Ectopic pregnancy (EP) refers to the blastocyst implantation outside the uterine cavity endometrium with over 92.5% implanting in the fallopian tube [1] [2] . The incidence of EP in the UK (11.1/1000 pregnancies) is similar to that in other countries, such as Norway (14.9/1000) and Australia (16.2/1000) [3] .

Ectopic pregnancy may be tubal which is the dominant site [4] , Cervical ectopic pregnancy (CEP) which is rare and represents only 0.15% of all EP [5] , Ovarian ectopic pregnancy (OEP) is one of the rarest variants, and incidence is estimated to be 0.15% - 3% of all diagnosed OEP [6] [7] .

EP is further common in women with previous history of pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) [8] and advancing maternal age [9] . Cigarette smoking is the major cause of one-third of all causes of EP [10] . The rate of tubal EP following in vitro fertilization (IVF) still remains higher (approximately 2% - 5%) than the rate of tubal EP with spontaneous pregnancy (1% - 2%) [9] [11] . Women with a previous history of EP also have an increased risk [12] . Some types of contraception, such as progestogen-only contraception and the intrauterine contraceptive device, are associated with an increased incidence of EP when there is contraceptive failure without necessarily increasing the absolute risk of EP [13] .

Recurrent pregnancy loss (RPL) is defined as two or more failed clinical pregnancies [14] . It is estimated that fewer than 5% of women will experience two consecutive miscarriages, and only 1% experience three or more [15] .

Recurrent implantation failure (RIF) was defined as failure to achieve clinical pregnancy after 3 or more embryo transfers with high quality embryos or the transfer of ≥10 embryos in multiple transfers; exact numbers need to be determined [16] .

Both of these previous two conditions have many similar risk factors and etiologies such as anatomic uterine factor [17] , inherited [18] or acquired thrombophilia [19] , cytogenetic abnormality [20] , male factor [21] and infection such as endometritis [22] .

The aim of this study is to evaluate the risk of ectopic pregnancy in cases with RIF and RPL.

1) Study design: retrospective cohort study.

2) Settings: the study was conducted at Elshat by maternity university hospital for cases of recurrent pregnancy loss and recurrent implantation failure attending the hospital from January 2016 till December 2016. This study has been approved by national research ethics committee and has been performed in accordance with the ethical standards as laid down in the 1964 Declaration of Helsinki and its later amendments or comparable ethical standards.

3) Participants: 200 woman attending the infertility clinic; first 100 woman of RPL attending this year and 100 women of RIF of 107 women attending in this year.

RPL was defined as two or more failed clinical pregnancies [14] , while RIF was defined as failure to achieve clinical pregnancy after 3 or more embryo transfers with high quality embryos or the transfer of ≥10 embryos in multiple transfers; exact numbers to be determined [16] .

Inclusion criteria: women aged from 20 up to 37 year with past history of RPL or RIF.

Exclusion criteria: patients with mullerian anomalies, endometriosis and tubal factor infertility.

The files of the patients were revisited and analyzed to confirm inclusion criteria. Cases with past history of ectopic pregnancy were selected. Ectopic pregnancy was diagnosed by the appearance of extra uterine gestational sac by trans vaginal ultrasound scan with serum level of BHCG more than 1500 IU.

4) Statistical methodology:

Data were collected and entered to the computer using SPSS (Statistical Package for Social Science) program for statistical analysis (ver 21) [24] . Data were entered as numerical or categorical, as appropriate. When Kolmogorov-Smirnov test revealed no significance in the distribution of variables, parametric statistics was carried out, while in the not-normally distributed data the non-parametric statistics was carried out [25] . Data were described using minimum, maximum, median and inter-quartile range for not-normally distributed data. Categorical variables were described using frequency and percentage of total. Comparisons were carried out between two studied independent not-normally distributed subgroups using Mann-Whitney U test [26] . Chi-square test was used to test association between qualitative variables. Test for one proportion again population was carried using MedCalc Software version 14.

An alpha level was set to 5% with a significance level of 95%, and a beta error accepted up to 20% with a power of study of 80%.

Patients with recurrent implantation failure were statistically significantly older in age (Mdn = 34.00) (IQR: 38.75 - 50.00) when compared with those with recurrent pregnancy loss (Mdn = 30.00) (IQR: 36.00 - 51.00) (Z = 3.291, p = 0.001) (Table 1).

KS: Kolmogorov-Smirnov; *: Statistically significant (p < 0.05); NS: Statistically not significant (p > 0.05).

There was no statistically significant difference in the incidence of ectopic pregnancy in patients with recurrent ICSI failure (6.0%) when compared with those with recurrent pregnancy loss (8.0%) (X² = 0.307, p = 0.579) (Table 2). When the incidence of each group compared with the general population prevalence reported by Khan et al. (2006) [1] (1% - 2%), patients with recurrent ICSI failure showed statistically significant higher incidence of ectopic pregnancy (Z = 2.857, p = 0.0043); and also patient with recurrent pregnancy loss showed statistically significant higher incidence (Z = 4.286, p < 0.0001) (Table 3).

EP is estimated to be 1% - 2% of all natural conceptions and the incidence increases following ART [27] . The prevalence of EP following ART ranges between 2.1% to 8.6% of all pregnancies and it can reach up to 11% in female patients with a history of tubal factor infertility [28] . Spontaneous HP was considered to be very rare with an incidence of 1 in 30,000 pregnancies. The incidence of HP has also increased following ART and it has been reported that it complicates about 0.8% of pregnancies following infertility treatment [29] .

American pregnancy association considers risk factors for an ectopic pregnancy include several induced abortions and undergoing fertility treatment or using fertility medications [30] .

NS: Statistically not significant (p > 0.05).

*: Statistically significant (p < 0.05).

This study tried to find the incidence of ectopic pregnancy in cases of recurrent implantation failure and cases with recurrent early pregnancy loss.

The incidence of ectopic pregnancy was 6% in cases of recurrent implantation failure while heterotopic pregnancy was 1%. This goes with what was found that IVF-ET is a major risk for the development of EP and the incidence is greater by 2 - 3 folds than that seen in the general population. IVF may also result in a heterotopic pregnancy (HP), which is an EP together with a viable intrauterine pregnancy [31] . Ma Nz et al. found that in IVF cycles the incidence of ectopic pregnancy increased significantly in patients with thin endometrium than those with endometrium less than 8 mm [32] . Meta-analysis by Muller suggests that EP rate is similar following fresh blastocyst and cleavage ETs, but is significantly reduced after frozen compared with fresh ET [33] . The reason for the increased incidence of tubal EP by IVF is unclear. The technique of embryo transfer is a potential cause but there is little evidence to support this. The risk of tubal EP has also been reported to increase with the number of embryos that are transferred during IVF treatment [34] . A possible mechanism for this finding may be postulated to the effect of high estradiol concentration. Elevated estradiol leads to alteration in the normal physiologic function of the fallopian tube, increasing the likelihood for extra uterine implantation [35] .

Stimulation protocols were found to affect the incidence of ectopic pregnancy after ICSI-ET. Ectopic pregnancy was more frequent with GnRH antagonist (2.4%) cycles than with GnRH agonist flare (2.1%) or luteal GnRH agonist (1.6%) cycles. This finding suggests a role for extra pituitary GnRH on the tubal and uterine environment during ovarian hyperstimulation treatment for IVF [36] .

Our results match what was found by Ji Hyun that the risk factors for heterotopic pregnancy include a history of ectopic pregnancy (OR 7.191 [1.591 - 32.513], p = 0.010), abortion (OR 3.948 [1.574 - 9.902], p = 0.003), and ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome (OHSS) (OR 10.773 [2.415 - 48.060], p = 0.002). In patients undergoing IVF-ET, history of ectopic pregnancy, abortion, and OHSS may be risk factors for HP as compared to the control group of other IVF patients [37] . A surprising observation was found in the case of heterotopic pregnancy, it was found that the extra uterine sac was pulsating while the two intra uterine sacs were missed. This may reflect the altered endometrial milieu that is hostile for implantation and may be one of the possible mechanism for RPL and RIF.

Our study also, showed 8% incidence of ectopic pregnancy in cases of recurrent early pregnancy loss. This represents about four fold increase in the incidence than the general population. This finding may reflect the hostile effect of the endometrium on both ectopic pregnancy occurrence and RPL.

The limitation of this study were the difference between patients according to ovarian stimulation protocol, the difference according to day of ET either day 3 or day 5 and the non homogeneity as regards the number of embryos transferred.

In conclusion, RIF and RPL may be considered as a risk factor for ectopic pregnancy. Endometrium plays an important role in RPL.

To staff members of infertility clinic, Alexandria University Hospital.

There is nothing to disclose.

Elmahdy, M. (2017) Ectopic Pregnancy in Cases of Recurrent Implantation Failure and Cases of Recurrent Early Pregnancy Loss. Open Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology, 7, 250- 257. https://doi.org/10.4236/ojog.2017.72027