We give support to the idea that a Gravitino would (as a much more massive particle than even a massive graviton) have a far shorter life time than a graviton, even in the case of Massive gravitons. This will have implications in terms of applying Mach’s principle, which is done in this document.

We will work with a seemingly naive interpretation of looking at gravitons, and gravitinos, as given by Sarkar [1] the mass of a rest Gravitino would be for a temperature about up to seconds

Note that gravitinos have a very short life time, and KORI et al. [2] state that the lifetime of the Gravitino goes down as its mass goes up, i.e.

On page 10, Kori et al. [2] have that with frequent values for the Gravitino life time down to as low as 1 second, i.e. not lasting long in the neighborhood of the electro weak regime. The electro weak phase would be for 0.3 meters in diameter according to Giovanni [3] in a California institute of technology website, and graviton production as well as gravitino production would start as early as seconds according to [1] and also confirmed by a university of Oregon Physics website [4] .

Note that in the vicinity of the electro weak regime, the magnetic field was probably enormous, i.e. the obtained magnetic fields were rather strong (i.e. at the EW epoch) [3] but over a small scale, i.e..

The lime time of a graviton if it is a spin two-zero mass boson is effectively infinite. For KK gravitons, as given by Sarkar [1] , the way to get the life time is to make use of, and for mode is to look at

If one is not using KK gravitons, but assuming massive gravitons, then [5] gives the hint, in stating “in conclusion, only the complete non perturbative quantum theory can fix the lifetime of the graviton”.

If we made the substitution

A good non-perturbative effect may be to go to Equation (3) and to look at as for a graviton life time [1]

Usually the lifetime of the universe is considered to be [6] and (Big rip scenario) of Equation (5) is considerably longer than the expected lifetime of the universe, which is not surprising.

Applying the Machian principle to Gravitinos at seconds, and a 0.3 meter radius, of a universe, versus a present universe radius of about after seconds [6] , i.e. a difference in radius we can write as

Now let us make the following assumption. That for each graviton, there is a counterpart Gravitino in the electro weak regime, i.e. up to a point we have the following, and i.e. an early universe version of Mach’s principle as to Gravitons we can expression as follows

This implies then,

If so, then the number of super partner Gravitons equals the number of gravitinos in the Electro weak era, and one has

So

Then the electro weak regime would have

Using quantum infinite statistics, this is a way of fixing the early electro weak entropy as vs. today, i.e. this uses Ng’s quantum infinite statistics, to get.

Note that for a KK graviton that there is a mass, which we can call as follows, traditionally one has, then

Note that as of the Planck scale we would be working with the following. Start off with Planck mass, with, then Planck length and also Planck time as

The question we can ask is then, what would a spatial distance would correspond to a graviton mass, the surprising answer is

Note that the radii of the present universe, in four dimensions is usually thought to be of the order of, as given by Mishra [6] of the value, so then the

Here a nonstandard version of KK theory is that in space time, one usually thinks of higher dimensions as of Planck sized spatial contributions, and Arkani Hamid [7] [8] still was very conservative in this matter.

But if there is a prior universe, and that due to cyclic conformal cosmology [9] , and a Meta structure containing the 4 dimensional structure, then as far as an embedding structure is not so fantastic after all. Using Penrose’s formulation from his 2010 book [9] , we will report on vacuum energy and its connections to entropy. The rub in all of this though is that Penrose never explained how to go from his cyclic conformal cosmology collection of matter from a million or so black holes, to a new universe, a process with initially low temperatures (Black holes eventually evaporate) to the higher temperatures associated with a new big bang. We provide such a driver via use of an addition of the Einstein energy stress tensor with an electromagnetic addition to it [9]

Take in mind that the above Equation (15) is assuming a Quintessence set of conditions, i.e. that the vacuum space time changes from initial conditions to the Electro weak era and then to today. The question though is when the electro weak era would actually begin. We can reference a treatment of Hubble time, as follows with the Hubble parameter set, Sarkar [1] , as to early universe Hubble parameters

The electro weak regime, depending upon the evolving values of could vary between seconds to as “large “as seconds.

Making use of what was done by Beckwith [10] at DICE, 2010, as to rising to at or above 1000, instead of the commonly accepted figure of 100 or so given by Kolb and Turner in 1991 [11] , as a chaotic map driven increase in degrees of freedom from a low point to a high point. With vacuum thermal energy initially tied to [10]

The vacuum thermal energy in this case given by quiescent behavior in the vicinity of the electro weak regime would be given by [12] and subsequently modified by Beckwith

The upshot in terms of entropy would be a vacuum energy evolving as follows. Namely [12]

There are two questions this raises. What would be the driving impetus to go from a low temperature pre space time temperature, then to Planck time entropy, then to the entropy of today as given in Equation (19)? This is similar to what would lead to the Electro weak era behavior, as far as an increase to the degrees of freedom. The way to do it would be to have an energy “driver” of inflation. One way to look at it would be to suggest that as done by H. Kadlecova [13] in the 12 Marcel Grossman meeting that the typical energy stress tensor, using, instead, Gyratons, with an electro-magnetic energy density addition to effective Electromagnetic cosmological value as given by

i.e. that there be, due to effective E and M fields a boost from an initially low vacuum energy to a higher ones, as given by Kadlecova [13] [14]

Using the principle that one’s E field is really another man’s B field, and a magnetic field of about at the pre-planckian to EW epoch, we could then have a low temperature initial starting point for pre Planckian physics and then by both Equation (19) to Equation (20) go to dramatically increased temperatures, while leading eventually to conditions of Electro Weak space time physics which would be predicted by Ng infinite quantum statistics, which was given by Ng at the 12 Marcel Grossman conference [15] , after a phase transition to the form of a perfect “graviton” gas looking with initial volume

With a temperature of the order of, for a net contribution of temperature due to

And a numerical count we can give as

Note that Ng [15] [16] , also has that the Hubble radius leading to an effective contribution due to the Electro Weak regime which would be about 0.3 - 0.4 meters in length

We submit that the Electro weak regime, will be where Gravitinos form, as of having mass of about 1 TeV, with ~ net mass M contributing to GW from the electro weak regime which will be part of the calculations in the next section. About. The universe has a “mass” quantified regime of much greater value of, according to Mishra [6] , with the following conservation law, of sorts to be worked with as far as information, namely for preserving the cosmological constant information, we would have

Next, note that as given by Giovanni, the figure of as due to gravitons can be seen to come from [17] , page 156 as

As given by Penrose [9] , the phase space for gravitons in four dimensions can be seen to be

The Penrose conjecture is that there is no big crunch that the universe continues to expand, with matter-energy trapped in black holes. Our hypothesis is that Black holes are actually 5 dimensional space time entities, i.e. then look at a much bigger phase space for containment of our 4 dimensional universe [9]

The matter-energy trapped in black holes is assumed to be conformally mapped back in cyclic conformal cosmology to a new big bang, in so many words, gravitational “energy” is collected and re cycled. This is what Penrose wrote: From page 130 of his reference. Namely look at [9]

Note that the idea is conformal invariance, and this is similar to what is done in electromagnetism, as seen by Penrose’s [9]

For cyclic conformal cosmology the basic construction is as follows. Namely look at

・ Set a ‘field’ as

・ Then the following holds. True for almost massless fields as well (i.e. the ultra-light graviton)

For CCC theory, Penrose (2010) makes the following mapping.

The cross over from Cycle to Cycle is given by mapping in Equation (33) above. And the invariance, as in Equation (32)

Key hypothesis in this presentation, i.e. a graviton can obtain effective mass in the regime before the start of a new mapping. i.e. one can have no issues as to forming a fifth dimensional value of as far as an embedding structure for the first tier of a KK graviton is not so fantastic after all. This would be shoe horned into the four dimensional space time continuum, and be carried through to the electro weak regime, and each graviton super partnered with a gravitino.

Hypothesis. Pre CCC has a 1/r 1^st excited KK state for the graviton with which then gets shifted to the zeroth order mass in the following formulation. So, let us review the idea of a MASSIVE graviton in terms of KK theory.

We would get, then. as was given in Beckwith’s 2011 Journal of Cosmology article [18] , assuming that the prior ccc cycle first KK spatial radius r was huge in pre cyclic conformal cosmology, and then the 1/r value shifted to a zeroth order mode contribution of [18] and making use of Sarkar [1] as well, i.e.

The zeroth order KK mode would then be super partnered with a gravitino, and then Equation (25), assuming that Gravitinos would not last long, would be mapped into the invariance relationship given by Equation (25). We furthermore state that the electromagnetic energy as given in Equation (20) as put into the electro weak phase transition due to a magnetic field [3] at the EW epoch would be crucial in the formulation of Equation (25), i.e. hastening the demise of gravitinos (NOT long lived objects) and the invariance of information in keeping fidelity with respect to the cosmological parameters during cosmological evolution.

The main theme, aside from applying conformal cyclic cosmology in a different way, is Equation (25), as well as re-scaling of Mach’s principle. According to Gravititino-Graviton Machian ratio invariance, here is for gravitinos, and is for the total mass of all of the gravitons in the present universe. This uses a variant of Mistra’s [6] Mach’s principle value.

as having a constant ratio value (36)

The benefits from such rescaling are that the evolution of entropy, as seen in using N times m (early universe) to N times m (today) can be written in terms of gravitational physics as to the linkage between super partners, SUSY representation of gravitinos and gravitons.

We can use this Machian relationship to understand the values as influenced by massive gravitons. As read from Kurt Hinterbichler [19] , if, and we look at a mass induced suppression factor put in of, then if

Here, we have that these are solutions to the following equation, as given by [19] [20]

To understand the import of the above equations, and the influence of the Machian hypothesis, for GW and massive Graviton signatures from the electro weak regime, set

And use the value of the radius of the universe, as given by , and rather than a super partner Gravitino, use the.

We argue that the rigorous application of Mach’s principle and Equation (20) and Equation (25) permit to be calculated in ways which a magnetic field 3DSR detector can obtain.

For the sake of completeness, we reference Appendix I for its insights as to Gravitons as far as being analogous as to “Gluons”. Appendix II has the purpose of delineating what is in the title, i.e. further considerations as to experimental gravity. Keep in mind that this document is a review of General Relativity and the implications of Mach’s principle with future revisions in store.

This work is supported in part by National Nature Science Foundation of China grant No. 11375279.

Beckwith, A.W. (2017) Modeling GW Generation at Start of the Electro Weak Regime and Its Tie into the Machian Universe with Falsifiable h_ij Values. Journal of High Energy Physics, Gravitation and Cosmology, 3, 308-321. https://doi.org/10.4236/jhepgc.2017.32026

Graviton mass problem re-stated in terms of gravitons in terms of chains of gluons. i.e. to look at what happens if we are examining if we extend our analysis of [21] to try to understand the full spectrum of the variable length spin Chain model. This spin chain model has a Hamiltonian given by [22]

Here

The idea is to note, as quoted in the article “The one loop spectrum of anomalous dimensions for strings attached to a maximal giant graviton was described in [23] , were it was found that the one loop planar anomalous (given) dimensions correspond to an ordinary spin chain model with integrable Dirichlet-like boundary conditions. This work was extended to study what spin chain corresponds to a more general giant graviton in [21] , where we found that the spin chain in question has a variable number of sites and therefore it is not an ordinary spin chain model anymore. After a bosonization transformation, we found that the spin chain model could be also understood in terms of a system of a Cuntz oscillator chain model (a boson chain, where each spin corresponds to a single boson Fock space) with non-diagonal boundary conditions”. i.e. one has then, eventually, that there is also a further mathematics generalization [24] . As written by Crowell:

I wrote a paper on f(R) gravity with a massive graviton sector. The graviton can become massive under various (given) circumstances―in theory of course. The scalar curvature in the Hilbert-Palatini action has in a string theory sense a modification as

which defines a mass-gap for the graviton. This may have played some role in the early universe, in particular during the inflationary phase. An article by Bern, Dixon and Kosower appeared in Scientific American that is interesting. I read a paper in 2010 or so by the first two authors on computing graviton propagators up to 7 loops. These guys are making a bit of news with these developments (according to L. Crowell)

The article in SciAm talks about gravitons as pair of gluons. This makes in a string theory sense. For a closed string there are two sets of mode operators a^†_n, a_n and b^†_n, b_n for modes propagating left and right polarized directions in space. Along the string though modes travel along a σ and ?σ direction on the string according to whether the n subscript is positive or negative. We then write these modes as a^†_n, a_n and a^†_{-n}, a_{-n} (ditto for b operators), and we ignore the zero mode for technical reasons. There is a result which says the Hamiltonian operator must have equal levels in operator products, such as a^†_na^†_{-n}, that act on the string ground state. The reason for this is there is no preferred direction along the string with parameter σ, and this level matching result is a Noether theorem result from this. Each a^†_n or b^†_n is a raising operator for a spin 1 boson field, and the product of the two is a spin 2 field, with no m = 0 or 1 component. So the graviton can be thought of as a pair of Yang-Mills gauge bosons..The operators can be given a spacetime index μ so that we have (a^μ)^†_n and (a^μ)^†_{-n}. We then consider this index extended to μ = {0, 1, 2, 3} for spacetime and q = {4, 5, …, 9}. (As a consequence one then finds) A gauge boson operator in standard QFT is then of the form

Suppose we have a gauge boson operator (as written up by L. Crowell is then) of the form

The interaction (as given by L. Crowell) of the two is of the form and this is then

Graphically one has that http://f1602.mail.yahoo.com/ya/download?mid=2%5f0%5f0%5f1%5f51009%5fAHLai2IAAU4jT5ZSdgFM1RGPHm0&pid=1.2.2&fid=Inbox&inline=1&appid=YahooMailClassic

where the red part that involves the creation of internal space bosons with opposite mode directions on the string. This is equivalent to opposite gauge charges (opposite colors) and so this is a type of glueball, and the annihilation of the opposite charges leaves a product of two operators which recovers a graviton, or two photons.

This is a way of looking at how gravitation is a form of QCD, or that gluon chains are equivalent to a graviton. The diagram in the paper by Bern, Dixon and Kosower of the form below depicts the graviton as a pair of gluons, and in general a gluon chain on the boundary of an anti-de Sitter spacetime has the same symmetries as a graviton in the interior of an anti-de Sitter spacetime The graviton with a mass gap for a spin s = 2, then has m = 2, 1, 0, −1, −2, where the 0 states are the dilaton and axion. The s = 1, −1 state then corresponds to a massive form of the graviton which may then have a form

(as written above) which may be a massive gauge boson, such as the Z and W^{+/-} particle. The axion particle is the gadget which involves QCD and takes up the CP violation of QCD―leaving QCD CP symmetric. This might also form a component of dark matter as well.

Further considerations as to experimental gravity. First Inteferometric tests of General Relativity and the implications of Mach’s principle

In doing this, we should keep in mind that what Corda brought up in [25] needs to be looked out, i.e. the interferometric tests of general relativity would be an outgrowth of such investigations.

Furthermore, [26] and [27] should be kept in mind in terms of experimental constraints. Gravitational waves have been discovered, and it is opportune for us to keep [26] and [27] in mind when considering the applications of Equation (B1) below to whatever forms of data sets which may be achievable via experimental gravity. Here Equation (B1) below is a living outgrowth of using [6] with the results that we have

Last but not least, the author has already had his own version of Equation (B2), which is given in [28]

The version the author writes is given as seen in [29] . It remains to be seen if [29] is in line with the data sets we may be able to obtain, as well as fidelity with procedures which may allow the issues given in [30] to be thoroughly looked at from an experimental stand point, as well as [31] for the mass of a graviton.

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