<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?><!DOCTYPE article  PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD Journal Publishing DTD v3.0 20080202//EN" "http://dtd.nlm.nih.gov/publishing/3.0/journalpublishing3.dtd"><article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" dtd-version="3.0" xml:lang="en" article-type="research article"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">OJG</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title>Open Journal of Geology</journal-title></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="epub">2161-7570</issn><publisher><publisher-name>Scientific Research Publishing</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.4236/ojg.2017.73021</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">OJG-74882</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Articles</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="Discipline-v2"><subject>Earth&amp;Environmental Sciences</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>
 
 
  Assessment of Beshagard Mountain Tectonic Activity (South of Jazmurian Depration) Application IRAT Index
 
</article-title></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Ali</surname><given-names>Khoddami Atashan</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref><xref ref-type="corresp" rid="cor1"><sup>*</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Mohsen</surname><given-names>Pourkermani</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"><sup>2</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Amir</surname><given-names>Shafii Bafti</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"><sup>3</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Manouchehr</surname><given-names>Ghorashi</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4"><sup>4</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Soheila</surname><given-names>Bouzari</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"><sup>2</sup></xref></contrib></contrib-group><aff id="aff3"><addr-line>Department of Geology, Faculty Members of Islamic Azad University, Zarand, Iran</addr-line></aff><aff id="aff4"><addr-line>Research Institute for Earth Sciences-Geological Survey of Iran, Tehran, Iran</addr-line></aff><aff id="aff2"><addr-line>Department of Geology, Faculty Members of Islamic Azad University, North Branch, Tehran, Iran</addr-line></aff><aff id="aff1"><addr-line>Department of Geology, Islamic Azad University, North Branch, Tehran, Iran</addr-line></aff><author-notes><corresp id="cor1">* E-mail:<email>khodamia.t@gmail.com(AKA)</email>;</corresp></author-notes><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>14</day><month>03</month><year>2017</year></pub-date><volume>07</volume><issue>03</issue><fpage>295</fpage><lpage>319</lpage><history><date date-type="received"><day>February</day>	<month>2,</month>	<year>2017</year></date><date date-type="rev-recd"><day>Accepted:</day>	<month>March</month>	<year>21,</year>	</date><date date-type="accepted"><day>March</day>	<month>24,</month>	<year>2017</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement>&#169; Copyright  2014 by authors and Scientific Research Publishing Inc. </copyright-statement><copyright-year>2014</copyright-year><license><license-p>This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution International License (CC BY). http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/</license-p></license></permissions><abstract><p>
 
 
   Morphometry status of tectonic active areas around the Beshagard mountain is as a result of the interaction of neotectonic movements, erosion and subsidence processes. Bashagard mountain contains two attached mountains (GhaleTohi imountain and Bashagard mountain) with an altitude of 2000 meters at the south of the Jazmurian subsidence surrounded by Quaternary and Neogene. The boundary between the north Makran and Jazmurian subsidence is a fault that located between Band-e-Ziarat unit and western alluvial fan and units of Ganj, Mokhtarabad and Rameshk in the south. Tectonic activity has a significant impact on their morphometry status and drainage basin system. We studied geomorphological patterns of drainage and mountain fronts features for clear changes and high style of mountain. In this study, we studied seven geomorphological indicators for each basin including Vf, Bs, Smf, Sl, Af, RA, Hi between west and south mountain front of Jazmurian. Morphometric indexes were divided in three categories. The average of seven indicators is an index of relative tectonic activity (IRAT). The level of tectonic activity of each IRAT category was determined. Finally, tectonic activity was evaluated for each drainage basin. Results show good similarity between IRAT category and ratio of tectonic activity of the number of drainage basins. The streams profile shows the uplift movement in the western part of subsidence Jazmurian. Thus, the achievements obtained from the analysis of topographic indices, the region’s river system and geomorphological evidence show the movements of uplift and movement of right-lateral strike-slip of Jiroft fault in the west and reverse faulting of Kranj and Jazmurian faults at east of subsidence Jazmurian that all indicates the diagonal tectonic movements. 
 
</p></abstract><kwd-group><kwd>Morphometry</kwd><kwd> Beshagard Mountain</kwd><kwd> Jiroft Fault. Active Tectonic </kwd><kwd> IRAT Index</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><body><sec id="s1"><title>1. Introduction</title><p>Active tectonics is one of the fastest growing disciplines among the earth sciences considering the recent developments of new geochronological tools and mapping that assist to obtain uplift rate, shear rate, erosion rate, fault slip rate and… in variable time scale (10,001,000,000 years) [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="scirp.74882-ref1">1</xref>] [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="scirp.74882-ref2">2</xref>] [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="scirp.74882-ref3">3</xref>] .</p><p>Tectonic geomorphology is a relatively new field in active tectonic that provides a valuable tool for assessing the tectonic activity of structures with low to medium deformation rate, especially when there is a lack of Quaternary age [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="scirp.74882-ref4">4</xref>] . The results of regional studies in tectonic active area are important for natural hazards assessment, planning and management of land use in densely populated [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="scirp.74882-ref2">2</xref>] [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="scirp.74882-ref3">3</xref>] . That in addition to its social and economic benefits, active tectonic study is a multidisciplinary approach that structural geology, geomorphology, stratigraphy, archeology, geology, earthquake and mapping are directed toward it with data integration [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="scirp.74882-ref3">3</xref>] .</p><p>With obtaining simpler data from DEM with high precision and remote sensing, a growing number of achievements in response to faults morphology and active folds that have been created over the past three decades [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="scirp.74882-ref3">3</xref>] [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="scirp.74882-ref5">5</xref>] guide us to understand active tectonics of the region and remote areas covered by Quaternary deposits and clear signs [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="scirp.74882-ref6">6</xref>] .</p><p>These studies to understand the movement and the mechanical development of regional active tectonic are useful. The active tectonic is the main cause of uplift of mountains stone blocks, and the presence of their new topography is because of difference between the tectonic and attrition processes [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="scirp.74882-ref2">2</xref>] [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="scirp.74882-ref3">3</xref>] .</p><p>Topography, drainage pattern analysis and morphometric indices can be used for evaluation of recent tectonic activity [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="scirp.74882-ref1">1</xref>] [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="scirp.74882-ref3">3</xref>] [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="scirp.74882-ref6">6</xref>] [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="scirp.74882-ref7">7</xref>] . Drainage pattern in active tectonic areas is sensitive to active processes such as folds and faults, channels incision, asymmetry of basin, diversion of canals and other effects can be considered as the results of these processes [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="scirp.74882-ref3">3</xref>] . Numerical and surface data of morphology or new sediments are used to obtain the rate of tectonics (faults, folds, etc.) and morphological processes (incision of channels etc.) [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="scirp.74882-ref3">3</xref>] [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="scirp.74882-ref7">7</xref>] .</p><p>The analysis of the catchment is a powerful tool for identification of recent tectonic activities and uplift, for example, river channels are very sensitive to changes in the parameters, which control their shape and slope [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="scirp.74882-ref4">4</xref>] .</p><p>The morphometry index assesses the situation and prevalence of tectonic activities. El Hamdouni et al. (2008) divided six indices to 4 categories using calculation of IRAT along the southwestern of Sri Nevada in southern of Spain and tectonic activity. IRAT classified. This study showed that the proportion of high potential of continues tectonic activity associated with IRAT values. Mahmood and Gloguen (2012) calculated seven morphometry indices using calculation of values of IRAT using GIS in the Hindu Kush, Karakoram and Himalayas. The values of IRAT index are in accordance with the rate of uplift, geomorphological and geological characteristics. Gao et al. (2013) used the morphometry indices such as hypsometric curve and longitudinal gradient of river to find the tectonic activity and assess recent uplift the northeast margin of the Tibetan plateau. Alipoor et al. (2011) evaluated morphometry indices around the dam of Rudbar, Lorestan, in high Zagros belt (the southwestern of Iran). In this way, strong tectonic thus can be developed the morphologies of the remaining streams. In this study, we studied a large area of Bashagard mountain in the south of Jazmurian subsidence (northern Makran, south and south-eastern of Iran) using morphometry indices and pattern morphometry analysis of the catchment. The technique involves the extraction of drainage basins of DEM, calculation of morphometry index, estimating IRAT, classification of IRAT levels and determination of relationship between the IRAT level and distribution of tectonic activity in the drainage basin.</p></sec><sec id="s2"><title>2. Geology and Tectonic</title><p>Bashagard Mountains are located in northern Makran (south of Jazmurian subsidence). Northern Makran is the most northern part of Makran incremental prism (the largest incremental prism in the world), which is located in south- eastern of Iran and southern of Pakistan with the length of 850 km from the Strait of Hormuz in the West to near Karachi in the East. Prism width is from 300 to 350 km from deformation in front of the coast to Jazmurian subsidence in Iran and Meshkel in Pakistan (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig1">Figure 1</xref>). The subduction probably began during the Paleocene that led to start accretion during the Eocene and new accretionary prism from the end of Miocene [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="scirp.74882-ref11">11</xref>] [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="scirp.74882-ref12">12</xref>] . The active convergence rate between the Arabian plate and Makran coast that measured in Muscat of Oman and Cha- bahar coast of Iran, is 1.9 cm per year. Today the convergence rate between the Makran coast (Chabahar GPS) and Eurasian shield is 8 mm per year (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig2">Figure 2</xref>) [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="scirp.74882-ref12">12</xref>] [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="scirp.74882-ref13">13</xref>] .</p><p>Northern Makran includes Bashagard thrust sheet and imbricate zone includes Bande Ziarat complex, Ganj, Rameshk, Mokhtarabad and Kamsafid of Cretaceous and Eocene sediments determined with basic to high basic rocks (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig1">Figure 1</xref>(A) and <xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig1">Figure 1</xref>(B)). The upper cretaceous rocks have been resulted from the southern parts and have been covered by olistostrome. Moreover, it includes weak folds with long wavelength with low amplitude and the general trend of eastern-western [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="scirp.74882-ref15">15</xref>] [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="scirp.74882-ref16">16</xref>] . Usually, thrust faults have the slope direction towards north-northeast. Imbricate zone, which is mainly located at the eastern edge of Jazmurian dredged, is highly faulted and includes left-lateral strike-slip and is in connection with conjugate faults right-lateral strike-slip with northwest-southeast direction and reverse and normal faults directing northwest- southeast to north-south.</p><p>The geological study area has a very complex structure that this complexity is in terms of its instability, lithology compounds of different rocks and tectonic situation.</p><p>Connection between Jazmurian in north of Makran accretionary prism to south is generally fault [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="scirp.74882-ref15">15</xref>] [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="scirp.74882-ref16">16</xref>] . The southeast border of Jazmurian is continued towards east-west that has the maximum number of normal and reverse faults such as Karang that separates southern border of the Jazmurian subsidence from the mountain with reverse function and is continued from Esfand towards the east with approximate length of 60 km with directions of N45W, W-E&quot;N-S and N70E (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig3">Figure 3</xref>). The Jazmurian fault is located following the Karang fault with east-west direction and the thrust type and approximate length of 42 km (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig3">Figure 3</xref>), as the southern border Jazmurian is almost eastern-western of and is continued from Beijing to southeast with the Ganj fault with almost length of 49 Km with the length of N65W. The same time northern border of that load unit is located with Cretaceous and its Rameshk unit southern boundary is with Eocene. The load unit trusted on Rameshk unit. The function of the mentioned fault is the thrust type (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig3">Figure 3</xref>).</p><fig id="fig1"  position="float"><label><xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig1">Figure 1</xref></label><caption><title> The tectonic situation of Makran subduction on the satellite images shows collision and convergence of Eurasian- Arabian plate. (A) The main structural situation of states of Makran on the image of Landsat satellite; (B) The made cross section of Makran subduction system [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="scirp.74882-ref12">12</xref>] [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="scirp.74882-ref14">14</xref>] . (C) The made cross section of main states of Makran [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="scirp.74882-ref16">16</xref>] </title></caption><graphic mimetype="image"   position="float"  xlink:type="simple"  xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/7-1210803x2.png"/></fig><fig id="fig2"  position="float"><label><xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig2">Figure 2</xref></label><caption><title> Simplified geological map of Iran (simplified after [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="scirp.74882-ref8">8</xref>] , velocity vectors of GPS of Iran comparing to Eurasia shields have been shown with different colors based on [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="scirp.74882-ref12">12</xref>] [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="scirp.74882-ref13">13</xref>] )</title></caption><graphic mimetype="image"   position="float"  xlink:type="simple"  xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/7-1210803x3.png"/></fig><fig id="fig3"  position="float"><label><xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig3">Figure 3</xref></label><caption><title> Map of structural-sedimentary units of Bashagard mountain [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="scirp.74882-ref17">17</xref>] </title></caption><graphic mimetype="image"   position="float"  xlink:type="simple"  xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/7-1210803x4.png"/></fig><p>West border of Bashagard mountain forms the Jiroft fault with a length of about 130 km with northern-southern and northwestern-southeastern directions. This fault system caused a separation in alluvial deposits in past 22 and 42 thousand years with the values of 49 and 132 meters, respectively. The average movement rate of this fault has been calculated about 2.7 &#177; 0.7 mm per year (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig3">Figure 3</xref> and <xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig4">Figure 4</xref>).</p><p>The mentioned fault with approximate direction of northern-southern is finished with direction of northwest-southeast at the end with the right-lateral strike-slip function. One of other structures of the west is Ghale Ganj fault with a length of almost 90 km from Shadab in north after passing through the town of Ghale Ganj to Dadkhoda well in the south with the northern-southern trend to N15W parallel to the Jiroft fault that separated Ganj unit from the Quaternary sediments (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig3">Figure 3</xref>).</p></sec><sec id="s3"><title>3. Indices of Morphometry</title><p>We obtained five morphometric indices of mountain front sinuosity (Smf), index of basin shape, valley floor width to height (Vf), basin asymmetry (Af), basin shape (Bs) and watersheds of Bashagard mountain with respect to the resistance of rock area (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig5">Figure 5</xref>) and erosion map of area (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig6">Figure 6</xref>). Then, they were divided into three categories based on division of digital morphometry [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="scirp.74882-ref8">8</xref>] [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="scirp.74882-ref19">19</xref>] [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="scirp.74882-ref20">20</xref>] .</p><fig id="fig4"  position="float"><label><xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig4">Figure 4</xref></label><caption><title> (a) (c) A view of Jiroft fault, which caused the separation of Bande Ziarat from the quaternary sediments; (b) The Jiroft fault zone and narrow and steep valleys created by the Negah fault at the north</title></caption><graphic mimetype="image"   position="float"  xlink:type="simple"  xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/7-1210803x5.png"/></fig><fig id="fig5"  position="float"><label><xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig5">Figure 5</xref></label><caption><title> Map of stone resistance of Bashagard mountain based on engineering division [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="scirp.74882-ref18">18</xref>] </title></caption><graphic mimetype="image"   position="float"  xlink:type="simple"  xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/7-1210803x6.png"/></fig><fig id="fig6"  position="float"><label><xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig6">Figure 6</xref></label><caption><title> Map of Bashagard mountain erosion in south and north of Jazmurian subsidence</title></caption><graphic mimetype="image"   position="float"  xlink:type="simple"  xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/7-1210803x7.png"/></fig>
<sec id="s3_1">
<title>3.1. Index Mountain Front (Smf)</title>
<p>Mountain front maze index is calculated by the following equation [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="scirp.74882-ref21">21</xref>] .</p>
<disp-formula id="scirp.74882-formula91"><graphic  xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/7-1210803x8.png"  xlink:type="simple"/></disp-formula><p>where, Lmf is the length of mountain front during connection of mountain with alluvium, Ls is the length of the straight line of mountain front. This index has been also used to assess the relative of tectonic activity [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="scirp.74882-ref1">1</xref>] [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="scirp.74882-ref19">19</xref>] [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="scirp.74882-ref22">22</xref>] .</p>
<p>We calculated the mountain maze index by measuring the amount of Lmf, Ls in the east, south and west of Jazmurian subsidence in the north of Bashagard mountain (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig7">Figure 7</xref>) and the results have been given in <xref ref-type="table" rid="table1">Table 1</xref>. The values of this index is changed in the range of 0.89 - 2.7 (<xref ref-type="table" rid="table2">Table 2</xref> and <xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig1">Figure 1</xref>8). The average of mountain maze index is 1.49 for west front and 1.42 foe east front. These values show that these areas are active. This index for west mountain front is 1.61 that shows the lower activity of this region. In addition, we combined this index with the maps of rock resistance (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig5">Figure 5</xref>) and erosion (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig6">Figure 6</xref>) and finally, we created the map of tectonic activity of the region (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig8">Figure 8</xref>).</p><p>Among the distribution of Smf categories in the studied range in <xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig8">Figure 8</xref>, categories 1 and 2 have the maximum spread that convergence is caused by the tectonic collision activities. Category 2 in the south and east mountain has a relatively lower tectonic activity. Category 3 has the lowest distribution and dale hill areas.</p>
<fig id="fig7"  position="float"><label><xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig7">Figure 7</xref></label><caption><title> Map of the Bashagard mountain watersheds on the SRTM image with an accuracy of ten meters</title></caption><graphic mimetype="image"   position="float"  xlink:type="simple"  xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/7-1210803x9.png"/></fig></sec></sec></body>
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