Zika virus (ZIKV) is a Flavivirus. It is initially transmitted to humans by the bites of infected female mosquitoes from the Aedes genus. The pathogen responsible for spread of Zika disease is known as Zika virus (ZIKV).In past two years remarkable changes has been seen in the epidemiology of Zika virus (ZIKV). The transmission of ZIKV has been first reported from continental America and the Caribbean. Also, recent reports indicate an increase in detected cases of congenital malformations and neurological complications associated with ZIKV infection. To treat, prevent, or diagnose ZIKV infection there is no specific treatment, vaccine, or fast diagnostic test available at this time.

Dick et al. [1] , Rodrigez et al. [2] and Macnamara et al. [3] observed that in the Zika forest of Uganda the Zika virus was initially isolated from a rhesus monkey in 1947. In 1954 same virus was isolated from humans in Nigeria. There after only sporadic infected human cases were reported from Africa and Southeast Asia. Duffy et al. [4] observed that first largest outbreak of ZIKV infection was reported in 2007 on Yap Island of the North Pacific. Musso et al. [5] observed that, in French Polynesia during October 2013, 28000 ZIKV infection cases were reported. Pan American Health Organization [6] noted that the recent outbreak began in April 2015 from Brazil, has covered many southern, central American countries and the Caribbean with spread of disease, and more than 140,000 suspected and confirmed cases are reported by the end of February 2016.

Foy et al. [7] reported that infection of ZIKV spread from an infected male to a female during their sexual intercourse. Thereafter, in February 2016 cases of sexually transmitted ZIKV were reported from Dallas [8] County, U.S. and France by CDC [9] , Hills et al. [10] and Mansuy et al. [11] respectively. According to the Toronto Star [12] spread of Zika infection because of sexual activities has been reported in Argentina, Canada, Chile, France, Italy, New Zealand, Peru, Portugal, and the USA from 2015. Hills et al. [10] recorded that the disease has minor impact on sexual activity as ZIKV infections have mild symptoms for two to seven days. As ZIKV is sexually transmissible, CDC [9] issued related guidelines for preventions should be taken for safe sex during a Zika outbreak. Didier et al. [13] noted that ZIKV has been found in semen samples which point out the possibility of transmission of ZIKV through sexual activity.

Gatherer et al. [14] found that like other flaviviruses ZIKV could also be transmitted by blood transfusion.

Mlakar et al. [15] and Cauchemez et al. [16] indicated that ZIKV increases the chances of microcephaly in new-born babies of infected mothers. Cao-Lormeau et al. [17] derived that it causes Guillain-Barre syndrome (GBS) as well. According to Pan American Health Organization, from October 2015 to February 2016 approximately 6000 suspected cases with 139 deaths of microcephaly in new- borns due to ZIKV infection were reported in Brazil, and from December 2015 to February 2016, more than 200 cases and 118 cases with 5 deaths of GBS due to suspected ZIKV infection were recorded in Colombia and in El Salvador respectively. As per estimation of WHO [18] , based on the reported dengue data from 2015, about four million people in the Americas may be infected by ZIKV in 2016.Oliveira et al. [19] observed that in February 2015, abnormal brain development in the foetuses of pregnant and ZIKV infected women were found.

Dalia et al. [20] suggested for prevent pregnancy and effective strategies against the vector will control disease spread. Ebenezer et al. [21] suggested that to control disease the best strategy is to combine all preventive, treatment and Insecticides controls simultaneously. Daozhou et al. [22] noted that to control spread of ZIKV preventive steps are necessary during sexual activities in ZIKV outbreak area.

Together all these facts lead to the increase of the people susceptible to the disease. As there is no vaccination available for the ZIKV disease, it is consider as a severe problem. Mathematical models are essential tools to study the dynamics of the spread of infectious diseases like ZIKV. Basic reproduction number provides information about how infection will be sustained. In this study, a new model with optimal control on spraying insecticides, preventions and treatment is examined. Pontryagin’s maximum principle, established by Pontrayagin et al. [23] is used to determine the optimal control. Result proves that optimal control gives significant reduction in ZIKV spread.

The paper is organised as follow. In Section 2, mathematical model by a system of ordinary differential equations with notations, assumptions and the flow of populations between compartments are described. For autonomous model having fixed rates of controls basic reproduction number of the whole system (human-mosquito combined) is calculated at disease free equilibrium and endemic equilibrium points. In Section 3, Stability of model has been discussed. In Section 4, cost control function for controls on spraying, preventions and treatment is formed and validated for the system of equations obtained in Section 2. In Section 5, numerical simulations are carried out, for both autonomous and control model. In Section 6, conclusions suggest that how to control disease spread with minimal cost.

The mathematical model is developed with following notations.

A system of non-linear differential equations is formulated to investigate spread of congenital transmission of ZIKV with control spraying, preventions and treatment. Dynamics of human population N H ( t ) and Vector population N V ( t ) are developed. Human population is classified amongst eight compartments viz. number of susceptible human child S H C ( t ) , number of susceptible human female S H F ( t ) , number of susceptible human male S H M ( t ) , number of infected human child I H C ( t ) , number of infected human female I H F ( t ) , number of infected human male I H M ( t ) , number of recovered human adult R H ( t ) , while, vector population N V ( t ) is divided in to two compartments viz. number of susceptible vectors S V ( t ) , number of infected vectors I V ( t ) . The population dynamics of above compartments is shown in Figure 1.

To investigate effects of congenital transmission of disease and its control by spraying on mosquitoes, preventions and treatment, human population is distributed in human child and human male (adult) and human female (adult) classes.

For model formulation increase in total population of vectors (mosquitoes) is considered, as subpopulation of vectors (mosquitoes) survive from the spraying, get matures and reproduces.

To prepare model, following possibilities of disease spread are considered:

1) Vertical Transmission of infection to new-borns from infected mothers;

2) Horizontal transmission to human child/adult (male and female) from infected vectors (mosquitoes) when they bite to human child/adult (male and female);

3) Heterosexual transmissions amongst human adults (male and female);

4) Horizontal transmission to vectors (mosquitoes) from infected human child/adult (male and female) when vectors (mosquitoes) bite to human child/ adult (male and female).

For Zika disease an optimal control model is formulated, to derive optimal prevention from mosquito bite u 1 , optimal prevention to stop pregnancy u 2 and sexual transmission u 3 , optimal treatment u 4 and optimal spraying u 5 with minimal implementation cost, in order to minimise the number of infected individuals for model described by Equations (1) to (9) in the time interval [ 0 , T ] with the feasible region same as given by Ω in Section 2.

Considering the cost-functional as,

J ( u 1 , u 2 , u 3 , u 4 , u 5 ) = ∫ 0 T ( w 21 ( S H C ) 2 + w 22 ( S H F ) 2 + w 23 ( S H M ) 2 + w 24 ( I H C ) 2     + w 25 ( I H F ) 2 + w 26 ( I H M ) 2 + w 27 ( R H ) 2 + w 28 ( S V ) 2     + w 29 ( I V ) 2 + w 11 u 1 2 + w 12 u 2 2 + w 13 u 3 2 + w 14 u 4 2 + w 15 u 5 2 ) d t

where, x = ( S H C , S H F , S H M , I H C , I H F , I H M , R H , S V , I V ) , u = ( u 1 , u 2 , u 3 , u 4 , u 5 ) and w i j are weights to regularise the optimal control. In order minimise the disease spread using, w i j > 0 , for i = 2 , j = 1 , 2 , ⋯ , 9 . Also to minimise the cost associated with strategies applied for preventions, treatment and spraying in a way that spread of infection can be controlled by choosing weights w k m > 0 , for k = 1 , m = 1 , 2 , ⋯ , 5 . So, the optimal control task reads as min u J ( u 1 , u 2 , u 3 , u 4 , u 5 ) such that P ( x , u ) = 0 . Where P ( x , u ) = 0 denotes the system of equations de-

fined in (1) to (9), i.e. x ˙ = M ( t , x , u ) , x ( 0 ) = x 0 . The optimal control u ∗ can be obtained from J ( u 1 ∗ , u 2 ∗ , u 3 ∗ , u 4 ∗ , u 5 ∗ ) = min u J ( u 1 , u 2 , u 3 , u 4 , u 5 ) such that P ( x , u ) = 0 .

The control set is

Γ = { ( u 1 , u 2 , u 3 , u 4 , u 5 ) / u i ( t ) ispiecewisecontinouson [ 0 , T ] , a i ≤ u i ( t ) ≤ b i , i = 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 , a i , b i areconstantsin [ 0 , 1 ] }

Using Lagrangian techniques for a problem along with Hamiltonian, the adjoint variable is needed to construct for the optimal control problem given by (1) to (9).

Introducing the Lagrangian to derive the optimality conditions,

L ( x , u , λ ) = ( w 21 ( S H C ) 2 + w 22 ( S H F ) 2 + w 23 ( S H M ) 2 + w 24 ( I H C ) 2 + w 25 ( I H F ) 2 + w 26 ( I H M ) 2 + w 27 ( R H ) 2 + w 28 ( S V ) 2 + w 29 ( I V ) 2 + w 11 u 1 2 + w 12 u 2 2 + w 13 u 3 2 + w 14 u 4 2 + w 15 u 5 2 )

To obtain the minimal value of the Lagrangian, defining the Hamiltonian H for the control problem as,

H ( x , u , λ ) = w 21 ( S H C ) 2 + w 22 ( S H F ) 2 + w 23 ( S H M ) 2 + w 24 ( I H C ) 2 + w 25 ( I H F ) 2 + w 26 ( I H M ) 2 + w 27 ( R H ) 2 + w 28 ( S V ) 2 + w 29 ( I V ) 2 + w 11 u 1 2 + w 12 u 2 2 + w 13 u 3 2 + w 14 u 4 2 + w 15 u 5 2 + λ 1 ( B H C − ( 1 − u 1 ) b β H C N H I V S H C − μ H S H C − ( g F + g M ) S H C ) + λ 2 ( B H F − ( ( 1 − u 1 ) b β H F N H I V + ( 1 − u 2 ) c β S N H I H M ) S H F + g F S H C − μ H S H F ) + λ 3 ( B H M − ( ( 1 − u 1 ) b β H M N H I V + ( 1 − u 2 ) c β S N H I H F ) S H M + g M S H C − μ H S H M ) + λ 4 ( ( 1 − u 1 ) b β H C N H I V S H C + ( 1 − u 3 ) δ I H F − u 4 k H C I H C − ( μ H + α H C ) I H C ) + λ 5 ( ( ( 1 − u 1 ) b β H F N H I V + ( 1 − u 2 ) c β S N H I H M ) S H F − u 4 k H F I H F − ( μ H + α H ) I H F ) + λ 6 ( ( ( 1 − u 1 ) b β H M N H I V + ( 1 − u 2 ) c β S N H I H F ) S H M − u 4 k H M I H M − ( μ H + α H ) I H M ) + λ 7 ( u 4 ( k H C I H C + k H F I H F + k H M I H M ) − μ H R H ) + λ 8 ( B V − μ V S V − b β V N V ( I H C + I H F + I H M ) S V − u 5 r S V ) + λ 9 ( b β V N V ( I H C + I H F + I H M ) S V − ( μ V + α V ) I V − u 5 r I V )

To get optimality Pontrayagin’s maximum (minimum) principle, for the model is defined as follow.

If ( u 1 ∗ , u 2 ∗ , u 3 ∗ , u 4 ∗ , u 5 ∗ ) is optimal solution of an optimal control problem then there exists a nontrivial vector function λ ( t ) = ( λ 1 ( t ) , λ 2 ( t ) , λ 3 ( t ) , λ 4 ( t ) , λ 5 ( t ) , λ 6 ( t ) , λ 7 ( t ) , λ 8 ( t ) , λ 9 ( t ) ) satisfying following equations:

1) The state equation d x d t = ∂ H ( t , u 1 ∗ , u 2 ∗ , u 3 ∗ , u 4 ∗ , u 5 ∗ , λ ( t ) ) ∂ λ

2) The optimality condition 0 = ∂ H ( t , u 1 ∗ , u 2 ∗ , u 3 ∗ , u 4 ∗ , u 5 ∗ , λ ( t ) ) ∂ u

3) The adjoint equation d λ d t = ∂ H ( t , u 1 ∗ , u 2 ∗ , u 3 ∗ , u 4 ∗ , u 5 ∗ , λ ( t ) ) ∂ x .

Using equations stated above for the Hamiltonian defined by (13), using state equations as given by (1) to (9), adjoint equations as

λ ˙ 1 = − 2 w 21 S H C + ( λ 1 − λ 4 ) ( ( 1 − u 1 ) b β H C N H I V ) + λ 1 ( μ H + g F + g M )

λ ˙ 2 = − 2 w 22 S H F + ( λ 2 − λ 5 ) ( ( 1 − u 1 ) b β H F N H I V + ( 1 − u 2 ) c β S N H I H M ) + λ 2 ( μ H − g F )

λ ˙ 3 = − 2 w 23 S H M + ( λ 3 − λ 6 ) ( ( 1 − u 1 ) b β H M N H I V + ( 1 − u 2 ) c β S N H I H F ) + λ 3 ( μ H − g M )

λ ˙ 4 = − 2 w 24 I H C + ( λ 8 − λ 9 ) ( b β V N V S V ) + ( λ 4 − λ 7 ) u 4 k H C + λ 4 ( μ H + α H C )

λ ˙ 5 = − 2 w 25 I H F + ( λ 3 − λ 6 ) ( ( 1 − u 2 ) c β S N H S H M ) + ( λ 8 − λ 9 ) ( b β V N V S V ) + ( λ 5 − λ 7 ) u 4 k H F + λ 5 ( μ H + α H ) − λ 5 ( 1 − u 3 ) δ

λ ˙ 6 = − 2 w 26 I H F + ( λ 2 − λ 5 ) ( ( 1 − u 2 ) c β S N H S H F ) + ( λ 8 − λ 9 ) ( b β V N V S V ) + ( λ 6 − λ 7 ) u 4 k H M + λ 6 ( μ H + α H )

λ ˙ 7 = − 2 w 27 R H + μ H λ 7

λ ˙ 8 = − 2 w 28 S V + ( λ 8 − λ 9 ) ( b β V N V ( I H C + I H F + I H M ) ) + λ 8 ( μ V + u 5 r )

λ ˙ 9 = − 2 w 29 I V + ( λ 1 − λ 4 ) ( ( 1 − u 1 ) b β H C N H S H C ) + ( λ 2 − λ 5 ) ( ( 1 − u 1 ) b β H F N H S H F ) + ( λ 3 − λ 6 ) ( ( 1 − u 1 ) b β H M N H S H M ) + λ 9 ( μ V + α V + u 5 r )

andoptimality conditions are as

2 w 11 u 1 + ( λ 1 − λ 4 ) ( b β H C N H I V S H C ) + ( λ 2 − λ 5 ) ( b 1 β H F N H I V S H F ) + ( λ 3 − λ 6 ) ( b β H M N H I V S H M ) = 0

2 w 12 u 2 + ( λ 2 − λ 5 ) c β S N H S H F I H M + ( λ 3 − λ 6 ) c β S N H S H M I H F = 0

2 w 13 u 3 − λ 4 δ I H F = 0

2 w 14 u 4 + ( λ 7 − λ 4 ) k H C I H C + ( λ 7 − λ 5 ) k H F I H F + ( λ 7 − λ 6 ) k H M I H M = 0

2 w 15 u 5 − λ 8 r S V − λ 9 r I V = 0

Solving optimality conditions for optimal control and the property of control space u give,

u 1 ∗ ( t ) = max { min { 1 , 1 2 w 11 [ ( λ 4 − λ 1 ) ( b β H C N H I V S H C )     + ( λ 5 − λ 2 ) ( b 1 β H F N H I V S H F )   + ( λ 6 − λ 3 ) ( b β H M N H I V S H M ) ] } , 0 } (10)

u 2 ∗ ( t ) = max { min { 1 , 1 2 w 12 ( λ 5 − λ 2 ) c β S N H S H F I H M + ( λ 6 − λ 3 ) c β S N H S H M I H F } , 0 } (11)

u 3 ∗ ( t ) = max { min { 1 , 1 2 w 13 λ 4 δ I H F } , 0 } (12)

#Math_177# (13)

u 5 ∗ ( t ) = max { min { 1 , 1 2 w 15 ( λ 8 r S V + λ 9 r I V ) } , 0 } (14)

For parametric values given in Table 1, the basic reproduction number R 0 = 0.4757 < 1 , trace ( J ) = − 4.88 < 0 , det ( J ) = 0.0014 > 0 , trace ( J ∗ ) = − 4.88 < 0 and det ( J ∗ ) = 0.0041 > 0 Above values verifies that non-linear system given by Equations (1) to (9) is asymptotically stable at disease free equilibrium point as well as endemic equilibrium point.

In Figure 2, global stability of human population for R 0 < 1 is shown. It can be seen that in the beginning susceptible human population increases but after 15 days it moves toward stability. Also, infected human population decreases initially but no prevention from vector bite, treatment, sexual activity, pregnancy, and no spraying increase infected population after 10 days. High disease induced death rate controls the infected human population.

In Figure 3, the effects of increase in prevention from mosquito bites on various infected human classes are analysed. It can be observed that prevention from vector bites in human population is an essential tool to control disease spread.

From Figure 4, it can be analysed that how the infected human population can be controlled by giving proper treatment on time. As there is no specific vaccination or treatment available for Zika disease cure, the treatment is considered as cure of symptoms of disease.

Figure 5 indicates that proper preventive steps to stop sexual transmission of disease taken at the time of disease out breaks will help to control disease spread.

From Figure 6, it can be observed that the preventions to stop pregnancy amongst infected female and effected area by ZIKV, will reduce the new child births having microcephaly and hence infected child population.

Figure 7 indicates that how the effective spraying can control infected mosquito population and hence finally spraying on mosquito will control disease spread indirectly in human population.

Thus to investigate effects of congenital transmission of ZIKV and its control

by spraying on mosquitoes, preventions and treatment on human population, it is required to make the total cost associated with above controls minimise using optimal policy for all controls. (Figure 8)

To minimise the total effective cost to control disease spray, the policy is to be designed in a way that during first week of disease outbreaks, 26% preventions on treatment and 40% prevention to stop pregnancy, 15% prevention on sexual activities amongst human, 8% spraying is required to have for 1% of prevention from vector bite.

In this paper, the spread of ZIKV considered initially as vector-borne infection and then after its spread amongst sexual partners and from mother to child is analysed. The control over spraying on vectors, prevention from vector bite, prevention during sexual activity, prevention to stop pregnancy and prevention for treatment with time incorporated. It is observed that all controls disease effectively in each compartment.

In future, the model can be studied with addition of transmission of ZIKV by blood transmission in human population.

The authors thank DST-FIST file # MS1-097 for support to the department of Mathematics.

Shah, N.H., Patel, Z.A. and Yeolekar, B.M. (2017) Preventions and Controls on Congenital Transmissions of Zika: Mathematical Analysis. Applied Mathematics, 8, 500-519. https://doi.org/10.4236/am.2017.84040