This paper presents a road map for building a unified field description of matter. It describes the physical basis (postulates) and the physical phenomenon in more or less generic terms and writes most formula in symbolic manner. But even in such general description we demonstrate that this theory produces comparable (if not superior) formulation of Gravitation and Electromagnetism as well as 2 other vector fields that act similarly to neutrino and Bozon particles. In addition it does provide avenue for building field theory of mass-particles, such as electrons and protons.

Our starting point is our desire to derive Newton gravitational constant, and in fact the entire gravitation, thru only atomic “interaction” (i.e. some property that are present in every atomic formation) and atomic units coupled with the number of particles in the Universe (or at least of our Galaxy).

We use Affine description only as an avenue for obtaining the Lagrangian and the covariant set of equations that describe the evolution of the fields. We do not subscribe to any geometrical interpretation and/or any “geometrization” of physical forces or physical entities other than metric tensor that describes the curved space.

For the majority of physicists who undoubtedly reject the field unification idea strictly on the grounds that true description of matter must be Quantum Mechanical, may I suggest this thought for consideration? One can view field description proposed here as a classical limit of quantum mechanical wave functions description and use it as a starting point for quantization as it has been, for example, done for bozon quantum field theory, which starts as a classical non- zero mass vector field.

1) Our main assumption is such that gravitation is described as two entities: metric tensor and by a Gravitational vector which is an attri- bute of all particles (or at least the heavy ones) just like Electromagnetic field is an attribute of all charged particle. The difference though is that the Gravitational field always comes with “the same sign” sort of speak and thus is allowed to accu-

mulate and reaches in our Milky Way Galaxy an enormous value of― the inverse Plank’s length. The large number for is the reason for the small value of Newton Gravitational constant, which is inverse proportional to the square of amplitude of the Gravitational vector field. At

large distances from the gravitational source has this dependence with respect to the distance and the value of vector at infinity:

where N is number of particle (or effectively the mass of the source) and is atomic length.

This relation between Newton gravitational constant and the Gravitational vector, or dependence Newton Gravitational constant upon the distance could be the basis of both Pioneer anomaly and the abnormal star rotation in some Galaxies. As distance increases the Newton Gravitational constant increases, which in effect increases the attraction toward the center. In our solar system the effect is small and looks like “extra pull” by the Sun toward its center, which reduces the speed of a satellite. In some Galaxies where N is large the effect could be quite significant to alter the rotation periods of the stars as a function of their distances from the central source. See Section 3―Introduction.

2) We begin building the theory using Affine Unification approach thru non- symmetrical affine connections, but not as a geometrical description, but rather as axiomatic one. We define tensor of Total-Matter as “generalized” Riemann tensor and we define the Lagrangian density of the Total-Matter as a function of the tensor only. The equations of motions for are obtained by means of variations with respect to (see Section 4―Affine Unification):

The most interesting and perhaps the most suitable are these two Lagrangians of the 4th power:

where is Levi-Chivita tensor, indicate the summation of all possible invariants with a constant coefficient associated with each particular invariant.

3) We then define space metric based on the elimination of some components of the Tensor-Potential defined as. In general consists of 64 components and could be split on 4 vectors and 3 traceless 3-index tensors―one fully symmetrical and two torsion type tensors and each of which has only 16 independent components.

where is Levi-Chivita tensor.

Our definition of metric is based on requirement that two torsion tensors are proportional to each other: (―constant).

This procedure makes the metric a dynamic variable of the theory and transfers the Affine description to Tensor-Potential description over curved space with metric. See Section 5―Tensor Potential.

4) The general form of the Lagrangian of the Total-Matter can be written thru the combination of invariants of the the Total-Matter and thru the constants associated with each invariant:

5) The determination of the constant parameters as well as maximum “n” is done by the way of reducing the above Lagrangian to the Lagrangian of the “small system”―the system for which its own Gravitational field in much smaller then the Gravitational field at infinity as viewed from point of view of the “small system”. In the end of this procedure the Lagrangian of the “small system” should have a typical field-theory form. During this derivation there will be some “unwanted” terms, which must vanish. The requirements for vanishing these terms should be satisfied by the choice of the -constants in front of invariants that form the Lagrangian.

6) We show that utilizing the above procedure, the Lagrangian of the “small system” (or weak Gravitational field), as it is in our Solar System, can be simplified to have this form:

where represents the Lagrangian of the “typical” Matter in flat Minkowski space and corresponds to Lagrangian that describes the Gravitation thru vector and the metric―both (labeled as bar functions) being corrections to a constant Gravitational field at infinity and flat Minkowski space correspondingly. See Section 6―Lagrangian―expr. (60).

7) One of the feature of the existence large Gravitational field is that both Lagrangian of the Matter and of the Gravitation include a unit vector of the Gravitation vector. This fact allows the equations of motion for some variables (in fact most variables) to be not hyperbolic as Minkowski metric demands, but elliptical, which by its nature forbids the existence independent waves and their propagation. In elliptic equations the field’s time dependence is such that the field modifies itself (thus will have time depending behavior), but it quickly decays to zero any king of oscillating harmonics that it produces. Applied to the description of Gravitation, it would state that there are no Gravitational waves, which is supported by the results of long time LIGO program in US and around the world.

8) In the weak gravitational fields the provides all the information needed for description of either vector and metric in both vacuum and inside the matter. It also contains the terms corresponding to Grav-field to metric interaction. However as we showed, in a specific system of coordinate this interaction vanishes and metric becomes depending only on the matter that produced it (i.e. its deviation from the flat space). This might support the Einstein idea that Gravitation can be described as a curved space and it alone governs the “classical body” movement.

The special system coordinate which is equivalent to the “rest” system of coordinates is defined as the one where metric (or its correction) satisfies the first order derivatives relations―the “gauge”:

and all -s are the constants defined by the -constants which define the form of Lagrangian―see item 4) above as well as expr. (85). See Section 7― Equations for Gravitational Field and Metric.

9) In the case of weak Gravitational field (as in our Solar system) for the description of Electromagnetic field (or to be more accurate its vector potential) this theory derives the Lagrangian in this form:

which differs from the Maxwell Lagrangian by the presence of the mass-photon term, where the 2-index tensor is a short distance function associated with and defined by the localized mass-matter (or particle such as proton, electron, etc.) and thus is zero outside of mass-matter. The assymptotics at large distances should still be with being a constant, which for the a single particle would lead to a charge defined as:

which by the proper “normalization” procedure must be set to. As long as the asymptotics at infinity is still, the Maxwell description of the Electromagnetic field of a macro system (in statistical sense) of charged particles (as long as they far enough away from each other and probably moving with the speed much less than the speed of light) could be recovered by introducing Dirac’s -function as a flux.

where 4-dimensional vector velocity. In that sense the standard Maxwell equations for the Electromagnetic field should be viewed as an approximation of more complex equations above derived thru Affine Unification. See Section 8― Electromagnetic and Other Fields.

10) The proposed theory also suggests the existence of two other vector fields and. The first one, is described by Maxwell type equation, but with a flux corresponding not to a charge particle but to a dipole (zero total charge).

The -photon has zero mass everywhere (both vacuum and inside the mass- matter) and its interaction with mass-matter is such that it only can exchange the energy―very much similar to a neutrino. See Section 8―Electromagnetic and Other Fields; see after expr. (132).

11) Derived from Affine Unification the description of vector field, suggest the existence of short-distance, strong-interactive with mass-matter and highly non-linear particle (like Bozons), whose Lagrangian in vacuum contains terms proportional to the forth power of. See Section 8―Electromagnetic and Other Fields; see text starting at expr. (150).

12) Proposed theory provides an avenue of describing the micro world (mass- particle like proton and electron) from field point of view and thus to offer alternative approach to the Quantum Theory, or at least, offers a classical approximation and a smooth transition from one classical description of the matter to the quantum mechanical one. In this theory the mass-matter is described by one fully symmetrical 3-index tensor and one torsion-type 3-index tensor. The Lagrangian of the mass-matter is highly non-linear (4th power) with respect to the tensors and, which leads to the highly localized solution. The Einstein formula is in a effect a “normalization requirement” for the constants of integrations for and. It would make sense to assume (or to require) that the equations for and are described by an elliptical equations (which only possible due to existence of the Gravitational Unit vector), thus corresponding to (or providing) the mass-matter particle’s stability. See Section 9―Mass-Matter.

13) In proposed theory the Cosmology of Universe naturally leads to oscillating Universe. As Universe expands the average Gravitational field decreases, the effective value of Newton’s Gravitational constant increase, which increases gravitational pull of masses. Eventually, this pull will be strong enough to stop the expansion and reverse it to compression of the Universe. At the other end the shrinking of the size of Universe increases the average value of the gravitational field, effectively decreasing the Newton’s gravitational constant and thus decreasing gravitational pull of masses. The mass’ kinetic energy (the temperature of Universe) would be large enough to stop contraction of the Universe and reverse it back to expansion. Thus leading to the eternal oscillation of the Universe.

Its mathematical form (even with assumption of uniform distribution of matter in the Universe) is much more complex since it cannot use a “small system” Lagrangian, but must use the exact Lagrangian of the Total Matter, which is (at least) of forth power with respect to Grav-field (or more accurate), space curvature (Riemann metric tensor) and the regular Matter. And in order to find (fully define) such Lagrangian―to find all the -s and the parameter “n”―we must execute the program described in this paper.

Because in proposed theory the Gravitation is described only thru atomic parameters―i.e. as a measure of energy and mass, being the speed of light and being the atomic length―and the number of particle in the Universe, it is not difficult to see that the scale of the basic parameters of the Universe―the radius of Universe (measures in atomic length) and the Time-Scale of the Universe―are given by a simple relation with respect to the number of particles in the Universe N, where both of basic Universe parameters are proportional to a square root of the number of particles:, with

General convention:

a) Capital Latin letters represent unknown functions. Capital “bold” Latin letters (except for) represent a tensor. For example is a vector field, is a 3-index tensor and is a metric tensor;

b) Non-capital Latin letters (typically i, j, k, l, m, n) used as index take values 0, 1, 2, 3;

c) Non-capital Greek letters are constants; For example,―constants in definition of the Lagrangian L in general,―in definition of Matter,― in definition of Lagrangian of the square-vector,―in definition of tensor Potential;

d) Non-capital Greek letters used as an index take value “x”, “y”, “z” in flat Minkowski space;

e) Capital Latin letters used as index (usually in parentheses and usually upper index) identifiers of the group of functions (such as Electromagnetic field, etc.). For example: refers to Lagrangian of the vector field.

1)―Newton gravitational constant;―atomic length.

2)―metric tensor;― flat Minkowski metric in Descartes coordinates.―Kronecker symbols.

―fully antisymmetric symbols, where p is a permutation number from “1234”.

―Levi-Civita fully asymmetrical tensor based on the symmetric tensor

3)―Christoffel symbols.

―4-D (time-space) Riemann tensor built on

―non-symmetrical Affine Connections.

―tensor of the total Matter defined thru Affine Connections (see expression 9). For example,

―symmetric “Ricci” tensor for.

―Potential defined by and metric.

―vector field;;―value of the vector field at infinity―unit vector of vector ―square-vector.

―Tensor-Potential defined as without the field.

is the tensor of Matter defined as a tensor of Total-Matter without gravitational field

―Vector field defined thru a fully antisymmetric tensor

―Maxwell “star” tensor.

―one-index tensor.

―two-index tensor.

―3-index fully symmetrical traceless tensor

―3-index traceless torsion type tensor

;―fully anti-symmetric symbols.

―3-index traceless con-torsion type tensor

―symbolic writing of a pair 3-index tensors and

―Lagrangian density defined as

4) All “bar” functions are tensors defined over flat Minkowski space. All covariant derivatives replaced by partial ones. The indeces are raised by Minkowski metric

;;

The question why gravitational force is so small in comparison to nuclear forces has been a major puzzling question in physics for the last hundred years. If one accepts that gravitation is a fundamental force one must conclude that there must be “particles” (or non trivial physics) with a size of Plank’s length 10⁻³³ cm, which is some 20 orders of magnitude smaller than the expected size of a proton (nuclei)―which is about the same ratio as the size of a proton to the size of the Earth (or even better comparison: as a size of a tennis ball to the size of the Universe). This disparity in sizes leads to a logical question whether gravitation is an independent (fourth) interaction or an emergent phenomenon, that is to say that gravitation could be explained by means of atomic interaction and statistical analysis of large number of particles. And if the latter is true than the Gravitational constant is not universal constant, but a value of a function at a given point. This means that in describing gravitation we have to consider not only metric (as it has been done by Einstein in GR), but, in addition, a function (or some functions), that could be viewed as the gravitational matter―or as commonly referred to as “dark matter”.

This is not totally new idea. Some 50 years ago Brans-Dicke offered function-metric theory of gravitation [1] (also see [2] ), with a hope to resolve the problems of General Relativity, in which the “small gravitational constant” is not the only one. Philip D. Mannheim in his “Shortcomings of Einstein Gravity” [3] very eloquently describes the issue and the necessity of modification of GR, which also expressed in the fact that probably as much as 25% of all papers on gravitation (based on arXiv.org/General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology) are written for that purpose in mind: “... we need to ask whether the Einstein theory is in fact the only theory which then meets the three classic tests. Beyond this, we also note that when Einstein gravity is extended beyond its solar system origins, no matter in which way it is extended additional concerns arise. When Einstein gravity is extended to galactic distance scales we get the dark matter problem. When Einstein gravity is extended to cosmological distance. With regard to singularities, not only are there no data which provide direct evidence for the existence in nature of event horizons or trapped surfaces (or even whether the mass concentrations in galactic centers have radii less than their Schwarzschild radii), it is not clear whether the existence of singularities in the fabric of spacetime is a property of nature or an indication of the breakdown of the theory. Finally, to resolve the renormalizability problem it has been found necessary to generalize the theory to a superstring theory which introduces two further ingredients for which there is also no experimental evidence, namely the existence of ten spacetime dimensions and the existence of a supersymmetry which gives all known particles as yet undetected superpartners”.

The necessity of Newton’s gravitational constant being a part of the equations of General Relativity and its generalizations [4] - [17] steams from the fact that the space-time curvature Ricci tensor has units 1/(length)² and the tensor of Energy-Momentum expressed in the units has units 1/(length)⁴. In order to remove this problem the Ricci tensor must be multiplied by a function with units 1/(length)². The simplest such function is a square of a vector’s magnitude. Since is invariant, then is measured in units 1/(length) and the square of its magnitude is measured in units 1/(length)². With this in mind we can modify the Einstein’s equations of General Relativity by replacing gravitational constant with a square of magnitude of the Gravitational field and by adding a Lagrangian of dark matter (which we limit to only 3 terms, intentionally omitting non-linear with respect to G terms―like) and writing the action integral in the following manner:

where is a space metric, is a vector field, and’s are some constants. is a Lagrangian of actual physical matter and is the term responsible for dark matter interaction with the physical matter, which typically is assumed to be zero. This, in a way, is a combination of two― Brans-Dicke [1] and Vector-Metric [18] ―theories for description of dark matter. And comparing the above expression with GR we conclude that the value (at least in our solar system) of the vector G magnitude is inverse to the Plank’s length and given by the following expression:

Even though this Lagrangian contains no Gravitational constant, it―as we will show in this paper―has some major problems in vector description of of Dark Matter G―see comment after expr. (40)―and its dark-matter part must be replaced (which we will do) by a correct one. However, in principle, it give a correct physical description of the problem.

From the expression above follows that the gravitational constant is inverse proportional to the square of magnitude of the gravitational vector defined by the particles of matter (protons and electrons). In our solar system magnitude of the gravitational vector field is mostly defined by the matter outside of solar system―Milky Way Galaxy or/and Universe―and thus almost constant within the solar system. The presence of solar matter (mostly of course is the mass of Sun) gives a small addition to the magnitude of grav-field and, as we will show in this paper, could be written in the following manner:

where is a distance from the Sun, is the number of baryons of the Sun,―atomic length of a protons and is the Newton’s gravitational constant.

Using the above formula, we can try to explain the “pioneer anomaly” [19] . Based on a measurement of the communication frequency of the Pioneers’ satellites it had been concluded the the Pioneer 10 and 11 on their trajectories out of our Solar system were experiencing a slow-down (small fraction of their velocity) as if they had stronger attraction toward the Sun. This could be explain by vector metric theory of gravitation and the formula above that it produces. As distance from the Sun increases, the Grav-field decreases, which corresponds to increase Newton’s gravitational constant. That in effect corresponds to increase of attraction toward the Sun. Eventually, the velocity of the satellite is going to stabilized, but at somewhat smaller value than the expected value based on in vicinity of Sun.

The same mechanism can be used to explain the abnormality of some stars rotation in some galaxies [20] [21] [22] . Per Newton theory the square of star’s velocity is inverse proportional to the distance of that star to the center of its Galaxy. In reality the experimental data shows that the velocity of is almost constant. This could be easily explained by vector-metric theory of gravitation thru gravitation constant dependence on distance.

Unlike in our Solar system where “small” mass of our Sun is responsible for a tiny change of gravitational constant, in some Galaxies, the dependence of gravitational constant on distance could be quite significant. More so, if the value of gravitational field at infinity is defined by Universe and its value is much less than the Grav-field created by the center of Galaxy, then there is a good possibility that going from one Galaxy to the other, the gravitational field (and thus the gravitational constant) could vary significantly―in large number of per-cent if not an order of magnitude.

As to the origin of the gravitational field it reflects the accumulative effect of all the particles in Universe (or at least in our Galaxy). The gravitational field (as we will see it later) is an attribute of the particle (proton, electron) just as electric field is an attribute of the charge. But unlike the electrical field it is not canceled, but is accumulated leading to it’s enormous value; And it is this large value is responsible for the small effect of gravitation on any sub-system (even as big as our Sun) of the Universe.

The idea that “universal” large numbers―such as ration between electric forth of two protons and their Gravitational forth, which is about 10³⁶―are somehow related to the number of particle in Universe has long been proposed by Weyl, Eddington and Dirac [23] [24] [25] [26] [27] .

There are few immediate mathematical ramification of having large Gravitational field, which comes from the main postulate of Modern physics (and experiment) that law of physics for any isolated system are identical.

If we consider a “small matter” in a vacuum and far away from other bodies, then the Lagrangian of the “small matter” should be derived from the Lagrangian of the Total-Matter by ignoring all other matters and thus be a function of only “small matter”, space metric and the total Gravitational field:, where G is the total Grav-vector consisting of Grav-vector of the “small matter” added to the Grav-field of all other “outside” Matter.

If we assume that includes the magnitude of Grav-field then, the solution for a “small Matter” will include very large parameter

(in our solar system) and thus would have its property (mass, charge, etc.) depend on this large number―which of course is not the case.

And if we don’t want the Plank’s length (which is) enter into the equations of Matter, we must postulate that the Lagrangian of the Matter can not depend on magnitude of, but only on its direction or it’s derivative at least in the first order of parameter:

This physical picture could be compared to the description of body on the top of the ocean of water. It too does not include the depth of the ocean. The body only “sees” the result of the changing of water, which is comparable (in size) to the size of the body.

We will use this requirement in the following section when we will examining the form of thew Lagrangian of the Total-Matter.

There is one more consideration―and that is Lawrence invariant―that need to be addressed here. Since we use a tensorial apparatus the equations of motions and all invariants are independent of coordinate transformation. In that sense introduction of additional vector field does not produce any problems. However, if we consider the Lawrence invariance in more narrow sense―form of equation in the small area where metric tensor might be considered Minkowski―then the equations of Matter might (it does not have to, but it might) depend on the Gravitational vector or at least on its direction. From philosophical point of view, regardless whether such dependence on Grav-vector (or its unit vector) is explicitly present or not in the equations of motion, the existence of Grav-vector by itself yields the existence one “special” system of coordinates that could be called the “rest” system of coordinates. The coordinates in which Grav-vector has only time component:.

V. Fock [28] long time ago argued that such system of coordinate must exist. Without it (as it is in case of GR) one cannot say if Earth moves around Sun or vise versa. The Newton equations might be invariant in any inertial system of coordinate, but we are absolutely sure that the Universe is fixed and it is we that move. And not other way around.

This paper could be called “vector-metric theory of gravitation”, which could’ve started with postulating―instead of the Lagrangian (1) above―the correct Lagrangian for the grav-vector. However, it would look totally at hog and without any justification. It would also leave an opened question about the expression for, which―as we will show in this paper―does not have a “simple” answer in the phenomenological approach above, but it does have a clear answer, if we consider a more general theory of Affine Connections as a source for derivation of the vector-metric theory of gravitation.

By opening the scope of this paper to the level where both Gravitation and Electromagnetism can be derived from more general considerations, we are able not only to derive the expressions for, but to answer some unclear questions such as a) is the tensor of Energy-Momentum the “source” in description of gravitations as Einstein’s GR postulate? b) are Einstein’s equations fundamental or phenomenological (approximations); and if the latter is true, what is their limits―meaning can they be used for description of Universe c) is there a rest system coordinates?

Also we will derive the expression for a Lagrangian that could be used for description of any system of particles―as small as atoms or as large as our Sun―as long as its Gravitational field can be treated as “small” in comparison to Gravitational field at infinity. And by doing so we will also be able to see dependence the Lagrangian has on the gravitational vector.

For the majority of physicists who undoubtedly reject Eddington’s Unification idea strictly on the grounds that true description of matter must be Quantum Mechanical, may I suggest two alternative points for considerations. First, one can view Eddington’s description as a classical limit of quantum mechanical wave functions, as it is in of electromagnetism, where electromagnetic field is a classical representation of quantum photons. And second, one can use Eddington’s formalism as a starting point for quantization as its done for bozon quantum theory, which starts as a classical non-zero mass vector field [29] .

Here, it would be a proper place to declare author’s point of view that had been a main belief and a driving force in the work that is presented in this paper: the quantum mechanical theory is our attempt to express rather complicated and strictly non linear field description of matter through a linear formalism of wave functions. In its essence this is the Einstein point of view in his famous and now classical debate with Neil Bohr on the meaning of wave function.

Eddington’s idea of Unifications over almost 100 years of its history took different forms and modifications [31] geared for different applications and purposes [32] - [36] . However, in its original and most general form the Eddington’s theory of Unification [30] is characterized as universal attempt to geometrisize all physical forces. But this does not have to be the only possible point of view. One can view the pure Affine description from axiomatic point of view only as a way obtaining the equations of motion without any geometrical considerations what so ever.

We begin by postulating that Total Matter is a set of functions associated with a four-dimensional continuum and thus is characterized by means of parameters―the coordinates. The description of Matter should not depend on the system coordinates and thus it should have some group property with respect to transition from one system of coordinate to another.

The functions of Matter also must have “potential”―, that is to say that should be expressed thru a set of functions (we call “potential”) and its first partial derivatives:

An example of such pair could be the Eddington’s set of affine connections and a generalized curvature tensor built on them:

where in general are non-symmetrical in low indeces. The above expression also could be written thru symmetric part of connections―which are affine connections―and thru anti-symme- tric parts of connections―which are tensors―in the following manner:

where vertical bar indicates covariant derivative of the tensor with respect to symmetrical part of.

The above expression (8) of thru historically is derived from geometrical considerations. And since we are not bound by any geometrical considerations and because is a tensor, we can consider (keeping the same frame-work: linear with respect to, quadratic with respect and anti-symmetrical with respect to two low indeces “” of the tensor) more generalized expression thru new set of functions, derived from―vector

and anti-symmetric traceless (“atl”) in “” indeces tensor defined below:

where thru are constants. The choice of these constants is not a strait forward procedure. It will eventually be defined by a form of Lagrangian that should reflect the physical reality. We will discuss the value of the -constants mostly in the Section 8―Electromagnetic and Other Vector Fields.

The equation of motions of the Total Matter is obtained by means of variation of the Lagrangian density that is a function of tensor only and hence is a function of and its first partial derivatives only.

The Eddington’s original idea was to equate with determinate of symmetric tensor obtain by contracting tentor.

More complex Lagrangians could be formed by contracting n-power product of the Matter tensor using the inverse tensor to the tensor (as long as its determinant is not zero). This symbolically could be written as:

where index “s” varies over all possible invariants taken for each “n-power product” and are some constants corresponding to these invariants.

It is not difficult to see that maximum power “n” includes all the terms with the lower powers. For example, if we choose, we automatically included Lagrangians with the n = 1, 2 and 3.

The quadratic (n = 2) to Lagrangians were extensively studied previously, but eventually dropped without much progress.

Among the reasons for that was an assumption that, as it is in GR, the gravitation is described by metric only. In this paper (as it was mentioned earlier) we assume that gravitation is describe by a pair metric tensor and vector field which value is much (much) larger than any other field.

There are two important questions here that need be answered: a) what the values of “n” (including the maximum value) should be? and b) what are the value of the all -constants?

Regarding the -constants, the procedure of determining their values is the following. We will consider a “small system” (say our Solar system as compared to our Galaxy) of Matter and will derive its Lagrangian from the Lagrangian of the Total-Matter (12). During this transitioning procedure we will have some “unwanted” terms, which―as we will see later in the Section 6―Lagrangian― will be of the same form for any value “n” (no matter how large “n” is) except for the values of -constants. And so we will require that the -constants were chosen in a such way that all the “unwanted” terms vanished.

The quadratic Lagrangian does not provide enough invariants (or enough - s) to cancel all “unwanted” terms so we ought to increase n to 3. And if that is not enough we will increase “n” to 4 and so. With increase of “n” the number of invariants increases rather rapidly and it would be reasonable to assume that with n = 4 (or 5) all “unwanted” terms could be canceled. This however brings another problem: what to do if we have too many λ-s? Let say that is not enough, but has too many λ-s. The obvious solution here is to exclude lowest “n” numbers. That is if has to many λ-s use only and so on. Of course we are not guaranteed that (or) would just perfectly enough and we would have to come up with other strategy to eliminate the extras λ-s.

Jumping ahead we can say that the simple estimation of number invariants and the number of unwanted terms suggests that the good value for n is, so the Lagrangian has this form:

The is also supported by the fact that the Determinant of could be written as the 4th power product:

where is a Levi-Civita fully antisymmetric (all indeces up) “almost tensor” (, where p ia a number of permutations going from “1234” to “ijkl”).

In the end this question cannot be answered without doing actual calculations and/or employing some other principals for choosing the general form of the Lagrangian.

So in this section we would like simply to mention some of the interesting options that we have based on solely “beauty” form.

Among the Lagrangians of the 4th power we need to mention a particular one:

where is a fully antisymmetric Levi-Civita (all indeces up) tensor based on the Ricci contraction of the Total-Matter tensor (.

In this case the Lagrangian density can be also written as:

where is a Levi-Civita tensor (all indeces up) constructed using metric tensor, what ever a definition of as a function of is. This Lagrangian can be also written as:

The beauty of the above Lagrangian is that it does have a rather attractive and esthetically appealing properties: a) it is minimal dependence on the tensor, b) its elegance and simplicity. Mathematically it almost equate tensor with metric tensor without actually equating it.

The above Lagrangian can be generalized to deliver much more parameters. It utilizes not two but multiple number of “two-s” Levi-Civita tensors built on

which as before―expr. (17)―could be switched to the metric based invariants:

Everywhere above we assumed that, thus sub-selecting from the tensor of Total-Matter. There is however a possibility of Lagrangian which avoid this non-zero requirement, and thus putting all terms of the tensor of Total-Matter on equal footing.

where and are two sets of -constants―one for each “square root”. For example the set could be chosen in such manner that second square

root is a.

With our assumption that Gravitational field accumulates to a very large value, it can be shown that it is in effect equivalent to the condition that has a very large value and much bigger than any other field―

―and thus the expression above could be approximately written in a form (14):

where is a Levi-Civita tensor based on symmetrical tensor

The above Lagrangian as we just showed will deliver the same result as the (14) for a “small system” of matter for which locally is very large. However, it will give significantly different form for the Cosmological problem. In it we must assume that the “averaged” value of the Gravitational field is defined by all Matter and thus the assumption that may not hold.

Up to this point we defined the Matter and the equations of motion by means of only functions and without any reference to the space metric. The space metric is of course needed (at lease to calculate the distances between points). For any given metric one can write the expression for thru symbols Christoffel in the form (written symbolically):

where is a 3-index (1-up and 2-down) tensor, which we label a “Tensor- Potential” and bold upper index ^T refers to the fact that it’s a Tensor-Potential of all Matter.

By choosing different metric tensors we will modify the Tensor-Potential. Our goal here to eliminate some of the component of the tensor and by doing so to replace some of the with description by metric. This of course must be done in tensorial manner―certain components of the tensor should vanish.

From (23) it’s clear that it will lead to a set of first order partial equations with respect to the metric tensor. The question here is how many component―or independent equations on―could we eliminate? There are 10 functions in a metric tensor and it seems logical that the number first order partial derivative equations should be 20. But here comes a consideration that the equations for are written in covariant (tensorial) form. This means that they include 4 arbitrary functions of transformation from one system coordinate to another. In order to account for that the logic here should be modified as following. There are 6 independent functions in a metric tensor. Hence there should be twice that many (12) equations of the first order of partial equations for the. But since they are written in covariant way (in any system coordinates with 4 arbitrary functions) then the number of equation should increased by 4 to 16.

In order to identify those 16 functions we will decompose the tensor on some its components. After lowering upper index with metric tensor (to be the first low index)――we can split the tensor on 4 vectors, , , and 3 traceless 3-index tensors―fully symmetrical tensor and two torsion type (asymmetric in indeces) tensors

and. If decomposition of is unique, it is not so for the symmetrical in low indeces part of. Its generic decomposition form can be written as:

where for definition of vectors and we get these two equations:

The above decomposition is reversible if the determinant is not zero in which case and are given by this expression thru symmetric part of the Tensor-Potential:

Most of this paper we will assume that, and is either root of this this quadratic equation:, so or.

The fully symmetric tensor and torsion type tensor expressed thru symmetric and traceless (“s-tl”) as:

For the decomposition of anti-symmetric part of the Tensor-Potential on two vectors and (which is actually fully antisymmetric tensor) and torsion type tensor we have”:

The important fact here is that the vectors, , , as well as the tensors, , are fully defined by the tensor potential or its symmetric in and anti-symmetrical parts and.

Because of their “traceless” properties the 3-index tensors, and consists of 16 (exactly as we need) independent functions. We will use this fact and will define metric tensor in a such way that one of these 3-index tensors is eliminated.

There are two ways of doing it: a) to set the tensor to zero, b) set to be proportional to the tensor. If is zero we effectively eliminate the tensor. In this paper we choose the case “b” with non-zero. The reason for that is that the case “b” leads to linear system of equations with respect to metric derivatives, which is not true for the case “a” due to the presence of the term in expr. (23). This leads to 16 linear first order differential equations for the metric tensor thru affine connections.

Thus we replaced a part (16 components) of the tensor potential with 10 components of metric tensor, making the latter a dynamic variable along with remaining 48 components of the tensor: 16 for each tensor and and 16 for four vectors, , ,.

For the sake of being “complete” we need here to mention that the equations for metric should also include a term “conjugate” to the tensor, which will not change significantly their form (its linearity, etc.):

After defining metric, we can transfer Eddington pure affine formulation into a more physically familiar metric-Matter formalism.

(30)

where the tensor of Total-Matter is now be written thru metric, Riemann curvature tensor vectors, , , and 3-index tensors,. And the equations of motions for each variable is obtained by variation of Lagrangian (30) above by these variables.

We now attach some physical meaning to the fields. Or to be more accurate we try to identify which of 4 vector fields is the Gravitational field. The main property of gravitational field―and this is our main postulate―is that it is associated with every mass particle (proton, etc.) and does get accumulated and reaches very large value, which is much bigger that any other field. Thus in the vacuum the Total-Matter consists only of that field. Since in general, the tensor of Total-Matter has quadratic form, it clear that the Gravitational field in vacuum should be represented by the square of one of the vector fields.

Between 4 vectors, , and the last three ones should be rejected. The reason for that is the requirement―see Equation (12)―that. But in a case of constant field and flat space―which is always the case in the infinitely small area―the for either vector field―, or―is zero.

For example, calculations for the quadratic terms of the vector field the Total-Matter―see expr. (9)―has this form:. The tensor of Ricci for the Total-Matter for only constant vector has this form:

Similarly, is true for the vector. The tensor of Total-Matter for only field (its quadratic terms) has this expression:

Calculations quadratic terms for the vector field produce the following result for the tensor:

Instead of, we could take, which also makes the determinant zero. The is not allowed, because with requirement, the presentation (26) is not possible.

On the other hand similar calculations for the vector yield this result:

And so we identify vector with gravitational vector. It is associated with every mass-particle (electron, proton, etc.) and, as we postulated in the beginning of the paper, its value is accumulated to reach a very large number. So it must be a time vector. If it were a space-vector then for closed Universe (3D share with respect to spacial coordinates) it would cancel itself out and would have the value zero, which would be a contradiction of our postulate.

For any given “isolated” (non interacting with other particles) system of particles the value of the gravitational field depends on two things: a) its value at infinity―the back-ground value associated with all the particles outside the system and b) by the value of the mass-particle that are in consideration (such as Solar System). The square magnitude of this vector as we postulated before defines the value of Newton Gravitational Constant accordingly this expression:

.

As far as the Electromagnetic field, its identification is not as straight forward as one would hope and as we will discuss it in more details in Section 8―Elec- tromagnetic and Other Vectors”, but for now we choose the vector to re- present Electromagnetic field.

The 3-index tensors and should be associated with mass-matter such as electron, protons, etc. We must emphasize the fact that this is a field approach to the description of Matter, which requires that these functions were strongly localized.

Jumping ahead we can say that equations of motion for these functions (and) are strictly non linear due to the fact that tensor of Total-Matter is proportional to a square of Tensor-Potential and thus square of and. The Lagrangian of the mass-matter, as one would expect, will be proportional to the square Total-Matter, will contains terms of fourth power with respect to 3-index tensors and. Instead of using two 3-index tensors and we―whenever it makes sense and specially in symbolic writing―will refer to a generic term defined as a “pair” of tensors. Or equivalently we can introduce one complex 3-index tensor (and for complex conjugate) with its real part to be tensor and its imaginary part the tensor.

which gives an alternative way to write the equations for the mass-matter―simi- lar to Quantum Mechanics.

The equations of motions for each variable can be obtained by means of variation of the Lagrangian density with respect to each particular variable― metric tensor, 4 vectors, , , and two 3-index tensors,.

In general this equations are linear second order partial derivatives with respect to each variable. But they are non-linear with respect to the first order derivatives since comes in the “n” power in Lagrangian (30). If we are interested to write equations for the Universe, we would have to do an averaging procedure for the matter (all fields), similarly to the way statistical physics derives its equations from basic Newton’s laws and equations.

There are couple issues in above described scheme. The above equations don’t look like the “typical” field theory equations of physics today, which are linear with respect to both second and first derivatives on unknown variable. There is also an issue of unknown parameters “n” (maximum “n”) and of expr. (30)―or just parameters if “n” is fixed to one value (say―which determine the exact expression for the Lagrangian.

Both of this problems could be rectified if we try to consider a “small” isolated system of particles and try to simplify the Lagrangian (30) using a “small” factor―small number of particle with respect to the number of particle in Galaxy or Universe. The original Lagrangian presented as a series by parameter. should lead to a standard Lagrangian of known in physic theories: Maxwell theory in case of Electromagnetism (vector field) and Einstein type equations (may be with the dark matter) for the metric tensor.

It is natural to assume that in this procedure―transferring from general Lagrangian to a “small system” Lagrangian―there will be some “unwanted” and/or unphysical terms that should be vanishing. This will set some requirements on the parameters, which should lead to a set of equations on these’s that will determine their actual values.

What important here is that this procedure will also deliver Lagrangians (and thus equations) for “other” 4 fields―2 vectors, , and two 3-index tensors,. And that is the benefit of the “Unification” procedure.

In this scheme (procedure) we are allowed to eliminate some terms (almost at will), but we are not allowed to add any terms that we would like to have. The Eddington Affine unification is the only basis for all the terms that could be available in the final field theory of the Matter. And as we will show it would be sufficient enough to generate both Gravitational and Electromagnetic theories. It also will generate the field theory (albeit non linear) for the mass-matter (proton, electron, etc.).

Per our main postulate that the Gravitational vector has much greater value than any other field, we can separate the Total-Matter Ricci tensor――on large Gravitational field and the “conventional” Matter

and write it as a series with respect to the parameter:

where is a tensor proportional Tensor-Potential, which represent the Matter in a way we understand it―that is all the Matter without the Gravitational vector.

So for the “small system” of isolated Matter (or in vacuum, where) in the first order of approximation the Ricci contraction has this expression:

It would seem to be logical to choose parameters and to be such that the term proportional to vanishes.

In this case the Lagrangian and the equations of motion for the Tensor- Potential in the first order of approximation are governed by metric tensor. If we add to this requirement an other one:―which as we will see in the section “Electromagnetic and Other Vector Fields” is dictated by the desire to obtain description for Electromagnetic field in Maxwell form (or almost Maxwell form)―we will have this equation for constant:.

As we will see it later, the truly must requirement out above two is the last one:. The first requirement it’s not that important, but it makes the presentation a visibly “better looking”.

In the end of this section we would like to note that if more rigorous analysis shows that 16 equations (29) is not enough for complete definition of the metric, we can always add 4 more linear equations corresponding to setting the vector to zero.

In this section we will derive the Lagrangian of a “small system” of Matter and by doing so try to determine the requirements for determining the -parameters of the general Lagrangian (30).

We begin this procedure with setting a small parameter and writing the Lagrangian in the series with respect to it. In our case the small parameter is, where is the number of particles in the “small system” and is the number of particles outside of our “small system” that create the background metric. The small parameter can also be expressed in terms of Grav- vector. Our main postulate is that the gravitational field generated by all particles accumulates and reaches very high value. “Small” here means that the collective gravitational field of the “small” system is much smaller than the value of the gravitational field created by all the particle surrounding (outside) our “small” test system. In this case gravitational field of the outside (the Galaxy or the Universe) particles could be considered constant and equal its value at infinity of “small system”. The total then Gravitational field of our “small system” can be written as and.

As the first step of the procedure we should write the tensor of Total-Matter and Ricci Total-Matter tensor, defined by expr. (9) as a series by parameter―the magnitude of vector thus separating out large Gravitational field and the rest of the Matter. For tensor potential we have:

where is a Tensor-Potential of the Matter defined as the Tensor- Potential of the Total-Matter without the gravitational field. Using the above and the definition (30) we can produce the expression for the Total-Matter presented by the components that depend on vector and the rest of the matter presented by the tensor:

where is a unit vector of, is a standard Riemann geometric curvature tensor defined by metric of the space and the tensor of Matter is defined the same way as the tensor except to the presence of the

Grav-vector―.

Tensor is a linear function of the tensors (or its patrs and) and it is formed when we calculate the quadratic terms of expr. (9) as well as covariant derivatives for associated with parameters thru (such as). The exact expression for is rather lengthy and will be given later. The important part is that it linearly depends on the fully symmetric tensor, torsion type tensors and depending on the choice of parameters -s (as well as and) it might also include the vectors, ,.

The tensor of Matter is defined the same way as the tensor except without the vector and depends only on two traceless 3-index tensors, and 3 vector field, ,. At this point the exact expression for the tensor of Matter as a function of the 3-index tensors, and the vector field, , is not important and and will be considered in more details in the following sections. However it needs to be mentioned that they are determined by (describe by) the “small system”.

The expression for above seems to imply that values the terms and are of the same order of magnitude as the terms of the “small system” Matter. This is actually not the case. According to Einstein’s General Relativity (and there is no reason to doubt it as a first order approximation) the metric tensor

is a small deviation from the Minkowski space:, where

is the distance from the Mass, is a proton’s mass and is the number of particles. Metric is defined up to the constant and if we consider instead of (where is a Plank length), we will get this expression for the metric as a function of the distance [36] :

This expression gives a good (except for the sign) physical description of the metric. It splits it on two part: metric at an infinity and the metric due to the presence of the matter only―the form one would expect to see in any linear approximation. From the expr. (41) follows that written in this form the metric tensor has units, which well with an agreement with the Einstein equation for the, where Energy-Momentum tensor is expressed in the units and thus has units). Another words the correct way to write approximate linearizion (with respect to the large parameter) of me-

tric is, where is the metric defined by the “small system”.

From this follows that the Riemann tensor. So if we introduce a new tensor it will be of the order of magnitude of the Matter that created it. So we can write the last term of (40) as:

We should expect similar situation, if consider a gravitational field, that is extremely large at infinity (created by outside mass―Galaxy or Universe). But if we write a similar expression for vector (for its time component),

which has units of, we run into a bit of trouble:

Substituting in this formula values for our Solar system―10⁵⁷ number of particles of Sun, 10⁸ km for the distance to the Sun―we will get that “an addition” due to Solar system is several orders of magnitude higher that the value at infinity: and.

This problem can be removed is we assume that the vector that defines the “addition” of Grav-field is not the vector, but its “square”. In this case for the total value of the vector we have the expression similar to the metric tensor component:

Taking this into a count we can rewrite in the form that reflects its proper value with respect to the magnitude of the vector.

In this form the term is defined by the “small system” in consideration and the factor defines the “scale” as compared to the “small

system” terms. Taking into considerations expr. (42) and (45), we can write the tensor of Total-Matter (expr. (40 line 1) in this symbolic form:

Thoughout this paper we will use square-vector when we are dealing with variable and we will continue to use scalar to indicate the scale in the series decomposition.

The next step in writing the Lagrangian (30) is to calculate the Ricci for

The tensor can be calculated using expr. (46) and symbolically written as:

where all “” tensors are 2-index symmetrical tensors. For and tensors we have:

And using we get these expressions for and:

And finally in order to write the Lagrangian (30) we need to calculate the. For our purposes it would be enough to have its first two orders of approximation: The expression for can be explicitly calculated using the above expressions:

where, , and are all invariants of appropriate terms of the tensor. We note that in the expression above the invariant after of being pulled out square root could be simply omitted. This effectively the same as setting to 1. Also we need to point here that because in the expr. (48) terms containing come only with a factor, as it will be shown later, could be ignored.

Using all that we indicated above we can now calculate the Lagrangian density for the “small system” as a series by parameter:

Opening all the square parentheses we can present the Lagrangian density in explicit form of series with respect to parameter G.

First we need to point out that since is a tensor compose of the metric tensor and a pair of unit vectors, its any power (―any n) also will be compose of of the same two tensors and. Another words, in symbolic writing. In second, since “” is a form contraction, then writing in symbolic form we can drop the “” identification. It is not difficult to see that the final expression (in symbolic writing) has the same form for any “n”. As we will see in the next paragraphs there will be some unwanted terms that we would require to vanish. By increasing the number “n” we increase the number of coefficients and thus make it possible to vanish those unwanted terms:

(53)

where we labeled some bracket with a sub-script, , etc. for easier identification.

The main experimental fact of the physics today is that the law of nuclear physics do not depend on the gravitational field. Meaning that if we set a (non moving) lab near our Sun or on a satellite at the edge of Solar system we will observe the same (or almost the same) physics law and measure the same proton mass and charge and the same quantum levels for hydrogen as we see them on Earth.

That means that the most significant term in the Lagrangian above should be the terms with the square of first derivatives of Tensor-Potential or the terms. That also means that all the terms in the square bracket― which much higher order of magnitude―must vanish. This can be achieved by choosing appropriate constants and -s of expr. (53). After dropping terms, we get this expression for the Lagrangian density:

Similarly, the most important terms that contain square (the quadratic terms) are proportional to the factor. However, there are terms that exist in the brackets and, which come into the Lagrangian with

much higher factor of the parameter. For that reason all the terms in the

brackets and must vanish. In addition, because the equations of motion for the Tensor-Potential is defined by the terms, the terms in the square bracket and which come with much smaller factor and respectively could be dropped as well as the all terms with the factor and smaller. And finally, as we will show few paragraphs below, the Lagrangian is of order. However the terms in the bracket come with a factor and thus much higher order. This means that the terms in the bracket must vanish. Not all these additional requirements are new. For example, it can be shown (as we will see in few paragraphs later) that using partial integration the the terms could be written as a sum of the terms in the brackets and the terms proportional to.

After dropping the “unwanted” terms and restoring the summations by “power n” and by all invariants, we will have this expression for the Lagrangian of the Total-Matter of the “small system”:

In the expression above we sub-divided the Lagrangian on three groups of terms separated by signs. The first group represents the Lagrangian of the Matter, the second one is similar to Einstein Lagrangian and includes the curvature tensor (actually) by itself and the third group has the terms as well as the curvature terms in a product with “mass-matter” terms. The latter comes with a very small factor. We must remember that all invariants in expr (55) are formed by either metric tensor or by a pair of unit

vectors or by both simultaneously (ex.). The second group of terms consists of only two terms: and

. It is not difficult to show that the term belongs to the terms and thus could be combined with them, or effectively dropped. The term, , is in fact the Einstein scalar curvature invariant. It is important to point out that existence of this term is absolutely essential. With out it, as can shown (see section “Gravitation”), the equations of motions for the metric are incomplete. So before we continue, we need to demonstrate that there is at least one invariant in the expr. (30) that yields the Einstein invariant. And because we are interested only in terms we can consider it in vacuum or effectively drop all other variables (set as well to zero).

Let us consider the following second order invariant with

Our goal here is to calculate the linear with respect to Riemann curvature terms. Strait forward calculations give this result:

Continue with calculation of L we get:

Thus we showed that the terms is possible.

In addition this term has one more “interesting” property. Even though the tensor is about the same order of magnitude as the Matter of “small system” that defines it――the Lagrangian of scalar curvature――is of much small order of magnitude (as it is in General Relativity). The reason for that is that the highest values of of are in second derivatives of metric, which can be converted (by way of partial integration) to a surface integral, or in a effect dropped. That leave the the Lagrangian to be proportional to the square of first derivatives of metric and that means to be proportional to the, which makes that Lagrangian to be of the same order of magnitude as the rems Taking this into a account we can write the final expression for the Lagrangian of the Total-Matter as composition of the Lagrangian of the Matter and of the Gravitational Lagrangian:

where, , , and are constants, which are linear combinations of of Lagrangian (30). The above Lagrangian could be written in a generic (phenomenological) form subdividing it on two sub-Lagrangians―and, each associated with the figure bracket of expr. (59) above with corresponding sub-indeces.

where includes the terms associated with all forms of Matter (except the Gravitational field and the metric curvature) and the Lagrangian which includes gravitational square-vector and the curvature tensor built on the metric tensor. Both sub-Lagrangians are defined by “small system” (Matter) only. However the sub-Lagrangian comes with a very

small factor. This small factor for a “small system” serves as an universal Gravitational constant.

Such presentation of the Total-Matter Lagrangian on and parts is not exactly perfect in a sense that there are some interaction terms that sort of hidden from obvious view. For example the Lagrangian depends on metric (albeit with a small factor). This dependence is of the same order of magnitude as the. Or dependence of on the unity vector, which produces also terms similar to.

The equation of motion are obtained by variation of the Lagrangian density with respect to the Tensor-Potential, Gravitational square- vector and the space metric. One can use this Lagrangian written in covariant form to get the system of equations for each variable, , , and. Such equations―that include metric and covariant derivatives―might be particular beneficial when the “small system” become very large such as our Solar system or maybe a Galaxy where number of particles (and thus its Gravitational field) become comparable to the Gravitational field at the infinity. However, for the description of atomic world―where the―such set of equations is overkill and much simpler Lagrangian form could be derived from (59). The new Lagrangian will transfer the curved time-space description (or Lagrangian) into the standard physical description of Matter―both atomic and Gravitational―as some functions on a flat Minkowski space.

Even though the Lagrangian (59) above is written in covariant form it is―due to the fact that we derived it as a series by parameter and because we neglected (dropped out) the terms proportional to and smaller―only correct in its first approximation with regard to. For that reasons we will rewrite the Lagrangian as a series of the parameter, where all functions, marked as “bar” (e.x.), are defined on flat space. The system of coordinates could be chosen in such a way that the tensor in the first order of approximation has a Minkowski form and where the vector has only time coordinate. The indeces of the bar variables are raised by Minkowski metric.

For the metric and geometric Christoffel symbols we get this approximation:

For the vector field we have these relations:

The tensors and cannot be simply transfer to (and) due to its “traceless” conditions, which as we would expect will transfer to. However, the direct calculations give this expression:

These difficulties could be resolved if we introduce the new variables accordingly these expressions:

And if, we get satisfies the condition.

Similarly, the transition from to goes by these expressions:

And if, we get satisfies the condition.

The covariant derivatives of tensor (or and) transition to “bar” variables accordingly these expressions:

It is important here to note that since the fully symmetric tensors and torsion type tensor are defined thru the tensor with all indeces down, the transition to “bar” variables must be done on the tensor and (or) with all indeces being low. So, for example, , but .

Using the expressions (61) thru (66) we can easily get that the Lagrangian of the Matter has this linear (in terms of) form:

where is a symmetrical tensor and is a vector, which is derived from the fact that Lagrangian contains terms with the unity vector.

With regard to the tensor it is important to point out that because the metric tensor comes into the tensor of Matter and thus Lagrangian not only algebraically, but also in covariant derivatives and into flat-space presentations of the tensor (see expr. (66)), the symmetrical tensor includes (and not equal to) the Energy-Momentum tensor. As an exception, it’s not difficult to see that in particular case of Maxwell Lagrangian―due to the fact that is contains only a low index vector, contains no unit vector and contains no co-variant derivatives―the and is the tensor of energy-momentum of the Electromagnetic field. Also, it need to be mentioned that in vacuum both tensors and vanish.

If we consider the interaction terms of the Gravitational Lagrangian―

and―we can make this observation: because it

comes with a factor, the transition to the “bar” variables” are strait for

ward―simply replace all sub-fields with the “bar” ones―, , , and the determinate could be set to one. Also the geometric Riemann tensor in these “curved space”-Matter interaction terms could be replace by its linear part, which are second derivatives of metric―.

More care need to be taken for the derivatives of the vector. The covariant derivatives of can be written in this form:

The most general expression for the has only 8 terms with -coeffi- cient attached to each one.

with -s being constants depending on the -s constants of the Lagrangian (30).

This expression contains 3 groups of terms:, and.

The exact expression for the and can be easily calculated using expr. (69) which we will do in the following section. Combining (67) and (70) together we get this expression for the:

The linearized expression for the action integral for just Einstein term could be obtained in this manner:

Both underlined terms vanish thru the means of partial integrations, so the final form for the action integral for the Einstein terms has this form:

We can see from this that Einstein term is of the same form―in terms of order of magnitude and in terms of variables (and) as the linearized form of the Lagrangian in expr. (71).

Combining all sub-Lagrangians together―expression (71) and (73)―we can write the final expression for the linear, with respect the factor approximation of the Lagrangian of Total-Matter:

The Lagrangian above represents exactly the physical phenomenon that we postulated at the beginning of this paper. The equations of motion for Matter, which includes mass-particle (tensor), electromagnetic field (vector field) as well as two other vector fields (and) do not depend on the metric and/or grav-vector. Their description is well determined by set of equations written in flat Minkowski space.

The description of metric and Grav-vector could be presented as a correction and to a constant (flat) space and constant grav-field. The equations for corrections has a traditional flat space field description with each one of them having a source defined by mass-matter and vector fields, electromagnetic field and.

The terms grouped in the Lagrangian represent a coupling (inter-dependence) of the metric and. In the “Gravitation” section it will be shown that these equations could be decoupled using a “gage” requirements for the metric, which is defined up to 4 functions associated with arbitrarily system of coordinates. And by doing so we will effectively separate out a “chosen” or “rest” system of coordinate from all inertial system of coordinates.

We will address in greater details the equations of motion for each variable in their corresponding sections―“Gravitation” for and, “Electromagnetic and Other Fields” for, , and “Mass-Matter (Elementary Particles)” for.

Before we proceed writing the equations for each of these fields we would like make few general comments:

1) The Lagrangian (74) is a in effect the Einstein’s Lagrangian where Grav- vector is a dark matter and the magnitude of the Grav-vector serving as gravitational constant.

It worth pointing out that the form of the Lagrangian of the Total-Matter is identical to the standard General Relativity written in slightly different manner, where we multiply the Lagrangian of General relativity by a constant, express the Lagrangian and thus the Energy-Momentum tensor in units and write approximation for metric tensor in a form:

2) According to this theoretical derivations using Affine Unification this Lagrangian is a linear approximation for a system of masses (like our Solar system and smaller), where Grav-field created by the system is a small addition to the already existing Grav-field created by the masses outside of our system―such as our Galaxy, or group of Galaxies, or the entire Universe. It is for that reasons, the considerations of Universe models taken Einstein equations as a starting point (with or without Dark Matter) might not be a justified approach. We will address the issue again in the section “Cosmology”.

3) We derive this Lagrangian from the Unified Affine description by imposing certain requirements on parameters―see expr. (30)―in order for this theory to be non contradicting to the common experimental facts and to common sense. But as we continue investigating the equations of motions for each unknown variable we might (and more likely will) need to impose more requirements on. What is important here is that these requirements simply outlaw some terms in the final Lagrangian. However, we are totally controlled by the “affine derivation” to the degree what type of terms is allowed to be present as a part of the Lagrangian.

4) Regarding vanishing of “unwanted” by means of setting some requirements on the -constants we would like to point out to the fact that there is of course much easier way of removing unwanted terms in the general Lagrangian. In stead doing of the calculation and finding the right -s, thru solving all the equation-conditions that one places on -s, we can simple postulate that this term in the Lagrangian of the Total-Matter is zero. For example, in stead of searching for -s such that, we could take a Lagrangian almost at will and then place a requirement that the terms of the Lagrangian proportional to is zero. Express in the “Lagrange coefficients” this would effectively add one more unknown function (call it) as a dynamic variable. Between removing all terms proportional to (n = 4, 3, 2, 1, and −1) and some unacceptable terms inside the Lagrangian for the Matter and Lagrangian for the gravitational field and there will be somewhere around dozen or so such new unknown functions.

The problem with such approach is its universality. This method could be apply to any Lagrangian and thus totally leaving unanswered the question how this Lagrangian actually looks. Another words, we have no idea which Lagrangian (out of thousand or so) we should really choose. The approach that we took in this paper (defining the -s) is much more complex precisely because it actually defines (selects) the right Lagrangian. However, if we outrun number of available constants or get a contradiction in the constants’ values, it is much more realistic to envision a mid-point situation that most requirements (such for example that involve the vector fields, and) for vanishing “unwanted” terms can be met thru the form of Lagrangian (-s) and thru the form of Total-Matter (-s). The remaining non-vanishing terms would be related to only one group of functions (or and) could be vanished by introduction of Lagrange-coefficients.

This section deals with equations of motion for the square-vector and the metric Let us again write the flat-space Lagrangian of the Total-Matter:

where are set of constants linearly depending on the -s constants of expr. (69), which by themselves are functions of the -constants of the Lagrangian, and where are the terms that all came from decomposition (writing) of covariant derivatives of the Lagrangian―see expr. (59)―on three groups: a) square of partial derivatives of; b) square if partial derivatives of and c) the product of.

The first group with some simple manipulations (like partial integration) could be written in this form:

Since in Minkowski space the unit vector, the equations above could be written in somewhat more explicit (if not simpler) form where we use “0” as time coordinate.

Although for derivation of equations for by variation of is better to use expr. (76) and switch to Minkowski coordinate at the very end. Thus variation of the term we get The same form of writing (zero instead of time coordinate) can be applied to the others sub-Lagrangians of the. For, example the term can be written as this:

where by square bracket with appropriate label (in parentheses) we indicated to which sub-Lagrangian which terms belong. The “interaction” part of the Lagrangian―terms―could also be written (thru partial integrations) in the form. Using this form of writing the Gravitational sub-Lagrangians, and can be written in this form:

In the expr above we for the sake of uniformity replaced with The above Lagrangian is a quadratic with respect to the first derivative of either metric or grav-field, which will produce linear system of equations for each variable. However due to their interactions―Lagrangian―the equations of motion will have “interactive” form, meaning that equations for grav-vector will include metric and vice-versa. In symbolic form these equations could be written as:

This “interaction” could be removed is we request that metric tensor satisfies some conditions―the gage. It is not difficult to see that contains 12 terms:

The number of terms can be reduced to 8, if we consider a “gage” procedure, which comes form the following considerations. Variation of the gravitational Lagrangian (expr. (74)) by produce a sets of 10 equations for space metric in Minkowski space. However this system has 4 more functions than needed. Metric has only 6 independent functions as in equations above have all 10. This can be fixed by imposing 4 additional conditions on the metric functions―so call “gage”―which takes a form of first order partial derivatives of the metric tensor. In Landau [36] for example the gage has this form. This gage condition reflects the fact that the Minkowski space―as asymptotic at infinity―is not uniquely defined, and the linear equations of “gage” removes this uncertainty.

Imposing such a gage we select one particular system of coordinates (or one group of systems of coordinates―like inertial one) as prefer one, compared to all others. One would hope that such selection is governed by a some general physical principle―like, for example, a system in which the laws of conservation have simple form. In our case we choose the gage in order to simplify the expr. (76) for the gravitational Lagrangian, which could be phrased in the physical manner: “the system of coordinates where Grav-vector and metric do not interact”.

The most general form linear first order expression for the gage has this expression:

If we apply “gage” relation to the underlined terms in expr. (84) we will reduce to only 8 terms:

This “interaction” terms could be vanished, if we add to the 5 gage -con- stants 3 more constants associated with transitioning to new (“shifted”) variable accordingly to the following linear expressions:

Applying the gage (85) and the “shift” (87) we will transfer the expr. (81) into a expression where has this form:

Demanding that vanishes―each figure bracket should be zero―pro- duces 8 equations for 8 unknown constants (thru and, ,), which yield this solutions for the gage’s and for the “shift”’s thru the constants’s. From eq. for (line 1) we get explicit value for the. From eq. for the (line 4) we get an explicit value for. The other 6 equations splits on 2 groups of 3 each―one for, , and the other for, ,

What important here is that these constants thru and thru are uniquely defined by the constants -s of the Lagrangian. After removing the interaction Lagrangian of metric and grav-field the gravitational Lagrangian can be written as:

The “double dash” in the reflects the fact that get additional terms due to the transition from to accordingly. The terms repre- sent the gage―see expr. (85). The equations of motion for the Grav-vector and are “standard” non-interactive vector equations with its source and “Einstein-like” equations for the metric field with its source.

For the gravitational vector we have:

I vacuum, written in components (t, x, y, z) or, these interconnected equations in the “rest” system coordinates will have this form:

The equation for obtained by variation of the Lagrangian (90) by leads to the equations:

And the “gage” equation is obtained by variation of with respect to Lagrange multiplier.

All constants in the above equations (93) and (94) are the linear combinations of the constants associated with the choice of the Lagrangian of the Total- Matter―see expr. (30)―and the -constants of “gage”.

Let us emphasize that the equations (93) and (94) are the first order approximation with respect to parameter (―Plank length and― atomic length) for the system with N number of particles. The functions and, which are small addition to Minkowski metric and constant time vector correspondingly, are defined by only number of particles N and by parameters of atomic scale: speed of light “c”, Plank’s constant, and particle mass (for proton).

In non-static case the equations of motions (93) for the could be, depending on the value of the -constants, either hyperbolic (when and) or elliptic (when and). The hyperbolic equations, like for Electromagnetic field, allow the field to exist (and propagate) on itself. On the other hand, the field governed he elliptic equations is not allowed independent existence of the time-oscillating field in vacuum. In elliptic equations the field will modify itself (thus will have time depending behavior), but it will quickly decay to zero any king of oscillating harmonics that it produces.

It is important to note that the possibility of elliptic equations are only due to the existence of unit vector or to existence of Gravitational vector (or).

It is always assumed that all equations of Nature are hyperbolic due to the fact that they are governed by Minkowski metric. That also means that equations for metric (as it is in General Relativity) must be hyperbolic. And thus must allow Gravitational waves (metric waves) similar to Electromagnetic waves [37] [38] . However, the fact that the LIGO project that ran for almost 50 years had not be able to detect the Grav-waves, might indicate that they don’t exist. In other words, the equations for both Grav-vector (or) and metric are not hyperbolic, but rather elliptical. If we consider a rotation of the Earth around the Sun (or Sun around the center of Galaxy), then from point of view of hyperbolic equations (even if we consider only General Relativity), the change of the metric (as the Earth moves so does the metric created by it) must produce waves (just like moving charge make Electromagnetic waves), which due to the “hyperbolicity” of equations runs away or “radiate” out taking with it some energy and thus forcing the orbit to decay and in the end for Earth (or Sun) to fall on the center of mass against which it rotates. However, if we assume that the equations for the Earth metric is governed by elliptical equations, we get totally different picture. The law of conservation of Energy-Momentum would state that flux on the surface due to the exponential decay in time is zero (no radiation). That means that the change of Total-Energy of Earth-Sun interaction is constant. And that means no degradation of the Earth orbit. The “radiation” from the star (or in our case from the Earth) is possible, but not by metric radiation”, but by emitting some Matter. If we choose our -constants based on the requirements to vanish “unwanted” terms―see expr. (53) and on―there is “50-50” chance that the equations for or turns out to be hyperbolically or elliptical. That means that we would need to impose additional requirement on them to be one way or the other. And if we choose it to be elliptical, the question is: should it be both or only one. The simple answer is both. It would seem to be logical that the pair and are tide together and thus have similar form of description― both elliptical.

Let us now discuss the fluxes and that defines the Grav-vector (or) and the metric accordingly. As we mentioned before the gravitational vector is a square-vector and thus has units. Its second derivative and thus the flux will have units, which is the same as energy-momentum tensor (measured in units). And it seems to be logical for the macroscopic system―with large number of particles to equate the flux with component of the tensor energy-momentum