Streptomyces sp. ZZ035 isolated from a folk medicinal soil sample in China showed remarkable antimicrobial activities. During the isolation of secondary metabolites, a white crystal powder (1) was isolated from the broth of this strain. Its nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and infrared (IR) spectra indicated that it was a complex composed of triglycerides. Next, six C
15-17 long- chain fatty acids derived from these triglycerides were respectively identified as n-pentadecanoyl, 12-methyltetradecanoyl, 14-methyl pentadecanoyl, palmitoyl, 15-methyl hexadecanoyl and 14-methyl hexadecanoyl using the gas chromatography-mass spectroscopy (GC-MS) technology. Finally, the
13C and
1H assignments of 1 were achieved through the analyses of NMR data. Based on above, their detailed NMR spectroscopic elucidation and meticulous
13C,
1H assignments, especially the split peaks and coupling correlation of protons attached on the glycerol carbons, were performed for distinguishing triglycerides from other glycerides and for the identification of the long-chain fatty acids, and which would be helpful to the qualitative and quantitative analyses of tri-, di-and mono-glycerides.
Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Triglyceride Glyceride Fatty Acid Bacteria1. Introduction
Around the reservoir for domestic water in Chinese rural areas, a folk medicinal soil in a dark and moist environment is used to prevent infection and accelerating cure by being spread around the wound after dog bite. To reveal the anti-infection reasons of this soil, a sample was collected in Xianjing Countryside in Zhuzhou County, China, and sixty-one actinomycete strains ZZ01 to ZZ061 were selectively isolated from this sample [1] . After chemical analysis were performed for discovering strains producing a series of secondary metabolites, the bioactive evaluation showed that thirteen strains had antimicrobial activities against Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli and/or Candida albicans, and then the classification and identification of targeted seven strains indicated that they belonged to the genus Streptomyces [2] . Among them, Streptomyces sp. ZZ035 with remarkable antimicrobial activities against S. aureus, E. coli and C. albicans was targeted for discovering antimicrobial metabolites. During the isolation of components from the broth of this strain, a white crystal powder was isolated and identified as triglycerides, and many nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) data including 1H, 13C , distortionless enhancement by polarization transfer (Dept), heteronuclear single-quantum correlation (HSQC), 1H-1H correlation spectroscopy (1H-1H COSY) and heteronuclear multiple-bond correlation (HMBC) were obtained for the structural analyses of these triglycerides.
Main 13C , 1H signals of tri-, di- and mono-glycerides were fully assigned in previous works [3] - [8] , while seldom of them presented the detailed elucidation of those signals in 13C , 1H NMR spectra, especially for those carbons and protons of glyceryl groups, γ-methylene to carbonyl carbons of acyl groups and fatty acid terminals. Another, the chemical shifts (4.10 - 4.35 ppm) of protons attached on the C-1' of 1-monoglycerides, C-1' of 1, 2-diglycerides, C-1' and C-3' of triglycerides (Figure 1(a)) was very close to each other [3] [4] [5] , the assignments of those protons easily confused when some of them were showed in the same 1H NMR spectrum. Moreover, the protons attached on C-1' and C-3' of triglycerides
were indistinctly assigned to a doublet of double doublets centered at 4.22 ppm, and the split peaks and meticulous assignments of these protons were not clarified [3] [4] [5] [6] [7] . As many glycerides were widely used in foods, cosmetics and drugs, a variety of analyses in vivo and in vitro usually need to be performed. The detailed NMR spectroscopic elucidation and meticulous 13C , 1H assignments of these triglycerides would provide a foundation for NMR technology applying for the qualitative and quantitative analyses of tri-, di- and mono-glycerides. Used triglycerides isolated by us as an example, detailed elucidation of NMR data and meticulous 13C , 1H assignments were performed with one dimension (1D) and two dimensions (2D) NMR technology presented in this paper. Some new NMR data for identifying triglycerides were updated, and provided some references for the identification of fatty acids and glycerides.
2. Materials and Methods2.1. Strain
Streptomyces sp. ZZ035 was isolated from a soil sample collected in Xianjing Countryside in Zhuzhou County, China (Geographic coordinates: 27˚30'N, 113˚17'E) [1] , and was store at 4˚C in College Bioscience and Bioengineering, Jiangxi Agricultural University, China. Polyphasic taxonomy procedure indicated that this strain belonged to the genus Streptomyces and was closest to S. cinnamonensis [2] . Its 16S deoxyribonucleic acid (16S rDNA) sequence was deposited at NCBI GenBank with accession numbers KJ995739.
2.2. Fermentation and Isolation
The strain of Streptomyces sp. ZZ035 was cultured in 5000 mL Erlenmeyer flasks that contained 2000 mL of 2A medium consisting of 1.0% glucose, 3.5% soluble starch, 0.2% yeast, 0.4% casein, 4.6% 3-[N-morpholino] propane sulfonic acid, and 1.8% sodium chloride (W/V) at 28˚C for 8 d on a rotary shaker at 190 rpm until 60 L of broth obtained. The broth was centrifuged to obtain mycelium, and which was extracted with methanol (MeOH). The extract was concentrated under decompression, and then freeze-dried to obtain lyophilized powder. The powder successively dissolved in chloroform (CHCl3) to obtained chloroform- soluble fraction, and which was purified using a silica column eluted with chloroform-petroleum ether (10:4). Finally, the fraction contained identical spots on thin layer chromatography (TLC) plates were combined and concentrated to remove solvent, and then the residue was crystallized with CHCl3-MeOH (1:1) at 4˚C to give a white crystal powder (1, 547 mg).
2.3. Structural Elucidation and Components Analyses
Thin layer chromatography using for the isolation and analysis was carried out with silica GF254 (Qingdao Haiyang Chemical Co., Ltd, China), and iodine vapor were used as chromogenic agents. All NMR experiments were recorded on a Bruker AV-400 NMR spectrometer equipped with a 5-mm PABBO BB-probe head. The chemical shifts were respectively relative to deuterochloroform (CDCl3) at δH 7.26 ppm and δC 77.0 ppm. For the gas chromatography-mass spectroscopy (GC-MS) analyses, the methanolysis of 1 was performed by potassium hydroxide in methanol/hexane, and then the fatty acid methyl esters were determined on a Thermo Trace 1300/ISQ GC-MS spectrometer with an electron ionization (EI) ion source (70 eV). The chromatographic peaks were identified by comparing their mass spectra with those in the NIST 11 MS data library. IR spectrum was determined on a Thermo Nicolet 380 FT -IR spectrometer with potassium bromide pellet.
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3. Results3.1. Structural Elucidation and Components Analyses
1 was obtained as a white crystal powder, and was easily soluble in chloroform. Assigned to many methylene carbons confirmed by itsDept 135˚ and HSQC spectra, a large peak at 29.26 - 29.95 ppm in its 13C NMR and a corresponding peak at 1.20 - 1.36 ppm in its 1H NMR indicated that 1 was likely a fatty acid ester [3] [9] . This was also deduced by its IR absorbance peaks at 1745 (Ester, C=O), 1171 (Ester, C-O), 2924 (Methylene), 2854 (Methylene) and 721 cm−1 (More than four methylenes) [10] .
The 13C and Dept 135˚ NMR spectra of 1 showed two carbonyl carbons at δC 173.23 and 172.86, one methine carbon at δC 68.89 and one methylene carbon signal at 62.10 ppm. From the HSQC spectra of 1, two signals at δH 4.14 and 4.29 with two double protons observed in its 1H NMR spectrum were attached on the methylene carbon signal at 62.10 ppm. This deduced that the signal at 62.10 ppm were assigned to two methylene carbons C-1' and C-3' (Figure 1(a)), and which two double protons at δH 4.14 (Ha-1', Ha-3') and 4.29 (Hb-1', Hb-3') were attached on. Those above together with the IR absorbance peaks at 3446 (br. s), 1745 (s) and 1171 cm−1 deduced that 1 was likely triglycerides, and which was also supported by the 1H NMR data of triglycerides in previous papers [3] [4] [5] [6] [7] . The important 1H-1H COSY correlations between H-1', H-3' and H-2', and H-2, H-4 and H-3 (Figure 1(a)), together with key HMBCcorrelations between H-2' and C-1 (R''), Ha-1'/3', Hb-1'/3' and C-1 (R'/R'''), and H-2, H-3 and C-1 (R', R'' or R''') (Figure 1(a)), were further confirmed that 1 was triglycerides.
Four methyl carbons at δC 22.65, 19.21, 14.09 and 11.38 in the 13C , Dept 135˚ and 90˚ spectra deduced three types of fatty acid terminals shown on Figures 1(b)-(d) [9] [11] . As shown on Figure 1(b), a straight chain fatty acid terminal was deduced by the 1H-1H COSY correlation between proton at δH 1.27 (H-14) and that at δH 0.88 (H-15), and by the HMBC correlation between H-15 and a carbon at δC 31.92 (C-13). Similarly, thecorrelations between proton at δH 1.53 (H-14) and that at δH 0.86 (H-15 or H-16), and between proton at H-14, a proton at δH 1.25 (H-12) and δH 1.15 (H-13) in the 1H-1HCOSY spectrum deduced another fatty acid terminal from C-12 to C-16 shown on Figure 1(c). This was further confirmed by the key HMBC correlations between H-15 or H-16 and two carbons respectively at δC 27.97 (C-14), 39.06 (C-13), and between H-12 and C-14 shown on Figure 1(c). According to the 13C NMR data reported [11] , two methyl carbons at δC 19.21 (C-17) and 11.38 (C-16), two methylene carbons at δC 27.11 (C-15) and 36.65 (C-13) and one methine carbon at δC 34.40 (C-14) presented the third fatty acid terminal from C-13 to C-17 shown on Figure 1(d). This was confirmed by the 1H-1H COSY correlations between H-14 and H-17, and H-15 and H-16, and by the HMBC correlations between H-14 and C-17, C-15 and C-13.
Many carbon signals at 29.26 - 29.95 ppm and their one-bond related proton signals at 1.20 - 1.36 ppm in the 13C , 1H and HSQC spectra of 1 were assigned to most methylenes of fatty acid chain [3,9]. To understand the carbon numbers composed fatty acid, GC-MS technology was used for the analyses of the fatty acid methyl esters (FAME) synthesized from 1, and six FAME were identified as shown in Table 1. Thereby, six C15-17 long-chain fatty acyl groups composed of 1 were identified as n-pentadecanoyl ( 1a ), 12-methyltetradecanoyl (1b), 14-methyl pentadecanoyl ( 1c ), palmitoyl (1d) and 15-methyl hexadecanoyl (1e) and 14- methylhexadecanoyl ( 1f ).
3.2. Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Data of Triglycerides
Comparing previous reports [3] - [9] [12] , their detailed and meticulous 13C , 1H assignments were achieved by the 13C , 1H, HSQC, 1H-1H COSY and HMBC spectra, and shown in Table 2 and Table 3.
4. Discussion
These triglycerides were isolated from the broth of Streptomyces sp. ZZ035 derived from a folk medicinal soil sample. Their detailed NMR spectroscopic
Fatty acid methyl esters synthesized from 1 detected by gas chromatography- mass spectroscopy (GC-MS) technology.<sup>a</sup>
No.
RT (min)
SI
RSI
Compounds
Formula
1
26.47
848
868
Pentadecanoic acid methyl ester
C16H32O2
2
26.61
900
900
12-Methyl tetradecanoic acid methyl ester
C16H32O2
3
28.19
859
879
14-Methyl pentadecanoic acid methyl ester
C17H34O2
4
28.80
827
868
Palmitic acid methyl ester
C17H34O2
5
29.83
846
896
15-Methyl hexadecanoic acid methyl ester
C18H36O2
6
29.97
829
830
14-Methyl hexadecanoic acid methyl ester
C18H36O2
aThe GC-MS analyses were determined on a Thermo Trace 1300/ISQ GC-MS spectrometer with an electron ionization ion source (70 eV), and the chromatographic peaks were identified by the NIST 11 MS data library. RT, Retention time; SI, Similarity index; RSI, Reversed search index.
<sup>13</sup>C and <sup>1</sup>H nuclear magnetic resonance assignments of glyceryl and part long-chain fatty acyl groups (δ, ppm in deuterochloroform).<sup>a</sup>
Position
R'b
R''
R'''
δC
Deptc
δH (Int, mult., J in Hz)
δC
Dept
δH (Int, mult., J in Hz)
δC
Dept
δH (Int, mult., J in Hz)
1
173.28
C
-
172.86
C
-
173.28
C
-
2
34.06
CH2
2.31 (2H, t, 7.6 Hz)
34.22
CH2
2.31 (2H, t, 7.6 Hz)
34.06
CH2
2.31 (2H, t, 7.6 Hz)
3
24.87
CH2
1.61
24.91
CH2
1.61
24.87
CH2
1.61
4
29.12
CH2
1.34
29.08
CH2
1.34
29.12
CH2
1.34
5-nd
29.26 - 29.95
(CH2)n−4
1.20 - 1.36
29.26 - 29.95
(CH2)n−4
1.20 - 1.36
29.26 - 29.95
(CH2)n−4
1.20 - 1.36
1'
62.10
CH2
4.14 (Ha, dd, 6.0, 11.9) 4.29 (Hb, dd, 4.2, 11.9)
2'
68.89
CH
5.26 (H, tt, 4.2, 6.0)
3'
62.10
CH2
4.14 (Ha, dd, 6.0, 11.9) 4.29 (Hb, dd, 4.2, 11.9)
a400 MHz for 1H shifts relative to deuterochloroform (CDCl3) at δC 7.26; 100 MHz for 13C shifts relative to CDCl3 at δC 77.0. bR', R'' or R'' was one of six acyl groups 1a - 1f identified by gas chromatography-mass spectroscopy technology. cDept is the abbreviation of distortionless enhancement by polarization transfer spectrum. dn was equal to 9 for acyl 1b, 11 for acyls 1c and 1e, 12 for acyls 1a and 1f , and 13 for acyl 1d.
<sup>13</sup>C and <sup>1</sup>H nuclear magnetic resonance assignments of long-chain fatty acyl terminals (δ, ppm in deuterochloroform).<sup>a</sup>
Positionb
1a c
1c
1f
δC
Deptd
δH (Int, mult., J in Hz)
δC
Dept
δH (Int, mult., J in Hz)
δC
Dept
δH (Int, mult., J in Hz)
12
27.41
CH2
1.25
27.22
CH2
1.15
13
31.92
CH2
1.26
39.06
CH2
1.15
36.65
CH2
1.08, 1.26
14
22.68
CH2
1.27
27.97
CH
1.53
34.40
CH
1.29
15
14.09
CH3
0.88 (3H, t, 6.8)
22.65
CH3
0.86 (3H, d, 6.8)
27.11
CH2
1.25
16
22.65
CH3
0.86 (3H, d, 6.8)
11.38
CH3
0.85 (3H, t, 7.0)
17
19.21
CH3
0.84 (3H, d, 6.7)
a400 MHz for 1H shifts relative to deuterochloroform (CDCl3) at δC 7.26; 100 MHz for 13C shifts relative to CDCl3 at δC 77.0. bPositions were numbered according to Figures 1(b)-(d) for acyl terminals Figure 1(a), Figure 1(c) and Figure 1(f). cFigure 1(a)
elucidation and key 13C , 1H assignments were performed for distinguishing triglycerides from other glycerides and for the identification of the long-chain fatty acid terminals. More and more glycerides isolated from bacteria and other bioresources, they showed a variety of bioactivities [8] [11] [13] [14] [15] . Some of them showed antimicrobial [8] , and some were platelet aggregation inhibitors or antagons of cannabinoid receptor [11] [13] [14] . Our antimicrobial experiments indicated that 1 contained C15-17 fatty acyl groups had no antimicrobial activities against S. aureus and C. albicans. Same to most glycerides [8] [9] [11] [12] , triglycerides also present a large peak at 29.26 - 29.95 ppm in their 13C NMR spectra and a large peak at 1.20 - 1.36 ppm in their 1H spectra NMR spectra. The acyl terminals of glycerides were deduced from the chemical shifts of methyl carbons in their 13C NMR spectra, such as a methyl carbon at δC 14.09 for a straight chain acyl terminals, two methyl carbons at δC 22.65 for an iso-fatty acid terminal (Figure 1(c)), and two methyl carbons at δC 11.38 and 19.21 for an anteiso-fatty acid terminal (Figure 1(d)).
For distinguishing triglycerides from other glycerides, peaks due to protons attached on the glycerol carbons are of primary importance. The chemical shifts of protons on C-1' or C-3', and C-2' for triglycerides were respectively 4.22 and 5.27 ppm in CDCl3 according to previous reports [3] [4] [5] , while two nonequivalent protons attached on C-1' or C-3' of these trig1ycerides were deduced from the 1D and 2D NMR data of 1. The chemical shift of one proton was 4.14 ppm, and another was 4.30 ppm. Each proton attached on C-1' or C-3' presented a geminal coupling (J = 11.9 Hz) with another and a vicinal coupling (J = 6.0 or 4.2 Hz) with H-2', and which gave a double doublets for each proton on C-1' or C-3' due to an AMX coupling system. Their 13C and 1H assignments were up to date in Table 2, and the relative split peaks in the 1H NMR spectrum were amplified in Figure 2.
Another, an A2MX2 coupling system led H-2' to split triple-triplets centered at 5.26 ppm, among which three middle ones mostly overlapped to form an abnormal peak (Figure 2). These 13C , 1H assignments and split analyses of triglycerides were first confirmed by their HMBC and HSQC spectra shown on Figure 1(a) and Figure 3. Moreover, the chemical shifts of protons attached on the C-1' of 1-monoglycerides (δH−1' 4.14/4.18), C-1' of 1, 2-diglycerides (δH−1' 4.28), C-1' and C-3' of triglycerides (Figure 1(a)) was very close to each other [3] - [8] , and the assignments of those protons easily confused when some of them were showed in the same 1H NMR spectrum. The clarification of these 13C , 1H assignments would be helpful to distinguish triglycerides from other glycerides
with NMR technology.
As many glycerides were widely used in foods, cosmetics and drugs, a variety of analyses involved determination, metabolism and transformation in vivo or in vitro usually need to be performed [3] [4] [5] [16] . Further, 13C and 1H NMR was proved to be a very useful technique in monitoring the extent of lipid hydrolysis in digestion processes and to determine the bioaccessibility and bioavailability of lipophilic compounds [3] [4] [5] [16] [17] . Thereby, the detailed and meticulous 13C , 1H assignments of these triglycerides would provide a foundation for NMR technology applying for the qualitative and quantitative analyses of tri-, di- and mono-glycerides.
5. Conclusion
A white crystal powder (1) composed of several triglycerides was isolated from the broth of Streptomyces sp. ZZ035, and analysized by GC-MS, IR and NMR technology. The important 13C and 1H assignments of these triglycerides were achieved through the analyses of NMR data. Moreover, their detailed NMR spectroscopic elucidation and meticulous 13C , 1H assignments, especially the split peaks and coupling correlation of protons attached on the glycerol carbons, were performed for distinguishing triglycerides from other glycerides and for the identification of the long-chain fatty acids, and which would be helpful to the qualitative and quantitative analyses of tri-, di- and mono-glycerides.
Acknowledgements
This research was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China [No. 81260476 and 81460529] and the University Science Research Project of Jiangxi, China [No. GJJ14277].
Cite this paper
Wu, X.J., Xu, L., Yuan, G.J., Wang, Y.M. and Xu, X.J. (2017) Triglycerides Isolated from Streptomyces sp. ZZ035 and Their Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopic Characters. Spectral Analysis Reviews, 5, 1-10. https://doi.org/10.4236/sar.2017.51001
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