Internal physical mechanism of actual sound environment system is often difficult to recognize analytically, and it contains unknown structural characteristics. Furthermore, the observation data often contain fuzziness due to several causes and exhibit level saturation owing to the existence of a finite dynamic range. Therefore, it is necessary to propose a new state estimation method by considering fuzziness and finite amplitude fluctuation of observation data. In this paper, a method for estimating the specific signal for sound environment system with unknown structure is proposed in an appropriate form for the finite level range of the measured fuzzy observation data by introducing an expansion expression of probability distribution with Bata distribution in the first term and new type of membership function. The effectiveness of the proposed theoretical method is confirmed by applying it to the actual problem in the sound environment.
Fuzzy Observation Sound Environment System Finite Fluctuation Range State Estimation1. Introduction
The internal physical mechanism of actual sound environment system having a complicated relation to various factors is often difficult to recognize analytically, and it contains unknown structure. Furthermore, the stochastic process observed in the actual phenomenon exhibits complex fluctuation pattern and there are potentially various nonlinear correlations in addition to the linear correlation between input and output time series [1] .
Furthermore, it is necessary to pay our attention on the fact that the observation data in the sound environment system often contain fuzziness due to several causes, for example, the permissible error of the accuracy in measurements, the quantized error in the digitization of observation data, and the existence of confidence limitation in measuring instruments. In our previous studies, state estimation methods for sound environment system based on fuzzy observation have been proposed by considering the standard Gaussian type membership function [2] [3] . On the other hand, owing to a finite range of the amplitude fluctuation and/or a definite dynamic range of measurement instrument, only the information defined within a finite range usually can be obtained as reliable data in the measurement of real sound environment [4] [5] . In this situation, in order to evaluate more precisely the objective sound environment system, it is necessary to introduce a fuzzy theory to estimate the waveform fluctuation of the specific signal based on the observed data with fuzziness and amplitude saturation.
As a typical method in the state estimation problem, the Kalman filtering theory and its extended filter are well known [6] [7] [8] [9] [10] . Furthermore, several state estimation methods for stochastic system with non-Gaussian fluctuations have previously been proposed [11] [12] [13] [14] . These theories are originally based on the additive model of the specific signal and an external noise. The actual sound environment systems often contain unknown characteristics in the relationship between the state variable and the observation. Furthermore, the observation data often contain fuzziness and amplitude saturation.
In this study, based on the fuzzy observations, a Bayesian filter for estimating the specific signal of sound environment systems with unknown structural characteristic is theoretically proposed in an appropriate form for the finite amplitude range of the measured data. More specifically, complex sound environment systems which have to be treated as the systems with unknown characteristics are paid our attention. By introducing the orthogonal expansion expression of the probability distribution with a Beta distribution as the first term, and a new type of membership function, which are suitable for the finite amplitude fluctuation range of the signal and observation, a method to estimate the waveform fluctuation of the specific signal based on the fuzzy observation data is proposed. After adopting a previously reported expansion expression of the conditional probability distribution as the correlation information between the specific signal and observation [1] , by regarding the expansion coefficients as unknown parameters and introducing probability measure of fuzzy events [15] , these parameters are estimated simultaneously with the specific signal based on the fuzzy observation.
Finally, the effectiveness of the proposed Bayesian filter focusing on the relationship between variables is confirmed experimentally too by applying the theory to the estimation of sound level based on the observation data containing fuzziness and amplitude saturation.
2. Theoretical Consideration2.1. Formulation of Sound Environment System with Fuzzy Observation
Let and be the input and output signals at a discrete time k for a sound environment system. It is assumed that there are complex nonlinear relationships between and, which are difficult to find a fundamental relationship between them. Since the system characteristics are unknown, a system model in the form of a conditional probability is adopted. More precisely, attention is focused on the joint probability distribution function reflecting all linear and non-linear correlation information between and. Expanding the joint probability distribution function in an orthogonal form based on the product of and, the following expression can be derived.
with
where denotes the averaging operation on the variables. The linear and non-linear correlation information between and is reflected hierarchically in each expansion coefficient. The functions and are orthonormal polynomials with the weighting functions and respectively, and satisfy the following orthonormal conditions:
These orthonormal polynomials can be decomposed by using Schmidt’s orthogonalization [16] . From Equation (1), the conditional probability distribution function is given as
Though Equation (5) is originally infinite series expansion, finite expansion series with and is adopted because only finite expansion coefficients are available and the consideration of the expansion coefficients from the first few terms is usually sufficient in practice. The expansion coefficients defined by Equation (2) satisfy the following conditions:
Furthermore, let be the fuzzy observation obtained from the output with a finite fluctuation range owing to a definite dynamic range of measurement instrument. The fuzziness of is characterized by a membership function.
Since the objective system contains an unknown specific signal and unknown structure, the expansion coefficients expressing hierarchically the correlation relationship between and must be estimated on the basis of the fuzzy observation. Considering the expansion coefficients as unknown parameter vector:
the following simple dynamical models are introduced for the simultaneous estimation of the parameters with the specific signal:
where is the number of unknown expansion coefficients to be estimated.
On the other hand, the following time transition model for the input signal is generally established.
where is the random input with mean 0 and variance. Two parameters F and G are estimated by using an auto-correlation technique [16] .
A method to estimate adaptively based on the fuzzy observation is derived in this study by introducing probability measure of fuzzy events [15] and the expansion series expressions of the conditional probability distribution function in Equation (5).
2.2. Derivation of Estimation Algorithm Based on Fuzzy Observation with Amplitude Saturation
In order to derive an estimation algorithm for a specific signal, based on the successive observations of fuzzy data, we focus our attention on Bayes’ theorem for the conditional probability distribution [12] . Since the parameter is also unknown, the conditional probability distribution of and is considered.
where is a set of fuzzy observation data up to a time k. After applying probability measure of fuzzy events [15] to the right side of Equation (10), expanding it in a general form of the statistical orthogonal expansion series [12] , the conditional probability density function can be expressed as:
with
The functions, and are the orthogonal polynomials of degrees, and with weighting functions, and, which can be artificially chosen as the probability density functions describing the dominant parts of, and. These three functions must satisfy the following orthonormal relationships:
Based on Equation (11), the recurrence algorithm for estimating an arbitrary th order polynomial type function of and can be derived as follows:
where is the expansion coefficient determined by the equality:
In order to make the general theory for estimation algorithm more concrete, the well-known Gaussian distribution is adopted as and, because this probability density function is the most standard one.
with
,
, (20)
Furthermore, the Bata distribution [17] suitable for the random variable with a finite fluctuation range is adopted as.
with
; Beta function
, (22)
where is the Gamma function. Then, the orthonormal functions with the weighting probability density functions in Equations (19) and (21) can be given by
where is the Hermite polynomial with lth order [18] and is the Jacobi polynomial with nth order [4] . As the membership function, the following function matching to the Beta distribution is newly introduced.
where s is a parameter.
Accordingly, Equation (12) can be given by
with
, (28)
The fuzzy data are reflected in and. Furthermore, () are the expansion coefficients in the equality on Jacobi polynomial:
By considering the orthonormal condition of Jacobi polynomial [4] , Equation (27) can be expressed as follows:
where a few concrete expressions of in Equation (30) can be expressed as follows:
,
In two special cases when, , estimates related to mean and variance of the specific signal are expressed as follows:
with
Using the property of conditional expectation and Equation (5), the two variables and in Equation (22) can be expressed in functional forms on predictions of and at a discrete time (i.e. the expectation value of arbitrary functions of and conditioned by),as follows:
with
,
where T denotes the transpose of a matrix. The coefficients and in Equations (35) and (36) are determined in advance by expanding and in the following orthogonal series forms:
, (38)
Furthermore, using Equation (5) and the orthonormal condition of Equation (4), each expansion coefficient defined by Equation (13) can be obtained through the similar calculation process to Equations (35) and (36), as follows:
(: appropriate coefficients). (39)
In the above, the expansion coefficient can be given by the predictions of and.
Finally, by considering Equation (9), the prediction step which is essential to perform the recurrence estimation can be given by
By replacing with, the recurrence estimation of can be achieved.
3. Experimental Consideration
In order to confirm the effectiveness of the proposed method, it was applied to real data observed in a sound environment system. Acoustic signals observed by two microphones in indoors and outdoors for a house were adopted as input and output data for the sound insulation system shown by the frame in Figure 1. The rock music was selected as an input signal by considering the aggravation of “Karaoke” noise pollution problem.
A schematic drawing of the experimental set up in sound insulation system
After generating the music sound inside the house, the indoor and outdoor sound pressure levels were regarded as the input signal and the output observation. The data were measured with a sampling interval of 1 s. The statistics of the input signal and the output signal used in the experiment are shown in Table 1 and Table 2. Applying the proposed estimation method to actually observed output data quantized roughly with 1 dB, 2 dB and 3 dB widths as examples of fuzzy observation, the fluctuation wave form of the input signal was estimated. Comparison of the accuracy for the estimated probability distribution between the case considering a finite fluctuation range of the observation data and the case without consideration of the fluctuation range was discussed in our previous study [5] .
Figures 2-4 show the estimation results of the fluctuation wave form of the input signal for Data 1 in a typical case of widely fluctuating signals, by applying the proposed algorithm to the quantized observation data with 1 dB, 2 dB and 3 dB widths. Furthermore, Figures 5-7 show the estimation results for Data 2 in a typical case of narrowly fluctuating signals. In these estimations, the finite number of expansion coefficients are used for the simplification of the estimation algorithm. In these figures, the horizontal axis shows the discrete time k, of the estimation process, and the vertical axis expresses the sound pressure level. For comparison, the estimation results calculated by using the usual method are also shown in these figures. Since Kalman’s filtering theory is widely used in the field of stochastic system, the extended Kalman filter [8] is also applied to the observation data as a trail by introducing the following observation model.
where denotes the quantized noise. A uniform distribution within (q: the quantized width) is assumed as the probability distribution of. Since the parameters and are unknown, these parameters are also estimated simultaneously with the input signal by introducing the following time transition models in addition to Equation (9):
The results estimated by the proposed method show good agreement with the
Estimation results for Data 1 of the input signal by applying the proposed method based on the quantized output observation data with 1 dB width
Estimation results for Data 1 of the input signal by applying the proposed method based on the quantized output observation data with 2 dB width
Estimation results for Data 1 of the input signal by applying the proposed method based on the quantized output observation data with 3 dB width
Estimation results for Data 2 of the input signal by applying the proposed method based on the quantized output observation data with 1 dB width
Estimation results for Data 2 of the input signal by applying the proposed method based on the quantized output observation data with 2 dB width
Estimation results for Data 2 of the input signal by applying the proposed method based on the quantized output observation data with 3 dB width
Mean and standard deviation of the input signal (in dB)
Data Number
Data 1
Data 2
Data 3
Data 4
Data 5
Mean Value
80.8
79.6
80.4
82.4
80.8
Standard Deviation
2.25
1.31
2.38
2.26
2.50
Mean and standard deviation of the output signal (in dB)
Data Number
Data 1
Data 2
Data 3
Data 4
Data 5
Mean Value
60.4
58.2
59.7
60.8
60.0
Standard Deviation
1.92
1.45
1.74
1.85
1.75
true values. On the other hand, there are great discrepancies between the esti- mates based on the standard type dynamical estimation method (i.e., extended Kalman filter). For these differences on estimated results, the following reasons can be considered: 1) The standard method assumes the simple observation model in Equation (42). On the other hand, the proposed method introduces the conditional probability distribution in Equation (5) as the observation model, which can be considered the whole fluctuation of input and output signals; 2) The standard method is not considered the finite amplitude fluctuation of the observation data; 3) To consider the quantized observation by introducing fuzzy theory is more useful than the standard method by introducing the quantized noise.
The squared sums of the estimation error are shown in Tables 3-5. It can be found numerically that the proposed method is more useful than the extended Kalman filter.
4. Conclusions
In this study, based on the observed data with fuzziness and the finite level range, a new adaptive method for estimating the input signal for sound environment systems with unknown structure has been proposed. The proposed estimation method has been realized by introducing a system model of conditional probability type and the probability measure of fuzzy events. The proposed method has been applied to the estimation for the input signal of an actual sound environment system, and it has been experimentally verified that better results are obtained as compared with the standard estimation method without considering fuzzy theory.
The proposed approach is quite different from the traditional standard techniques. However, we are still in an early stage of development, and a number of practical problems are yet to be investigated in the future. These include: 1) application to a diverse range of sound signals in actual noise environment; 2) extension to cases with multi-noise sources, and 3) finding an optimal number of expansion terms for the expansion-based probability expressions adopted.
Comparison between the proposed method and the extended Kalman filter for root-mean squared error of the estimation based on the quantized observation data with 1 dB width (in dB)
Data Number
Data 1
Data 2
Data 3
Data 4
Data 5
Proposed Methods
1.61
1.39
1.32
1.25
1.45
Extended Kalman Filter
2.93
3.18
2.01
1.55
2.60
Comparison between the proposed method and the extended Kalman filter for root-mean squared error of the estimation based on the quantized observation data with 2 dB width (in dB)
Data Number
Data 1
Data 2
Data 3
Data 4
Data 5
Proposed Methods
1.63
1.47
1.34
1.38
1.50
Extended Kalman Filter
2.93
3.80
2.01
1.40
2.58
Comparison between the proposed method and the extended Kalman filter for root-mean squared error of the estimation based on the quantized observation data with 3 dB width (in dB)
Data Number
Data 1
Data 2
Data 3
Data 4
Data 5
Proposed Methods
1.63
1.53
1.39
1.53
1.51
Extended Kalman Filter
2.83
4.38
2.09
1.78
2.80
Acknowledgements
The authors are grateful to Emeritus Prof. Mitsuo Ohta of Hiroshima University for his advice during this study. This work was supported in part by fund from the Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research No.15K06116 from the Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology-Japan.
Cite this paper
Ikuta, A., Orimoto, H. and Gallagher, G. (2017) State Estimation for Fuzzy Sound Environment System with Finite Amplitude Fluctuation. Journal of Software Engineering and Applications, 10, 625-638. https://doi.org/10.4236/jsea.2017.107034
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(20)
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(22)
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(28)
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(38)
: appropriate coefficients). (39)