCHC).
2.8. Determination of Biochemical Parameters
Blood samples collected in plain bottles were centrifuged and the resultant serum was analyzed for urea [31] , creatinine [32] , and total bilirubin [33] . The liver function marker enzymes including alkaline phosphatase (ALP) [34] , aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and alanine aminotransferase (ALT) [35] , total protein [36] and total antioxidant status (TAS) [37] were analyzed using diagnostic kits from Randox laboratory UK.
2.9. Statistical Analysis
Data obtained were analysed using One Way Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) (SPSS Version 20.0 software USA) and expressed as mean ± SEM. Differences between means were considered significant at p < 0.05 (LSD post hoc test).
3. Results3.1. Acute Toxicity Test and Phytochemical Analysis
The oral LD50 of DME in mice was greater than 5000 mg/kg, while the intraperitoneal LD50 was estimated as 3807.9 mg/kg. The preliminary phytochemical tests on the extract gave positive results to alkaloids, flavonoids, glycosides, steroids, saponins, tanins, terpenoids, carbohydrates, proteins, oils, acidic compounds, reducing sugars and resins.
3.2. Effect of DME Extract on Mean Fasting Blood Glucose Levels of Diabetic Rats
There was no significant change in fasting blood glucose level of normal control rats throughout the study. All the DME treated groups showed significant (p < 0.05) and dose-related reductions in the mean fasting blood glucose levels at the end of week one which was sustained till week 3. The effect of 1000 mg/kg (73.48% reduction) was similar to that produced by glibenclamide (74.19% reduction) at the end of week 3 (Figure 1).
3.3. Effect of DME Extract on Body Weight of Diabetic Rats
There was a weight increase of 9.64% in untreated normal rats at the end of week 3. A significant (p < 0.05) decrease of 13.02% occurred in the body weight of alloxan diabetic rats when compared to normal control rats (Figure 2). Treatment of diabetic rats with different doses of extract or glibenclamide did not result in significant weight change within the 1st week. A dose related increase in weight
Effects of dichloromethane/methanol extract (DME) on mean fasting blood glucose levels of diabetic rats. *p < 0.05 compared to diabetic control. n = 5
Effects of dichloromethane/methanol extract (DME) on average body weight changes of diabetic rats. *p < 0.05 compared to diabetic control; **p < 0.05 compared to normal control. ***p < 0.05 compared to glibenclamide treated group
was observed at 2nd and 3rd week of treatment (p < 0.05). The weight increase (11.41% and 16.87%) in the 500 mg/kg and 1000 mg/kg treated groups respectively was significantly (p < 0.05) higher than that of glibenclamide treated group (9.61%) at the end of the 3rd week (Figure 2).
3.4. Effect of DME on Haematological Parameters of Diabetic Rats
The red blood cells (RBC) and its indices were significantly (p < 0.05) reduced in diabetic rats. Treatment with DME significantly (p < 0.05) increased these parameters, while significant and dose related reduction in the white blood cells (WBC) and platelet count was evident (p < 0.05).
No significant changes occurred in the neutrophils and lymphocytes counts following DME treatment (Table 1).
3.5. Effect of DME on Liver Marker Enzymes of Diabetic Rats
The activities of liver function marker enzymes―alanine amino transferase
Effects of dichloromethane/methanol extract (DME) on hematological parameters of diabetic rats
Parameter
Treatment Groups
Dose (mg/kg)
Normal Control
Diabetic Control
Glibenclamide
250 mg
500 mg
1000 mg
RBC (×1012/L)
8.18 ± 0.35
3.81 ± 0.40** (53.42)
5.10 ± 0.62* (33.86)
6.21 ± 0.17* (62.99)
6.95 ± 0.30* (82.41)
8.64 ± 0.24* (126.77)
PCV (%)
47.16 ± 2.20
23.8 ± 1.68** (49.53)
38.02 ± 1.10* (59.75)
42.52 ± 0.65* (78.66)
46.98 ± 1.39* (97.39)
50.88 ± 0.93* (113.78)
HB (g/dL)
15.06 ± 0.17
9.79 ± 0.32** (34.99)
12.82 ± 0.46* (30.95)
14.12 ± 0.17* (44.23)
15.08 ± 0.17* (54.03)
16.14 ± 0.45* (64.86)
WBC (×109/L)
8.24 ± 0.50
15.80 ± 0.54** (91.75)
11.51 ± 0.53* (−27.15)
10.28 ± 0.38* (−34.94)
9.35 ± 0.31* (−40.82)
7.35 ± 0.32* (−53.48)
MCV (fl)
68.61 ± 1.83
46.93 ± 3.27** ( 30.94)
62.00 ± 1.21* (32.11)
67.14 ± 4.05* (43.06)
68.08 ± 3.45* (45.07)
78.67 ± 8.79* (67.63)
MCH (pg)
22.80 ± 0.71
18.61 ± 1.14** (18.38)
18.73 ± 0.67 (0.64)
21.82 ± 0.74* (17.25)
26.37 ± 2.67* (41.70)
26.59 ± 2.20* (42.88)
MCHC (g/dL)
34.21 ± 1.37
21.54 ± 1.71** (37.04)
33.25 ± 0.81* (54.36)
31.77 ± 0.97* (47.49)
33.84 ± 1.58* (57.10)
39.55 ± 2.07* (83.61)
Platelet (×109/L)
216.66 ± 6.92
804.22 ± 68.04** (271.19)
555.78 ± 20.67* (−30.89)
544.00 ± 31.51* (−32.36)
501.64 ± 28.17* (−37.62)
465.52 ± 19.24* (−42.12)
Lymphocytes (%)
56.54 ± 0.58
48.69 ± 1.08** (−13.88)
51.29 ± 0.87 (5.34)
51.48 ± 1.22 (5.73)
47.40 ± 0.94 (−2.65)
45.14 ± 1.29 (−7.29)
Monocytes (%)
13.93 ± 0.27
1.71 ± 0.14** (−91.60)
10.45 ± 0.55* (511.11)
13.97 ± 0.20* (716.96)
14.50 ± 0.26* (747.95)
16.80 ± 0.68* (882.46)
Neutrophils (%)
38.20 ± 0.33
36.42 ± 1.14 (−4.66)
37.76 ± 1.23 (3.68)
34.90 ± 0.62 (−4.17)
37.73 ± 1.48 (3.60)
36.79 ± 0.54 (1.02)
Eosinophils (%)
0.44 ± 0.11
2.31 ± 0.12** (425.00)
0.19 ± 0.04* (91.77)
0.09 ± 0.02* (96.10)
0.26 ± 0.07* (88.74)
0.62 ± 0.053* (73.16)
Basophils (%)
0.31 ± 0.07
1.29 ± 0.12** (316.13)
0.29 ± 0.03* (77.52)
0.08 ± 0.01* (93.8)
0.19 ± 0.04* (85.27)
0.57 ± 0.07* (55.81)
Values are mean ± SEM (n = 5) *p < 0.05 compared to diabetic control; **p < 0.05 compared to normal control. The numbers in parenthesis represent percentage increase or decrease of the parameter compared to the control group. Minus (−) represent a decrease.
(ALT), aspartate amino transferase (AST) and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) were significantly (p < 0.05) elevated by 96.06%, 66.38% and 74.92% respectively in alloxan-induced diabetic rats. Treatment with graded doses of DME for 21 days caused a significant (p < 0.05) decrease in the ALT, AST and ALP levels (Figure 3). Maximum reduction (59.04%) in ALT activity occurred in 500 mg/kg treated group while maximum reduction occurred in 1000 mg/kg treated group for AST. The reduction by 250 mg/kg (21.78%) and 500 mg/kg (21.78%) for AST was comparable to that of glibenclamide (23.36%) (Figure 3).
3.6. Effect of DME on Serum Total Bilirubin and Total Protein
Alloxan ? induced diabetic rats exhibited significant (p < 0.05) increase (159.18%) in serum total bilirubin (Figure 4) and decrease (44.80%) in serum total protein
Effects of dichloromethane/methanol extract (DME) on serum liver marker enzymes of diabetic rats. Values are mean ± SEM (n = 5) *p < 0.05 compared to diabetic control; **p < 0.05 compared to normal control
Effects of dichloromethane/methanol extract (DME) on serum total bilirubin. Values are mean ± SEM (n = 5) *p < 0.05 compared to diabetic control; **p < 0.05 compared to normal control
Effects of dichloromethane/methanol extract (DME) on serum total protein in diabetic rats. Values are mean ± SEM (n = 5) *p < 0.05 compared to diabetic control; **p < 0.05 compared to normal control
Effects of dichloromethane/methanol extract (DME) on serum total urea and creatinine levels of diabetic rats. Values are mean ± SEM (n = 5) *p < 0.05 compared to diabetic control; **p < 0.05 compared to normal control
(Figure 5). Groups of diabetic rats treated with different doses of the extract had significant (p < 0.05) decrease in serum total bilirubin and increase in serum total protein. The effects of 250 mg/kg were similar to the effects produced by glibenclamide
3.7. Effects of DME on Kidney Function Markers
The serum levels of urea and creatinine were significantly (p < 0.05) increased by 95.59% and 74.07% respectively in alloxan-induced diabetic rats (Figure 6). Administrations of DME for 21 days caused significant (p < 0.05) and dose-related decrease in the serum level of these kidney function markers. The reductions
Effects of dichloromethane/methanol extract (DME) on serum total antioxidant status (TAS) of diabetic rats. Values are mean ± SEM (n = 5) *p < 0.05 compared to diabetic control; **p < 0.05 compared to normal control
produced by 500 mg/kg and 1000 mg/kg were more than that produced by glibenclamide
3.8. Effects of DME Extract on Total Antioxidant Status (TAS) of Diabetic Rats
A significant (p < 0.05) decrease (52.53%) in total antioxidant status (TAS) occurred in diabetic untreated rats when compared with the normal control rats (Figure 7). Treatment with DME evoked a significant dose-related increase in TAS level in diabetic treated rats (90.43%, 109.57% and 117.02% respectively) (p < 0.05) when compared to diabetic untreated control. This effect was better than that of the reference drug (86.17%).
4. Discussion
Alteration in the various haematological parameters and the immune system during the course of diabetes have been reported [22] . Also toxicological studies revealed that ingestion of medicinal plants or drugs can alter the normal haematological values [23] . Therefore, haematological parameters could be an important tool in the assessment of deleterious effect of drugs [24] as well as medicinal plants and their extracts.
Anaemia has been noted to be a common pathophysiological feature and a complication of DM [38] . Diabetes associated anaemia is reported to be due to the increased non-enzymatic glycosylation of RBC membrane proteins which correlates with hyperglycemia [39] . Oxidation of these membrane proteins in the presence of chronic hyperglycemia in uncontrolled DM increases the production of lipid peroxides that leads to haemolysis of RBC [40] . One of the pathological consequences of this membrane lipid peroxidation is reduced erythrocyte survival [41] . Although the RBC membrane lipid peroxide level in diabetic rats was not measured in this study, other RBC parameters such as Hb, PCV, MCV, MCH, and MCHC were measured so as to investigate the effect of DME on the anaemic status of alloxan-induced diabetic rats. The decrease in the RBC and its indices following treatment with diabetogenic agent in experimental diabetes is an indication of reduced and abnormal erythropoiesis. This observation is consistent with earlier reports [42] [43] but differ from the reports of some others [44] [45] . Administration of DME to alloxan-induced diabetic rats appreciably improved the levels of RBC and its indices (p < 0.05). This suggests that some phytoconstituents present in the extract can stimulate the formation or secretion of erythropoietin which stimulates the stem cells in the bone marrow to produce RBC [46] which is evidenced by the improved levels of MCH and MCHC [47] . Similar report of increased RBC and its indices in normal rats supplemented with N. laevis root extract is available [48] . Another study [49] however, reported slight increase in RBC and its indices in N. laevis leaf-supplemented normal rats and suggested that the increase may be due to stimulatory effect of the extract on the production of haematopoietic regulatory elements such as erythropoietin and colony-stimulating factors by the stromal cells and macrophages in the bone marrow. Phytoconstituent such as flavonoids [50] and specifically apigenin [19] present in the leaf of N. laevis may be responsible for these effects. This is evidenced by the improved level of MCH and MCHC. Similarly Mahmoud et al., [51] reported that grape fruit flavonoids improved RBC and its indices in diabetic rats via its ability to lower lipid peroxidation level that causes haemolysis of erythrocytes. The attenuation of pro-inflammatory cytokines production and stimulation of adeponectin expression by hesperidin and naringin (grapefruit flavonoids) is reported to be directly related to the improvement in RBC and its indices and correction of the anaemic status in type 2 diabetic rats [52] . This may be true for apigenin present in N. laevis leaf.
White blood cell (WBC) serves as a scavenger that removes foreign substances. The number of WBC is known to rise as a body defense mechanism in response to toxic environment [53] . Changes in WBC have been associated with insulin resistance and cardiovascular complications [54] . Leukocytosis is reported to be associated with insulin resistance, Type 2 DM, coronary artery disease, stroke and diabetes induced macro and microangiopathy [52] . Leucocytes are reported to be activated by AGEs, oxidative stress, angiotensin II and pro-inflammatory cytokines [52] . The result of this study showed a significant (p < 0.05) increase in WBC of diabetic control rats which became reduced significantly (p < 0.05) on DME treatment in a dose related manner. This may have been as a result of the ability of the extract to restore insulin sensitivity, ameliorate AGEs production and reduce oxidative stress within the blood cells. This finding is in agreement with earlier reports [45] [52] .
A report that platelet count was significantly higher among diabetics compared to non-diabetics and a positive correlation between platelet count and poor glycemic control exists [55] . Previous report suggests that higher platelet count may contribute to vascular events in patient with insulin resistance [56] . Platelet counts correlated positively with WBC count which may suggest a shared mechanism [57] . Raised platelet values are commonly seen in inflammatory and infectious diseases [58] and are considered as an acute phase reaction to infection or inflammation as is the case with alloxan-induced diabetogenesis caused by free radicals [59] . In the present study, thrombocytosis was evident in the diabetic untreated control rats. However, treatment with DME significantly (p < 0.05) reduced the platelet count dose dependently. This observation may suggest the ability of the DME to achieve glycemic control and protect against vascular events.
The results of the study on haematological parameters are consistent with the reports of other workers [52] [54] [55] and suggest the safety and erythropoietic property of N. laevis leaf extract.
A marked elevation in the levels of serum liver marker enzymes was evident in the diabetic control. Several studies have reported similar elevation in the activities of serum liver marker enzymes during alloxan administration [60] [61] . The elevated liver marker enzymes in diabetic control rats may be due to destructive changes in the hepatocytes due to alloxan toxicity since hepatic injury is often associated with alterations in the serum levels of these enzymes. Also increase in ALP activity may be indicative of peroxidation of cell membrane and loss of membrane integrity. It has been reported that ALT participates in gluconeogenesis and its transcription is suppressed by insulin and that increased activity is therefore suggestive of impairment of insulin signaling and not hepatocyte injury [62] . Treatment with DME or glibenclamide caused a significant (p < 0.05) decrease in the transaminases and ALP activities. This effect was not dose related. Plant extracts have been reported to inhibit transaminase activity [63] . The decrease may be attributed to hepatoprotective and antioxidant activity of DME [64] . Antioxidants are known to reduce the development of chemically induced liver damage [65] . The improved antioxidant status of DME treated diabetic rats may have contributed to these effects. The increase in the levels of serum proteins is also suggestive of hepatoprotective activity as the induction of protein synthesis speed up the regeneration and production of liver cells [64] . The result of this study supports an earlier report [66] of the modulation of serum liver marker enzymes and antioxidant activities by the ethanol extracts of stem and leaves of N. laevis in diabetic rats.
Serum total protein is a marker of the synthetic function of the liver and a valuable guide to assess the severity of liver damage [67] . A reduction in the serum protein levels in diabetic control rats may be as a result of possible damage to the hepatocytes induced by alloxan and chronic hyperglycemia. It may also be due to increased rate of amino acid conversion to glucose and reduced ribosomal protein synthesis as a result of insulin deficiency. Protein may also be damaged directly by specific interaction of oxidants or free radicals with particularly susceptible amino acids [68] . A good correlation between protein synthesis and insulin levels has been reported [60] . Although insulin levels were not measured in this study, a significant reduction in the blood glucose level may be taken as a direct evidence of increased insulin levels of treated diabetic rats. Treatment with DME for 21 days caused a significant and dose related improvement of serum total protein content (p < 0.05). This effect was comparable to that of glibenclamide treated rats. Increase in serum total protein of alloxan-induced diabetic rats treated with glibenclamide for 21 days has been reported [69] . This may occur as the result of increased protein synthesis as a result of improved insulin levels, and could be linked to the protective effect of the extract against oxidative damage to the liver [64] . An increase in total protein level has been reported to have hepatoprotective effect [70] . The increase in serum total protein observed in this study may also be as a result of intrinsic nutritive property of N. laevis. Ogbonnia et al. [48] reported a similar increase in serum total protein of normal rats fed with N. laevis stem bark aqueous extracts and suggested a link between increased protein levels and protective effect of the extract against oxidative damage to the liver.
Total bilirubin level is also an important marker of liver function since it is conjugated in the liver for possible excretion via the kidneys or via bile. An increased total bilirubin level in diabetic control rats was evident, indicating a compromised liver function. This observation is consistent with an earlier report [71] . The increase in plasma bilirubin may occur as a result of decreased liver uptake, conjugation, or increase in bilirubin formation [72] following liver damage. Administration of DME to diabetic rats for 21 days significantly (p < 0.05) lowered the total bilirubin in a dose related manner suggesting an improvement in liver function. Similar observation was reported by Shah and Khan [71] using Sida cordata extract in alloxan-induced diabetic rats for 15 days. Sunmonu and Afolayan [73] also reported a significant reduction in the bilirubin level of STZ-induced diabetic rats treated with Artemisia afra aqueuos extract for 15 days.
Kidneys are the major excretory organs and renal function tests are devised to detect possible renal damage. Increased serum levels of urea and creatinine are among the most sensitive indicators of kidney injury. In this study, urea and creatinine levels were significantly increased in diabetic rats (p < 0.05) indicating renal impairment. Hyperglycemia is known to induce these elevations. Alarcon et al. [74] reported that alloxan-induced hyperglycemia resulted to increased levels of plasma urea and creatinine. The high serum urea in diabetic control rats has been suggested to be due to the stimulation of gluconeogenesis as alternative glucose source as a result of insulin deficiency [75] . Gluconeogenesis is sustained by increased proteolysis which releases glucogenic amino acids that are subsequently deaminated in the liver resulting in high urea levels [75] . Administration of DME for 21 days significantly and dose dependently lowered these indices (p < 0.05). The stabilization of these parameters indicates improvement in renal function which could be attributed to the antihyperglycemic effect of the extract and thus increased insulin effect causing a decline in proteolysis. Similar observation has been reported [71] .
Diabetes is characterized by low plasma levels of both enzymatic and non- enzymatic antioxidant defenses which make the cells of diabetics vulnerable to oxidative stress. Depletion of antioxidant level has been demonstrated in DM and administration of antioxidants to compensate the depletion has been shown to improve diabetes and prevent its complications [76] . It is hypothesized that under severe oxidative stress (such as in DM), there is heavy production of reactive species which may result in the depletion of protective physiological moieties [68] . Increase in lipid peroxidation during diabetes is as a result of inefficient or overwhelmed antioxidant system due to free radical generation. Decreased activities of antioxidant enzymes and non-enzymatic antioxidants during experimental diabetes which correlates with hyperglycemia has been reported [66] [75] . Antioxidant activity or the inhibition of free radical generation is of paramount importance in diabetes management. Supplementation with antioxidants is believed to be effective in increasing the activities of antioxidant defense enzymes, scavenging free radicals, preventing oxidative damage and as such protecting lipid components of the cells against peroxidation [49] [77] . Total antioxidant status (TAS) (enzymatic and non-enzymatic) plays a pivotal role in cell defense against ROS. The decreased TAS level in diabetic control rats may be associated with ROS generation with subsequent oxidative stress in chronic hyperglycemia. The reduced level of the TAS of diabetic control rats is taken as direct evidence for oxidative stress which may have overwhelmed the antioxidant system due to free radical generation [78] . Administration of DME for 21 days caused a significant two-fold increase in TAS level in diabetic treated rats (p < 0.05). This effect was significantly (p < 0.05) more than that of glibenclamide. This suggests improved functionality of the antioxidant system of the diabetic treated rats probably due to the effect of the phytochemical antioxidants present in the DME. This may have significant implication on the antidiabetic efficiency of N. laevis leaf by offering a protective back-up against alloxan induced toxicity in the pancreas and the sustained oxidative stress due to chronic hyperglycemia.
Weight loss is one of the key features of DM, usually linked to degradation of structural proteins and muscle wasting [39] . In this study, induction of diabetes with alloxan is demonstrated to be associated with a characteristic decrease in body weight. The ability of DME to protect against massive weight loss in alloxan diabetic rats seems to be due to its ability to improve glucose utilization, reduce hepato-renal dysfunction, [18] [79] , improve the TAS and restore haematopoetic function. Earlier report noted a significant increase in the body weight of normal rats supplemented with N. laevis extract [49] .
5. Conclusion
Thus N. laevis leaf possesses the ability of managing hyperglycemia, improve haematological and biochemical derrangements in alloxan induced-diabetic rats. It can also control muscle wasting and induce adipogenesis.
Conflict of Interest
The authors have no conflict of interest to declare.
Cite this paper
Osigwe, C.C., Akah, P.A. and Nworu, C.S. (2017) Biochemical and Haematological Effects of the Leaf Extract of Newbouldia laevis in Alloxan-Induced Diabetic Rats. Journal of Biosciences and Medicines, 5, 18-36. https://doi.org/10.4236/jbm.2017.56003
ReferencesOgbe, F.M.D., Eruogunn, O.L. and Wagboe, M. (2009) Plants Used for Female Reproductive Healthcare in Oredo Local Government Area, Nigeria. Scientific Research and Essays, 4, 120-130.Hutchison, J. and Dalziel, J.M. (1963) Flora of West Tropical Africa. Vol. II, Crown Agents for Overseas Government and Administration, London, 435-436.Oliver-Bever, B. (1986) Medicinal plants in Tropical West Africa. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 117-168. https://doi.org/10.1017/cbo9780511753114Burkill, H.M. (1997) The useful plants of West Tropical Africa. 2nd Edition, Vol. 4 (Families M-R), Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew.Iwu, M.M. (2000) Handbook of African Medicinal Plants. CRC Press, Inc., London, 19.Ogunlesi, M., Okiei, W., Ofor, E. and Awonuga, O. (2009) Determination of the Concentration of Zinc and Vitamin C in Oysters and Some Medicinal Plants Used to Correct Male Factor Infertility. Journal of Natural Products, 2, 89-97.Klotoe, J.R., Dougnon, T.V., Koudouvo, K., Ategbo, J.M., Koko, F., Akoegninou, A., Aklikokou, K., Dramane, K. and Gbeassor, M. (2013) Ethnopharmacological Survey on Antihemorrhagic Medicinal Plants in South of Benin. European Journal of Medicinal Plants, 3, 40-51. https://doi.org/10.9734/EJMP/2013/2093Akinmoladun, A.C., Obutor, E.M. and Farombi, E.O. (2010) Evaluation of Antioxidant and Free Radical Scavenging Capacities of Some Nigerian Indigenous Medicinal Plants. Journal of Medicinal Food, 13, 444-451. https://doi.org/10.1089/jmf.2008.0292Eyong, K.O., Folefoc, G.N., Kuete, V., Beng, V.P., Krohn, K., Hussain, H., Nkengfack, A.E., Saeftel, M., Sarite, S.R. and Hoerauf, A. (2006) Newbouldiaquinone A: A Naphtoquinone-Anthraquinone Ether Coupled Pigment as a Potential Antimicrobial and Antimalarial Agent from Newbouldia laevis. Phytochemistry, 67, 605-609.Amos, S., Binda, L., Vongtau, H., Chindo, B. and Abbah, J. (2002) Sedative Effects of the Methanolic Leaf Extract of Newbouldia laevis in Mice and Rats. Bollettino Chimico Farmaceutico, 141, 471-475.Ainooson, G.K., Woode, E., Obiri, D.D. and Koffour, G.A. (2009) Antinociceptive Effects of Newbouldia laevis (P. Beauv) Stem Bark Extract in a Rat Model. Pharmacognosy Magazine, 5, 49-54.Hassan, S.W., Salawu, K., Ladan, M.J., Hassan, L.G., Umar, R.A. and Fatihu, M.Y. (2010) Hepato-Protective, Antioxidant and Phytochemical Properties of Leaf Extracts of Newbouldia laevis. International Journal of PharmTech Research, 2, 573-584.Kuete, V., Wabo, H.K., Eyon, K.O., Feussi, M.T., Wiench, B., Krusche, B. and Effert, T. (2011) Anticancer Activities of Six Selected Natural Compounds of Some Cameroonian Medicinal Plants. PLoS ONE, 6, e21762. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0021762Bafor, E., Sanni, U. and Nworgu, Z.A. (2010) In Vitro Determination of the Mechanism of the Uterine Stimulatory Effect of Newbouldia laevis. Pharmaceutical Biology, 48, 808-815. https://doi.org/10.3109/13880200903283673Awemu, G.A., Okunrobo, L.O. and Awah, F.M. (2012) Wound Healing and Antiulcer Activities of the Ethanol Extract of Newbouldia laevis Root Bark. Journal of Pharmacy & Bioresources, 9, 29-33.Joppa, K.M., Vovor, A., Eklu-Gadegbeku, K., Agbonon, A., Aklikokou, K. and Gbeassor, M. (2008) Effect of Morinda lucida Benth. (Rubiaceae) and Newbouldia leavis P. Beauv. (Bignoniaceae) on Sickling of Red Blood Cells. Medecine Tropicale: Revue du Corps de Sante Colonial, 68, 251-256.Owolabi, O.J., Amaechina, F.C. and Okoro, M. (2011) Effect of Ethanol Leaf Extract of Newbouldia laevis on Blood Glucose Levels of Diabetic Rats. Tropical Journal of Pharmaceutical Research, 10, 249-254. https://doi.org/10.4314/tjpr.v10i3.12Osigwe, C.C., Akah, P.A., Nworu, C.S., Okoye, T.C. and Tchimene, M.K. (2015) Antihyperglycemic Studies on the Leaf Extract and Active Fractions of Newbouldia laevis (Bignoniaceae). Pharmacology & Pharmacy, 6, 518-532.https://doi.org/10.4236/pp.2015.611054Osigwe, C.C., Akah, P.A., Nworu, C.S. and Okoye, F.B.C. (2017) Apigenin: A Methanol Fraction Component of Newbouldia laevis Leaf, as a Potential Antidiabetic Agent. The Journal of Phytopharmacology, 6, 38-44.Adesokan, A.A., Oyewole, O.I. and Turray Babara, M.S. (2009) Kidney and Liver Function Parameters in Alloxan Induced Diabetic Rats Treated with Aloe barbadensis Juice Extract. Sierra Leone Journal of Biomedical Research, 1, 33-37.Onyije, F.M., Avwioro, O.G. and Waritimi, E.G. (2012) Evaluation of Nephrotoxic Effect of Bauhinia monandra on the Kidney of Alloxan-Induced Diabetic Rats. Journal of Pharmacy and Clinical Sciences, 4, 7-9.Mansi, K. and Lehham, J. (2008) Effects of Artemisia sieberi Bessa a Herba-Alba on Heart Rate and Some Hematological Values in Normal and Alloxan-Induced Diabetic Rats. Journal of Basic and Applied Sciences, 4, 57-72.Ajagbonna, O.P., Onifade, K.I. and Suleiman, U. (1999) Hematological and Biochemical Changes in Rats Given Extract of Calotropis procera. Sokoto Journal of Veterinary Sciences, 1, 36-42.Yakubu, M.T., Akanji, M.A. and Oladiyi, A.T. (2007) Hematological Evaluation in Male Albino Rats Following Chronic Administration of Aqueous Extract of Fadogia agrestis Stem. Pharmacognosy Magazine, 3, 34-38.National Institute of Health (NIH) (1985) Guide for the Use of Laboratory Animals DHHS, PHS NIH. Pub. No. 85-23.Lorke, D. (1983) A New Approach to Acute Toxicity Testing. Archives of Toxicology, 54, 275-287. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01234480Harbone, J.B. (1989) Phytochemical Methods. A Guide to Modern Technique of Plant Analysis. 3rd Edition, Chapman and Hill, London, 285.Akah, P.A., Alemji, J.A., Salawu, O.A., Okoye, T.C. and Offiah, N.V. (2009) Effects of Vernonia amygdalina on Biochemical and Haematological Parameters in Diabetic Rats. Asian Journal of Medical Sciences, 1, 108-113.Frode, T.S. and Medeiros, Y.S. (2008) Animal Models to Test Drugs with Potential Antidiabetic Activity. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 115, 173-183.Ezekwesili, C.N., Ogbunugafor, H.A. and Ezekwesili-Ofili, J.O. (2012) Antidiabetic Activity of Aqueous Extracts of Vitex doniana Leaves and Cinchona calisaya Bark in Alloxan-Induced Diabetic Rats. International Journal of Tropical Disease & Health, 2, 290-300. https://doi.org/10.9734/IJTDH/2012/1693Weatherburn M.W. ,et al. (1967)Urease-Berthelot Colorimetric Method for in Vitro Determination of Urea Analytical Chemistry 39, 971-974.Bartels, H. and Bohmer, M. (1972) Quantitative Determination of Creatinine. Clinica Chimica Acta, 37, 193.Jendrassik, L. and Grof, P. (1938) Simplified Photometric Methods for the Determination of Bilirubin. Biochemical Journal, 297, 81-89.Rec G.S.C. ,et al. (1972)Colorimetric Method for Serum Alkaline Phosphatase Determination Journal of Clinical Chemistry and Clinical Biochemistry 10, 182-184.Reitman, S. and Frankel, S. (1957) A Colorimetric Method for the Determination of Serum Glutamic Oxaloacetic and Glutamic Pyruvic Transaminases. American Journal of Clinical Pathology, 28, 56-63. https://doi.org/10.1093/ajcp/28.1.56Gomall, A.G., Bardawill, C.S. and David, M.M. (1949) Determination of Serum Proteins by Means of the Biuret Reaction. The Journal of Biological Chemistry, 177, 751-766.Miller, N.J., Rice-Evans, C., Davies, M.J., Gopinathan, V. and Milner, A. (1993) A Novel Method for Measuring Antioxidant Capacity and Its Application to Monitoring the Antioxidant Status in Premature Neonates. Clinical Science, 84, 407-412.Kotharia, R. and Bokariya, P. (2012) A Comparative Study of Haematological Parameters in Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus Patients and Healthy Young Adolescents. International Journal of Biological and Medical Research, 3, 2429-2432.Oyedemi, S.O., Adewusi, E.A., Aiyegoro, O.A. and Akinpeanolu, D.A. (2011) Antidiabetic and Hematological Effect of Aqueous Extract of Stem Bark of Afzelia africana (Smith) on Streptozocin-Induced Diabetic Wister Rats. Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Biomedicine, 1, 353-358.Arun, G.S. and Ramesh, K.G. (2002) Improvement of Insulin Sensitivity by Perindopril in Spontaneously Hypertensive and Streptozotocin Diabetic Rats. Indian Journal of Pharmacology, 34, 156-164.Kolanjiappan, K., Manoharan, S. and Kayalvizhi, M. (2002) Measurement of Erythrocyte Lipids, Lipid Peroxidation, Antioxidants and Osmotic Fragility in Cervical Cancer Patients. Clinica Chimica Acta, 326, 143-149.Mahmoud A.M. ,et al. (2013)Hematological Alterations in Diabetic Rats—Role of Adipocytokines and Effect of Citrus Flavonoids EXCLI Journal 12, 647-657.Akomas, S.C., Okafor, A.I. and Ijioma, S.N. (2014) Glucose Level, Haematological Parameters and Lipid Profile in Ficus sur Treated Diabetic Rats. Comprehensive Journal of Agricultural and Biological Science, 2, 5-11.Mohammed, A., Adelaiye, A.B., Bakari, A.G. and Mabrouk, M.A. (2009) Antidiabetic and Some Hematological Effects of Ethyl Acetate and n-Butanol Fractions of Ganoderma lucidium Aqueous Extract in Alloxan-Induced Diabetic Wistar Rats. International Journal of Medical Sciences, 1, 530-535.Verma, N., Amresh, G., Sahu, P.K., Mishra, N., Singh, A.P. and Rao, C.V. (2012) Antihyperglycemic Activity, Antihyperlipidemic Activityy, Hematological Effects and Histopathological Analysis of Sapinus mukorossi Ganertan Fruits in Streptozocin Induced Diabetic Rats. Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Medicine, 5, 518-522.Ohlsson, A. and Aher, S.M. (2012) Early Erythropoietin for Preventing Red Blood Cell Transfusion in Preterm and/or Low Birth Weight Infants. The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, No. 9, CD004863. https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.cd004863.pub3Abu-Zaiton, A.S. (2010) Antidiabetic Activity of Ferula asafoetida Extract in Normal and Alloxan Induced Diabetic Rats. Pakistan Journal of Biological Sciences, 13, 97-100. https://doi.org/10.3923/pjbs.2010.97.100Ogbonnia, S.O., Mbaka, G.O., Nkemehule, F.E., Emordi, J.E., Okpagu, N.C. and Ota, D.A. (2014) Acute and Subchronic Evaluation of Aqueous Extracts of Newbouldia laevis (Bignoniaceae) and Nauclea latifolia (Rubiaceae) Roots Used Singly or in Combination in Nigeria Traditional Medicine. British Journal of Pharmacology and Toxicology, 5, 55-62.Kolawole, O.T., Akanji, M.A. and Akiibinu, M.O. (2013) Toxicological Assessment of Ethanolic Extract of the Leaves of Newbouldia laevis (P. Beauv). American Journal of Medicine and Medical Sciences, 3, 74-80.Usman, H. and Osuji, J.C. (2007) Phytochemical and In-Vitro Antimicrobial Assay of the Leaf Extract of Newbouldia laevis. African Journal of Traditional, Complementary and Alternative Medicines, 4, 476-480. https://doi.org/10.4314/ajtcam.v4i4.31240Mahmoud, A.M., Ahmed, O.M., Ashour, M.B. and Abdel-Moneim, A. (2012) Hesperidin and Naringin Attenuate Hyperglycemia-Mediated Oxidative Stress and Proinflammatory Cytokine Production in High Fat Feed/Streptozocin Induced Type 2 Diabetic Rats. Journal of Diabetes and Its Complications, 26, 483-490.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jdiacomp.2012.06.001Mahmoud, A.M., Ahmed, O.M., Ashour, M.B. and Abdel-Moneim, A. (2013) Upregulation of PPARγ Mediates the Antidiabetic Effects of Flavonoids in High Fat Diet Fed-Streptozocin Induced Type 2 Diabetic Rats. International Journal of Bioassays, 2, 756-761.Ngogang J.Y. ,et al. (2005)Haematinic Activity of Hibiscus cannabinus African Journal of Biotechnology 4, 833-837.Mohammed, R.K., Ibrahim, S., Atawodi, S.E., Eze, E.D., Suleiman, J.B. and Malgwi, I.S. (2013) Anti-Diabetic and Haematological Effects of n-Butanol Fraction of Alchornea Cordifolia Leaf Extract in Streptozotocin-Induced Diabetic Wistar Rats. Scientific Journal of Biological Sciences, 2, 45-53.Uko, E.K., Erhabor, O., Isaac, I.Z., Abdulrahaman, Y., Adias, T.C., Sani, Y., Shehu, R.S., Liman, H.M., Dalltu, M.R. and Mainastra, A.S. (2013) Some Haematological Parameters in patiEnts with Type 1 Diabetes in Sokoto, North Western Nigeria. Journal of Blood & Lymph, 3, 2165-7831.Tanigushi, A., Fukushima, M., Seino, Y., Sakai, M. and Yoshi, S. (2003) Platelet Count Is Independently Associated in Insulin Resistance in Non-Obese Japanese Type 2 Diabetic Patients. Metabolism, 52, 1246-1249.https://doi.org/10.1016/S0026-0495(03)00099-4Jesri, A., Okonufa, E.C. and Egan, B.M. (2005) Platelet and White Blood Cell Counts Are Elevated in Patients with the Metabolic Syndrome. The Journal of Clinical Hypertension (Greenwich), 7, 705-711.https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1524-6175.2005.04809.xWillams, W.J., Bentler, E., Erslev, A.J. and Lictman, M.A. (1983) Thrombocytosis. In: Heamatology, 3rd Edition, McGraw-Hill, New York, 1342-1344.Edet, A.E., Patrick, E.B. and Olarufemi, E.A. (2013) Haematological Parameters of Alloxan-Induced Diabetic Rats Treated with Ethanol Extracts and Fractions of Nauclea latifolia Leaf. European Scientific Journal, 9, 203-210.Rawi, S.M., Mourad, I.M. and Sayed, D.A. (2011) Biochemical Changes in Experimental Diabetes before and after Treatment with Mangifera indica and Psidium guava Extracts. International Journal of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, 2, 29-41.Gometi, S.A., Ogugua, V.N., Odo, C.E. and Joshua, P.E. (2014) Effects of Some Antidiabetic Plants on the Hepatic Marker Enzymes of Diabetic Rats. African Journal of Biotechnology, 13, 905-909. https://doi.org/10.5897/AJB2013.13329Miikue-Yobe, T.F.B., Uwakwe, A.A. and Akaninwuor, J.O. (2015) Effect of Aqueous Leaf Extract of Heinisia crinata on Hematological and Some Biochemical Indices of Toxicity in Streptozocin Induced Diabetic Rats. International Journal of Innovation Science and Research, 2, 116-126.Patrick, E.E., Item, J.A., Eyong, U.E. and Godwin, E.E. (2008) The Antidiabetic Efficacy of Combined Extracts from Two Continental Plants: Azadiracta indica and Vernonia amygdalina (African Bitter Leaf). American Journal of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, 4, 239-244. https://doi.org/10.3844/ajbbsp.2008.239.244Hasssan, S.W., Ayeni, G., Wasagu, R.S.U., Umar, R.A., Agaie, B.M. and Farouk, U.Z. (2015) Hepatoprotective Effect of Leaf Extracts of Newbouldia laevis on Carbon Tetrachloride-Intoxicated Rats. Journal of Molecular Global Biosciences, 5, 2258-2281.Chen, H.-Y. and Yen, G.-C. (2007) Antioxidant Activity and Free Radical Scavenging Capacity of Extracts from Guava (P. guajava L.) Leaves. Food Chemistry, 101, 686-694.Anaduaka, E.G., Ogugua, V.N., Chidozie, V. and Okonkwo, C.C. (2014) Ethanol Extracts of Newbouldia laevis Stem and Leaves Modulate Serum Marker Enzymes and Antioxidant Enzymes Activities in Diabetic Rats. African Journal of Biotechnology, 13, 2265-2272. https://doi.org/10.5897/AJB2014.13753Imo, C., Uhegbu, F.O., Ifeanacho, N.G., Egbeigwe, O. and Ezekwe, A.S. (2014) Biochemical and Histopathological Changes Associated with Methanolic Leaf Extract of Gongronema latifolia in Acetaminophen-Induced Hepatic Toxicity in Wistar Albino Rats. International Journal of Biomolecules and Biomedicine, 4, 1-7.Narasmihanaidu, K. and Ponnaian, S.M.P. (2006) Antihyperglycaemic and Antioxidant Effect of Rutin, a Polyphenolic Flavonoid in Streptozocin-Induced Diabetic Wistrar Rats. Basic & Clinical Pharmacology & Toxicology, 98, 97-103.https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1742-7843.2006.pto_241.xYumnam, A.D., Vrushabendra, S.B.M., Vishwanath, S.K.M. and Ranu, R.R. (2012) Antidiabetic Activity of Echinochloa crusgalli (L.) P. Beauv Grains Extract in Alloxan Induced Diabetic Rats. Research Journal of Pharmaceutical, Biological and Chemical Sciences, 3, 1257-1275.Oyagbemi, A.A., Saba, A.B. and Arowolo, R.O.A. (2008) Safety Evaluation of Prolonged Administration of Stresroak in Grower Cockerels. International Journal of Poultry Science, 7, 574-578. https://doi.org/10.3923/ijps.2008.574.578Shah, N.A. and Khan, M.R. (2014) Antidiabetic Effect of Sida cordata in Alloxan-Induced Diabetic Rats. BioMed Research International, 2014, Article ID: 671294. https://doi.org/10.1155/2014/671294Rana, S., Singh, R. and Verma, S. (1996) Protective Effects of Few Antioxidants on Liver Function in Rats Treated with Cadmium and Mercury. Indian Journal of Experimental Biology, 34, 177-179.Sunmonu, T.O. and Afolayan, A.J. (2013) Evaluation of Antidiabetic Activity and Associated Toxicity of Artemisia afra Aqueous Extract in Wistar Rats. Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine, 2013, Article ID: 929074.Alarcon, C., Wicksteed, B., Prentki, M., Corkey, B.E. and Rhodes, C.J. (2002) Succinate Is a Preferential Metabolic Stimulus-Coupling Signal for Glucose-Induced Proinsulin Biosynthesis Translation. Diabetes, 51, 2496-2504.https://doi.org/10.2337/diabetes.51.8.2496Abdulazeez, M.A., Ibrahim, K., Bulus, K., Babvoshia, H.B. and Abdullahi, Y. (2013) Effect of Combined Use of Ocimum gratissimum and Vernonia amygdalina Extract on the Activity of Angiotensin Converting Enzyme, Hypolipidemic and Antioxidant Parameters in Streptozocin-Induced Diabetic Rats. African Journal of Biochemistry Research, 7, 165-173.Antu, K.A., Riya, M.P., Mishra, A., Anilkumar, K.S., Chandrakanth, C.K., Tamrakar, A.K., Srivastava, A.K. and Raghu, K.G. (2014) Antidiabetic Property of Symplocos cochinchinensis Is Mediated by Inhibition of Alpha Glucosidase and Enhanced Insulin Sensitivity. PLoS ONE, 9, e105829.https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0105829Cao, G., Booth, S.L., Sadowski, J. A. and Prior, R.L. (1998) Increase in Human Plasma Antioxidant Capacity Following Consumption of Controlled Diets High in Fruits and Vegetables. The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 68, 1081-1087.Akinosun, O.M. and Bolajoko, E.B. (2007) Total Antioxidant Status in Type 2 Diabetic Patients: Experience at University College Hospital (UCH) Ibadan Nigeria. Nigerian Journal of Clinical Practice, 10, 126-129.Saeed, M.K., Dend, Y. and Dai, R. (2008) Attenuation of Biochemical Parameters in Streptozocin-Induced Diabetic Rats by Oral Administration of Extracts and Fractions of Cephalotaxus sinensis. Journal of Clinical Biochemistry and Nutrition, 42, 21-28. https://doi.org/10.3164/jcbn.2008004