Ion-acoustic solitary (IAS) waves in electron-positron-ion (e-p-i) plasma have been of interest to many researchers probably due to their relevance in understanding the Universe. However, the study of non-linear ion-acoustic waves in e-p-i plasma with non-thermal electrons has not been adequately studied. A theoretical investigation on non-linear IAS waves in e-p-i plasma comprising of warm inertial adiabatic fluid ions and electrons that are kappa distributed, and Boltzman distributed positron is presented here using the Sagdeev potential technique. It was found that existence domains of finite amplitude IAS waves were confined within the limits of minimum and maximum Mach numbers with varying k values. For lower values of k, the amplitude of the solitary electrostatic potential structures increased as the width decreased, while for high values, the potential amplitude decreased as the width of the solitary structure increased.
The electron-positron (e-p) plasmas have frequent occurrence in the Universe [1] . The inclusion of an ion in an e-p forms an e-p-i plasma. These e-p-i plasma are ubiquitious in astronomical environments. In such situations, positrons drastically change the behaviour of non-linear waves and it is for this reason that they have attracted the attention of several authors [2] [3] [4] [5] .
Large amplitude ion-acoustic waves in e-p-i plasma were studied by [2] , using the Sagdeev potential technique. Their results showed that the larger the relative positron density, the lower the Mach number for a soliton of fixed amplitude to propagate. Later, [3] , studied the effect of the ion temperature on large amplitude ion-acoustic waves in e-p-i plasma consisting of Boltzmann distributed posi- trons. He found that the ion temperature increased the maximum Mach number and decreased the amplitude of ion-acoustic waves. Furthermore, in studying non-linear acoustic excitations in e-p-i plasma, [4] studied the accretion disks of active galactic nuclei, where the ion temperatures were much higher than those of electrons and positrons. Due to very high ion temperatures in accretion disks, the ions were modeled using the Boltzmann distribution, whereas the electrons and positrons were governed by the fluid equations. Most research work about e-p-i plasmas have treated electrons as being Boltzmann distributed species thereby, leaving kappa distributed electrons not adequately studied.
The kappa distribution function possesses the desired property that the particles with velocities greater than the thermal velocity obey a power law distribution and gives better fits to real space plasma [6] . The family of isotropic generalised Lorentzian or -distributions takes the form [7] :
where is the unperturbed equilibrium electron density, is the most probable speed of the particle species related to the usual thermal velocity,
by; T being the characteristic kinetic tempera-
ture, i.e., the temperature of equivalent Maxwellian distribution with same average kinetic energy; is Boltzmann’s constant, is the usual gamma function, and is the spectral index that determines the hardness of the energy spectrum corresponding to the presence of excess suprathermal particles in the tail of the distribution function [8] . In the limiting case, when (e.g), the distribution function approaches the familiar Maxwellian form (Figure 1). Low values of represent distributions with relatively large com- ponent of particles with speeds greater than the thermal speed (“superthermal particles”) and an associated reduction in “thermal” particles, as one observes in a “hard” spectrum [9] .
Apart from kappa distributed electrons, electron populations can suit other non-thermal distributions eg. Cairn’s distribution [10] . Recently, [5] , used Cairn’s distributed electrons in an e-p-i plasma and [11] applied the distribution on a 4-component complex dusty plasma. In both cases, solitons of both polarities were found to exist. However, for a distributed electron population,
Comparision of generalised Lorentzian distribution for the spectral index κ = 2, 5, 10, and κ = ∞ (corresponding to Maxwellian distribution)
solitons of both polarities may not arise. Therefore, this study investigated the effect of using distributed electrons in an e-p-i plasma.
This paper is therefore structured with the following sections: A brief intro- duction, description of the model, discussion of results and finally we present a conclusion.
2. Description of Plasma Model
We considered a simple three species unmagnetised and collisionless plasma model whose electrons are kappa-distributed. The other species are warm inertial adiabatic fluid ions and Boltzmann-distributed positrons, thereby referred to as an e-p-i plasma. The electrons, positrons, and ions are considered to have temperatures and respectively. Again, the electrons, ions, and positrons are assumed have densities of and respectively.
The charge equilibrium equation for the system when electrostatic potential, is given by
where is the ratio of equilibrium number density of ions to electrons, is the ratio of equilibrium number density of positrons to electrons.
Integrating the adopted kappa distribution Equation (1), the velocity space gives the unnormalised electron number density as
It can be noted that Equation (3) is only valid for, and kappa distribu-
tions reduce to Maxiwellian distributions, when [12] , while for low values of, “hard” spectrum with strong non-Maxiwellian tail following a power-law at high speeds are obtained [7] . Normalizing by appropriate scaling quantities, the electron number density is obtained in dimensionless form as
where is particle density and the electrostatic potential are scaled as
and.
The positrons follow the Boltzmann distribution given as,
Normalising with respect to, the number density for positrons may be written in a dimensionless form as
where, , and.
For ions, the density is obtained from the fluid equations. These are continuity, pressure, and momentum equations written respectively as follows:
where, and are the un-normalized ion fluid speed and ion thermal pressure respectively; is the ion mass (charge), and is the un-normalized space (time) variable.
This system of Equations (7)-(9) are normalized by introducing dimensionless
quantities (and) such that;;;;
; and. Here, is
Debye length, is ion acoustic speed, while is
plasma frequency with and e the ion mass and electronic charge respectively.
The normalised equations are obtained as:
In transforming to the stationary frame, the solution of nonlinear equations of a wave depends on x and t through the variable. Here M is the Mach number (normalized by the phase speed of the ion-acoustic waves). Thus,
and. We can now integrate Equations (10)-(12) applying
boundary conditions as; and, and eliminating between the three expressions to obtain the ion density equation as,
where and.
It is easy to show from Equation (13) that for, the negative sign is used and for, the positive is used. The negative sign corre- sponds to supersonic species [13] . The negative sign satisfies the boundary condition of with as. As a result, the ion density is obtained as
Equation (4), (6) and (14) are coupled by Poisson’s equation,
where is permittivity of free space and (for ions), (for positrons) and (for electrons). Normalising with, gives
In the stationary frame,
Therefore,
Substituting Equations (4), (6) and (14) into Equation (16), and integrating with respect to, the usual energy equation [14] is obtained as
where represents a potential well with playing the role of “coor- dinate” (pseudoposition) and represents the role of “time”. From Equation (18) and Equation (19) the Sagdeev potential or pseudopotential is obtained as
3. Results3.1. Theoretical Analysis
The derived Sagdeev potential, is vital in finding the existence domains of IAS waves. For solitary waves to propagate in an e-p-i plasma, Sagdeev potential, and its derivatives with respect to must satisfy the following conditions [15] .
1) at the origin.
2) such that the origin is unstable i.e., has maximum at origin.
3) and for. i.e., for positive root (positive potential) and for negative root (negative potential). The primes represent derivatives of with respect to.
Clearly, from Equation (20), and its derivative with respect to vanish at hence condition (1) is satisfied. The origin at thus defines the equilibrium state, which represents a local maximum of.
The requirement, yields
where is the lower Mach number limit below which no soliton can exist. For Equation (21) becomes
which inequality is part of the soliton (existence) condition to be fulfilled as
i.e., using the charge neutrality condition in Equation (2). For the fixed value of, solitons may exist only for values of the Mach number satisfying
This is on the basis of investigations by [13] [15] who showed that the existence of solitons required. This implies that solitons can have finite amplitudes at in the region where solitons with both polarity exit. For, and Equation (23) reduces to the familiar expression
It follows that if Equation (24) is the “true” Mach number, the structures would be truly supersonic.
Figure 2(a) shows the necessary minimum Mach number for the existence domains of solitary structures. For the three component plasma, Figure 2(a), shows that there are two acoustic existence ranges for the solitary waves i.e., between, before the thermal velocity and after the thermal velocity. Therefore, is the minimum Mach number limit below which no solitary waves exist for this current model. For the case of this study, solitons with positive polarity are limited by infinite compression of the inertial ions. This is achieved when
, leading to a sufficient condition,. After
finding the minimum Mach number, , for the nonlinear solitary structures, the maximum Mach number, was found using Equation (14). Another
limiting potential was obtained to be
Both and yields a complex. Therefore, and are the practical constraints limiting positive potential solitons, under the condition and. The critical limiting potential, since for all M and f. Therefore, the requirement
leads to the upper limit on M as for the existence of positive solitons (see Figure 2(b)). In this case of a three component plasma model, the solution for the existence domains exist in the range
.
3.2. Numerical Analysis
Numerical solutions of the existence domains supported by the plasma model
(a) A graph showing <inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/2-7503117x151.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula> against M for the existence domains in an e-p-i plasma. (b) A graph showing <inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/2-7503117x151.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/2-7503117x152.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula> against M for the existence domains in a three component plasma.
consisting of three species were obtained using the Sagdeev potential in Equation (20).
3.2.1. Existence Diagrams
Figure 3(a) shows the existence domains for solitons in parameter space of maximum and minimum Mach numbers for a plasma with electrons having the
same temperature as positrons, i.e.,. Positive solitons at different
values of (i.e., are indicated by blue dots, , by red thick line,
and by black dashed line where and. It can
clearly be seen that the existence domains of finite amplitude ion acoustic solitary waves are confined within the limits of Mach number given by Equation (23) and (24), respectively. For the values of used, the positive potential solitons exist for the full range () of the density ratio. For this case, the existence domain increased with increase in.
Figure 3(b) shows numbers, M plotted against the electron-positron tempera- ture ratio, for various values of ion-to-electron temperature ratio (plotted in blue dots, in red thick line, and in black dashes) where, and. Finally, it was observed that increasing the electron-positron (e-p) temperature ratio, increased the Mach number of the solitary wave. It is predictable that when temperature ratio, is increased, a corresponding increase in the existence domains of the finite amplitude ion acoustic solitary waves is obtained. Having discused the existence domains of IAS waves in an e-p-i plasma, the effects of kappa distributed electrons and inertial warm ions on propagation of IAS waves is discussed next.
(a) The Mach numbers, M against the positron-to-electon density ratio <inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/2-7503117x174.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula> for different values of non-thermal parameter<inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/2-7503117x174.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/2-7503117x175.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula>. (b) The Mach numbers, M versus the electron-to-positron temperature ratio, <inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/2-7503117x174.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/2-7503117x175.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/2-7503117x176.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula>for various values of<inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/2-7503117x174.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/2-7503117x175.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/2-7503117x176.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/2-7503117x177.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula>.
3.2.2. Effect of Kappa Distributed Electrons
Figure 4(a) shows the variation of the Sagdeev potential, with for a fixed Mach number, , and various values of ranging from 3 (in purple dots) to 10 (red thick line). Different values of were used to examine the one that would give a better fit to the kappa distribution. It is clearly observed that for a lower value of, the amplitude of the solitary electrostatic potential structures increased from 0.04 for, to 0.10 for. Hence, for a fixed M, a decrease in causes an increase in the true sound speed. Thus, it follows that a decrease in leads to larger solitons, as shown in Figure 4(a). Furthermore, the depth of the Sagdeev potential increased from 0.0001 to 0.0015 over the range (). Thus, the soliton profile increased as the non- thermal component was increased. When the amplitude increased, it resulted into the soliton profile, which become a bit steeper. Figure 4(b) is a plot of against showing the bell shaped electrostatic potential. It is clearly seen that for lower values of, say, the potential amplitude increased as the width decreased, while for high values (), the potential amplitude decreased as the width of the solitary structures increased.
3.2.3. Effect of Inertial Warm Ions
Figure 5(a) showed the variation of Sagdeev potential, with for a fixed M (0.60), , and various values of, ranging from (thick) to (black thick line) of solitary electrostatics potential structure. When the different values of ion-to-electron temperature rations, were reduced from 0.025 to 0.015 and the potential increased from 0.0378 to 0.06436, particle trapping was exhibited, which implied the formation of solitons. Thus, for fixed M and, a decrease in resulted into high amplitude solitons. Again, Figure 5(a) showed that the depth of Sagdeev potential increased from 0.00005786 to 0.000265. This implied that solitons exists with potential wells of profiles at different depths. In non-thermal
environment, plasma formation is more likely and amplitude of the soliton is maximum because of greater depth.
In Figure 5(b), the electrostatic potential, is plotted against, for varying values. Only bell shaped electrostatic potentials are obtained. The potential amplitude increased as ion-to-electron temperature ratio, decreased. However, the width of the solitary structures increased with increasing ion-to- electron temperature ratio,. Furthermore, it is shown that the potential amplitude, in the non-thermal case was higher for smaller value of, but this trend became weaker for bigger values, say. It was noted that the effect of on the amplitude of the solitary waves was weaker for non-thermal case when as shown by the black thick curve and green dotted curve in Figure 5(b). In conclusion, the effects of ion temperature ratio on the properties of the new solitary wave are more pronounced for smaller.
4. Conclusion
The study findings show a fully non-linear ion acoustic solitary wave in e-p-i plasma with three species (i.e., warm inertial adiabatic ion fluid, kappa- distributed electrons, and Boltzmann-distributed positrons). The existence of large amplitude ion acoustic solitons of positive electrostatic potential was obtained. Numerical solution of the energy integral equation showed that positive solitary waves existed with a property of having faster pulses with taller and slender amplitudes. Furthermore, increasing the non-thermal parameter, it was found that the amplitudes of ion acoustic solitons were reduced when a significant fraction of positrons is present in the plasma. This implied that the positron component hindered the propagation speed of the solitons. These results are capable of enhancing the understanding of non-linear structures in e-p-i plasmas found in certain astronomical environments containing non- thermal electrons as a component.
Acknowledgements
We acknowledge the funding from East African Astronomical Research Network (EAARN) and support from the International Science Program (ISP) based in Uppsala University in Sweden.
Cite this paper
Anguma, S.K., Habumugisha, I., Nazziwa, L., Jurua, E. and Noreen, N. (2017) Non-Linear Ion-Acous- tic Solitary Waves in Electron-Positron-Ion Plasma with Non-Thermal Electrons. Jour- nal of Modern Physics, 8, 892-902. https://doi.org/10.4236/jmp.2017.86055
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