In this article, we present approximate solution of the two-dimensional singular nonlinear mixed Volterra-Fredholm integral equations (V-FIE), which is deduced by using new strategy (combined Laplace homotopy perturbation method (LHPM)). Here we consider the V-FIE with Cauchy kernel. Solved examples illustrate that the proposed strategy is powerful, effective and very simple.
The V-FIE arises from parabolic boundary value problems. Many authors have interested in solving the linear and nonlinear integral equation. The time collocation method was introduced by Pachpatta [
We consider the nonlinear mixed V-FIE with a generalized singular kernel
φ ( ℵ , t ) = g ( ℵ , t ) + λ ∫ 0 t ∫ Ω F ( t , ζ ) k ( | ℵ − η | ) γ ( η , ζ , φ ( η , ζ ) ) d η d ζ (1)
The functions k ( | ℵ − η | ) , F ( t , ζ ) and g ( ℵ , t ) are given and called the kernel of Fredholm integral term, Volterra integral term and the free term respectively and λ ≠ 0 denotes a (real or complex) parameter. Also, Ω is the domain of integration with respect to position, and the time t , ζ ∈ [ 0 , T ˜ ] , T ˜ < ∞ . While φ ( ℵ , t ) is the unknown function to be determined in the space L p ( Ω ) × C [ 0 , T ˜ ] . The existence and uniqueness results for Equation (1) were found in [
Many authors have studied solutions of linear and nonlinear integral equations by utilizing different techniques, for example Abdou et al. in [
With the quick advancement of nonlinear sciences, many analytical and numerical techniques have been produced and developed by various scientists, for example, the HPM introduced by He [
In this article, we present new strategy which is the combined LHPM to obtain approximate solutions with high degree of accuracy for the nonlinear mixed V-FIE with a generalized Cauchy kernel.
In this section, we will present the HPM. We consider a general integral equation
L φ = 0 (2)
where L is an integral operator. Define a convex homotopy H ⌣ ( ϑ , ℘ ) by
H ⌣ ( ϑ , ℘ ) = ( 1 − ℘ ) Ϝ ( ϑ ) + ℘ L ( ϑ ) = 0 , ℘ ∈ [ 0 , 1 ] , (3)
where Ϝ ( ϑ ) is a functional operator with solution ϑ 0 . Then
H ⌣ ( ϑ , 0 ) = Ϝ ( ϑ ) = 0 , H ⌣ ( ϑ , 1 ) = L ( ϑ ) = 0 , (4)
and the process of changing ℘ from 0 to 1 is just that of changing ϑ from ϑ 0 to φ . In topology, this is called deformation. Ϝ ( ϑ ) and L ( ϑ ) are called homotopies.
According to the HPM, we can use the embedding parameter ℘ as a “small parameter”, and assume that the solution of Equation (3) can be written as a power series in ℘ :
ϑ = φ 0 + ℘ φ 1 + ℘ 2 φ 2 + ⋯ (5)
when ℘ → 1 , the approximate solution of Equation (2) is obtained with
φ = lim ℘ → 1 ϑ = φ 0 + φ 1 + φ 2 + ⋯ (6)
The series Equation (6) is convergent for most cases; however, the rate of convergence depends upon the nonlinear operator L [
To illustrate the HPM, for nonlinear mixed V-FIE let us consider the Equation (1)
H ⌣ ( ϑ , ℘ ) = ϑ ( ℵ , t ) − g ( ℵ , t ) − ℘ λ ∫ 0 t ∫ Ω F ( t , ζ ) k ( | ℵ − η | ) γ ( η , ζ , ϑ ( η , ζ ) ) d η d ζ = 0 (7)
By the HPM, we can expand ϑ ( ℵ , t ) into the form
ϑ ( ℵ , t ) = φ 0 ( ℵ , t ) + ℘ φ 1 ( ℵ , t ) + ℘ 2 φ 2 ( ℵ , t ) + ⋯ (8)
and the approximate solution is
φ ( ℵ , t ) = lim ℘ → 1 ϑ ( ℵ , t ) = φ 0 ( ℵ , t ) + φ 1 ( ℵ , t ) + φ 2 ( ℵ , t ) + ⋯ (9)
and in sum, according to [
γ ( φ ) = ∑ i = 0 ∞ ℘ i H ⌣ i = H ⌣ 0 + ℘ H ⌣ 1 + ℘ 2 H ⌣ 2 + ⋯ , (10)
where H ′ n s are the so-called He’s polynomials [
H ⌣ n = 1 n ∂ n ∂ ℘ n [ γ ( η , ζ , ∑ i = 0 ∞ ℘ i φ i ) ] ℘ = 0 , n = 0 , 1 , 2 , ⋯ (11)
Substituting (8) and (10) into (7) and equating the terms with identical powers of ℘ , we have
℘ 0 : φ 0 ( ℵ , t ) = g ( ℵ , t ) , ℘ i + 1 : φ i + 1 ( ℵ , t ) = λ ∫ 0 t ∫ Ω F ( t , ζ ) k ( | ℵ − η | ) H ⌣ i d η d ζ , i ≥ 0 (12)
The components φ i ( ℵ , t ) , i ≥ 0 can be computing by using the recursive relations (12).
We assume that the kernel k ( | ℵ − η | ) of Equation (7) takes the form
k ( | ℵ − η | ) = 1 ( ℵ 2 − η 2 )
Applying the Laplace transform to both sides of Equation (7), we represent the linear term ϑ ( ℵ , t ) from Equation (8) and the nonlinear term γ ( η , ζ , ϑ ( η , ζ ) ) will be represented by the He’s polynomials from Equation (10) and equating the terms with identical powers of ℘ , we have:
℘ 0 : l { φ 0 ( ℵ , t ) } = l { g ( ℵ , t ) } , ℘ i + 1 : l { φ i + 1 ( ℵ , t ) } = λ l [ { F ( t , ζ ) } { k ( | ℵ − η | ) } { H ⌣ i } ] , i ≥ 0 (13)
Applying the inverse Laplace transform to the first part of Equation (13) gives φ 0 ( ℵ , t ) , that will define H ⌣ 0 . Utilizing H ⌣ 0 will enable us to evaluate φ 1 ( ℵ , t ) . The determination of φ 0 ( ℵ , t ) and φ 1 ( ℵ , t ) leads to the determination of H ⌣ 1 that will allows us to determine φ 2 ( ℵ , t ) , and so on. This in turn will lead to the complete determination of the components of φ i , i ≥ 0 , upon utilizing the second part of Equation (13). The series solution follows immediately after using Equation (9). The obtained series solution may converge to an exact solution if such a solution exists.
Example 5.1 [
Consider the linear mixed V-FIE with a generalized Cauchy kernel
φ ( ℵ , t ) = g ( ℵ , t ) + λ ∫ 0 t ∫ − 1 1 ζ 2 1 ( ℵ 2 − η 2 ) φ ( η , ζ ) d η d ζ (14)
λ = 1.5 , N = 20 , theexactsolution φ ( ℵ , t ) = ℵ 5 t 6
we obtain
Example 5.2 [
Consider the nonlinear mixed V-FIE with a generalized Cauchy kernel
φ ( ℵ , t ) = g ( ℵ , t ) + λ ∫ 0 t ∫ − 1 1 ζ 2 1 ( ℵ 2 − η 2 ) φ 3 ( η , ζ ) d η d ζ (15)
λ = 1.5 , N = 20 , theexactsolution φ ( ℵ , t ) = ℵ 5 t 6
we obtain
The results for this examples using the LHPM obtained in
| Exact | App. | Error | |
|---|---|---|---|
| t = 0.03 | |||
| −1.00E+00 | −7.29000E−10 | −7.28829E−10 | 1.71000E−13 |
| −8.00E−01 | −2.38879E−10 | −2.38850E−10 | 2.90000E−14 |
| −6.00E−01 | −5.66870E−11 | −5.66841E−11 | 2.90000E−15 |
| 6.00E−01 | 5.66870E−11 | 5.66899E−11 | 2.90000E−15 |
| 8.00E−01 | 2.38879E−10 | 2.38908E−10 | 2.90000E−14 |
| 1.00E+00 | 7.29000E−10 | 7.29171E−10 | 1.71000E−13 |
| t = 0.7 | |||
| −1.00E+00 | −1.17649E−01 | −1.04112E−01 | 1.35370E−02 |
| −8.00E−01 | −3.855120E−02 | −3.61709E−02 | 2.38030E−03 |
| −6.00E−01 | −9.14839E−03 | −8.90295E−03 | 2.45440E−04 |
| 6.00E−01 | 9.14839E−03 | 9.40544E−03 | 2.57050E−04 |
| 8.00E−01 | 3.85512E−02 | 4.12071E−02 | 2.65590E−03 |
| 1.00E+00 | 1.17649E−01 | 1.34400E−01 | 1.67510E−02 |
| Exact | App. | Error | |
|---|---|---|---|
| t = 0.03 | |||
| −1.00E+00 | −7.29000E−10 | −7.29000E−10 | 0.0000E+00 |
| −8.00E−01 | −2.38879E−10 | −2.38879E−10 | 0.0000E+00 |
| −6.00E−01 | −5.66870E−11 | −5.66870E−11 | 0.0000E+00 |
| 6.00E−01 | 5.66870E−11 | 5.66870E−11 | 0.0000E+00 |
| 8.00E−01 | 2.38879E−10 | 2.38879E−10 | 0.0000E+00 |
| 1.00E+00 | 7.29000E−10 | 7.29000E−10 | 0.0000E+00 |
| t = 0.7 | |||
| −1.00E+00 | −1.17649E−01 | −1.17573E−01 | 7.60000E−05 |
| −8.00E−01 | −3.85512E−02 | −3.85499E−02 | 1.30000E−06 |
| −6.00E−01 | −9.14839E−03 | −9.14838E−03 | 1.10000E−08 |
| 6.00E−01 | 9.14839E−03 | 9.14840E−03 | 1.80000E−08 |
| 8.00E−01 | 3.85512E−02 | 3.85525E−02 | 1.30000E−06 |
| 1.00E+00 | 1.17649E−01 | 1.17725E−01 | 7.60000E−05 |
In this article, we proposed LHPM and used it for solving nonlinear mixed V- FIE with a generalized singular kernel. As examples show, the displayed technique diminishes the computational difficulties of other methods. An interesting feature of this method is that the error is too small and all the calculations can be done straightforward. It can be concluded that LHPM is a very simple, powerful and effective method.
The authors would like to thank the king Abdulaziz city for science and technology.
Hendi, F.A. and Al-Qarni, M.M. (2017) Numerical Solution of Nonlinear Mixed Integral Equation with a Generalized Cauchy Kernel. Applied Ma- thematics, 8, 209-214. https://doi.org/10.4236/am.2017.82017