<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?><!DOCTYPE article  PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD Journal Publishing DTD v3.0 20080202//EN" "http://dtd.nlm.nih.gov/publishing/3.0/journalpublishing3.dtd"><article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" dtd-version="3.0" xml:lang="en" article-type="research article"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">OJM</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title>Open Journal of Microphysics</journal-title></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="epub">2162-2450</issn><publisher><publisher-name>Scientific Research Publishing</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.4236/ojm.2017.72002</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">OJM-73826</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Articles</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="Discipline-v2"><subject>Physics&amp;Mathematics</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>
 
 
  The Quantum Triple-Slit Experiment and Dark Energy
 
</article-title></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Mohamed</surname><given-names>S. El Naschie</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sub>1</sub></xref><xref ref-type="corresp" rid="cor1"><sup>*</sup></xref></contrib></contrib-group><aff id="aff1"><label>1</label><addr-line>Department of Physics, University of Alexandria, Alexandria, Egypt</addr-line></aff><author-notes><corresp id="cor1">* E-mail:<email>Chaossf@aol.com</email></corresp></author-notes><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>25</day><month>01</month><year>2017</year></pub-date><volume>07</volume><issue>02</issue><fpage>31</fpage><lpage>35</lpage><history><date date-type="received"><day>January</day>	<month>5,</month>	<year>2017</year></date><date date-type="rev-recd"><day>Accepted:</day>	<month>January</month>	<year>22,</year>	</date><date date-type="accepted"><day>January</day>	<month>25,</month>	<year>2017</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement>&#169; Copyright  2014 by authors and Scientific Research Publishing Inc. </copyright-statement><copyright-year>2014</copyright-year><license><license-p>This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution International License (CC BY). http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/</license-p></license></permissions><abstract><p>
 
 
  The experimental discovery of looped light in a three-slit experiment is interpreted as a strong justification of the Peano-Hilbert spacetime model. This in turn entails the existence of a dark energy density in full agreement with previous analysis as well as accurate measurements and observations.
 
</p></abstract><kwd-group><kwd>Triple-Slit Experiment</kwd><kwd> Looped Light</kwd><kwd> Peano-Hilbert Spacetime</kwd><kwd> Dark Energy</kwd><kwd> E-Infinity</kwd><kwd> Cantorian Spacetime</kwd><kwd> Quantum Double-Slit Experiment</kwd><kwd> Ord-El Naschie Quantum Spacetime Model</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><body><sec id="s1"><title>1. Introduction</title><p>A very recent experimental finding [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="scirp.73826-ref1">1</xref>] [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="scirp.73826-ref2">2</xref>] [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="scirp.73826-ref3">3</xref>] apparently reveals for the first time clear cut evidence for a looped travelling path of light [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="scirp.73826-ref1">1</xref>] . In the present work we argue that this is not a rare event but is what the quantum fine structure of spacetime itself imposes on the movement of light’s photons. Consequently the said experiment is interpreted as confirmation of the Cantorian fractal proposal [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="scirp.73826-ref4">4</xref>] [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="scirp.73826-ref5">5</xref>] which is based upon the Peano-Hilbert spacetime model presented in the eighties of the last century [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="scirp.73826-ref6">6</xref>] [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="scirp.73826-ref7">7</xref>] [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="scirp.73826-ref8">8</xref>] . It is argued further that once the fractal Peano-Hilbert model of spacetime is accepted as a fact, the physical reality of dark energy and its 95.5 percent density follows suit [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="scirp.73826-ref9">9</xref>] [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="scirp.73826-ref10">10</xref>] .</p></sec><sec id="s2"><title>2. The Peano-Hilbert Model of Spacetime and the Findings of the Triple-Slit Experiment</title><p>In several early publications [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="scirp.73826-ref6">6</xref>] [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="scirp.73826-ref7">7</xref>] [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="scirp.73826-ref8">8</xref>] going back to the eighties and nineties of the last century the author utilized a model due to the Canadian-English physicist G. Ord [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="scirp.73826-ref7">7</xref>] to argue for the Cantorian fractal nature of quantum spacetime [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="scirp.73826-ref4">4</xref>] [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="scirp.73826-ref8">8</xref>] [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="scirp.73826-ref9">9</xref>] [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="scirp.73826-ref10">10</xref>] . An early example of this effort bares a striking resemblance to the recent experimental finding of Ref. [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="scirp.73826-ref1">1</xref>] . Rather than repeating the mathematical analysis of this paper we think nothing can be simpler and far more convenient for the reader than comparing <xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig1">Figure 1</xref> of Ref. [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="scirp.73826-ref2">2</xref>] with <xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig2">Figure 2</xref> of our earlier publication, Ref. [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="scirp.73826-ref8">8</xref>] . However we must stress that the looping of light is not a rare event but rather the very structure of spacetime at the quantum scale. In other words the experiment in Ref. [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="scirp.73826-ref1">1</xref>] merely used various techniques by which the micro structure was blown up to the more pronounced picture shown in the results of Ref. [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="scirp.73826-ref1">1</xref>] . In this way we could state with a high degree of confidence that the triple-slit experiment of Ref. [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="scirp.73826-ref1">1</xref>] has established the fractal structure of spacetime as a physical reality and not only a theoretical possibility.</p><p>The author remembers vividly how Nobel Laureate Ilya Prigogine [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="scirp.73826-ref11">11</xref>] used to say to him that he liked his model but did not know if spacetime is fractal or not. For this reason many experiments were planned and discussed theoretically but were not carried out. Thus the findings of Ref. [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="scirp.73826-ref1">1</xref>] at long last achieved what we were trying for years to achieve, namely establish the fractal structure of quantum spacetime [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="scirp.73826-ref12">12</xref>] .</p></sec><sec id="s3"><title>3. The Crucial Point of Topological Mass</title><p>There are many ways to argue that the Kaluza-Klein spacetime dimensionality <inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/1-1220092x2.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula> when extended to a fractal one <inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/1-1220092x3.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula> where <inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/1-1220092x4.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula> re- presents a total topological mass [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="scirp.73826-ref13">13</xref>] [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="scirp.73826-ref14">14</xref>] [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="scirp.73826-ref15">15</xref>] [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="scirp.73826-ref16">16</xref>] . It is also very reasoned that while the integer part <inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/1-1220092x5.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula> represents pure spacetime quantum wave like topological mass, the irrational part <inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/1-1220092x6.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula> represents the quantum particle- like topological mass [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="scirp.73826-ref13">13</xref>] [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="scirp.73826-ref15">15</xref>] . Seen that way it becomes a truly easy task to find that the energy density is made up of two parts. The first is that proportional to <inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/1-1220092x7.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula> and is given by [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="scirp.73826-ref15">15</xref>]</p><disp-formula id="scirp.73826-formula1"><label>(1)</label><graphic position="anchor" xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/1-1220092x8.png"  xlink:type="simple"/></disp-formula><p>where <inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/1-1220092x9.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula> is the topological speed of light [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="scirp.73826-ref9">9</xref>] [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="scirp.73826-ref10">10</xref>] [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="scirp.73826-ref13">13</xref>] [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="scirp.73826-ref14">14</xref>] [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="scirp.73826-ref15">15</xref>] [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="scirp.73826-ref16">16</xref>] . In other words<inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/1-1220092x10.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula>, is nothing but the dark energy density of pure topological spacetime</p><disp-formula id="scirp.73826-formula2"><label>(2)</label><graphic position="anchor" xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/1-1220092x11.png"  xlink:type="simple"/></disp-formula><p>For <inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/1-1220092x12.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula> on the other hand one finds in an analogous way that [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="scirp.73826-ref9">9</xref>] [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="scirp.73826-ref10">10</xref>] [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="scirp.73826-ref13">13</xref>] [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="scirp.73826-ref14">14</xref>] [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="scirp.73826-ref15">15</xref>] [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="scirp.73826-ref16">16</xref>]</p><disp-formula id="scirp.73826-formula3"><label>(3)</label><graphic position="anchor" xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/1-1220092x13.png"  xlink:type="simple"/></disp-formula><p>Thus <inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/1-1220092x14.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula> is nothing but the ordinary energy density of the quantum particle</p><disp-formula id="scirp.73826-formula4"><label>(4)</label><graphic position="anchor" xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/1-1220092x15.png"  xlink:type="simple"/></disp-formula><p>Adding <inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/1-1220092x16.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula> and <inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/1-1220092x17.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula> one finds the maximal density <inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/1-1220092x18.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula> which is expected on the basis of Einstein’s well known maximal energy [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="scirp.73826-ref13">13</xref>] [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="scirp.73826-ref14">14</xref>] [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="scirp.73826-ref15">15</xref>] [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="scirp.73826-ref16">16</xref>]</p><disp-formula id="scirp.73826-formula5"><label>(5)</label><graphic position="anchor" xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/1-1220092x19.png"  xlink:type="simple"/></disp-formula></sec><sec id="s4"><title>4. Derivation of <inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/1-1220092x20.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula></title><p>The fact that <inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/1-1220092x21.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula> is not sufficient because every point in <inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/1-1220092x21.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/1-1220092x22.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula> should also be <inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/1-1220092x21.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/1-1220092x22.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/1-1220092x23.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula> although being a point means <inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/1-1220092x21.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/1-1220092x22.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/1-1220092x23.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/1-1220092x24.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula> is a subject which we discussed at length and resolved by setting [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="scirp.73826-ref9">9</xref>] [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="scirp.73826-ref10">10</xref>]</p><disp-formula id="scirp.73826-formula6"><label>(6)</label><graphic position="anchor" xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/1-1220092x25.png"  xlink:type="simple"/></disp-formula><p>On the other hand unification of Einstein’s gravity with electromagnetism requires that <inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/1-1220092x26.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula> [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="scirp.73826-ref15">15</xref>] . Consequently we say that [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="scirp.73826-ref9">9</xref>] [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="scirp.73826-ref10">10</xref>]</p><disp-formula id="scirp.73826-formula7"><label>(7)</label><graphic position="anchor" xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/1-1220092x27.png"  xlink:type="simple"/></disp-formula><p>implies that</p><disp-formula id="scirp.73826-formula8"><label>(8)</label><graphic position="anchor" xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/1-1220092x28.png"  xlink:type="simple"/></disp-formula><p>Here the extra dimension could be regarded as embedding <inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/1-1220092x29.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula> or add one for the volume, similar to what we do in high energy physics when counting particles and matching them to the number of isometries corresponding to say a Lie symmetry group manifold [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="scirp.73826-ref9">9</xref>] [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="scirp.73826-ref10">10</xref>] .</p></sec><sec id="s5"><title>5. Discussion</title><p>Even a fleeting look at the results of the recent triple-slit experiment looped path of the light reveals its resemblance to the Peano-Hilbert spacetime model proposed decades ago implicitly by G. Ord [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="scirp.73826-ref7">7</xref>] and explicitly by the present author [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="scirp.73826-ref4">4</xref>] [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="scirp.73826-ref5">5</xref>] [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="scirp.73826-ref6">6</xref>] . A deeper subsequent look reveals even much more and one realizes that the looped path is far from being exotic. In fact it is generic and all that the experimental set up of the said experiment managed to do is amplify the fractal structure of spacetime to the extent of almost direct observation.</p><p>Having established this crucial point we go on to discriminate between two parts that make up our <inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/1-1220092x30.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula> spacetime. This is [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="scirp.73826-ref15">15</xref>]</p><disp-formula id="scirp.73826-formula9"><label>(9)</label><graphic position="anchor" xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/1-1220092x31.png"  xlink:type="simple"/></disp-formula><p>Here <inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/1-1220092x32.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula> is related to dark energy via the Einstein equation <inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/1-1220092x32.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/1-1220092x33.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula> and is given by [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="scirp.73826-ref13">13</xref>] [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="scirp.73826-ref14">14</xref>] [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="scirp.73826-ref15">15</xref>] [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="scirp.73826-ref16">16</xref>]</p><disp-formula id="scirp.73826-formula10"><label>(10)</label><graphic position="anchor" xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/1-1220092x34.png"  xlink:type="simple"/></disp-formula><p>On the other hand <inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/1-1220092x35.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula> is related to ordinary energy ad given by [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="scirp.73826-ref13">13</xref>] [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="scirp.73826-ref14">14</xref>] [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="scirp.73826-ref15">15</xref>] [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="scirp.73826-ref16">16</xref>]</p><disp-formula id="scirp.73826-formula11"><label>(11)</label><graphic position="anchor" xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/1-1220092x36.png"  xlink:type="simple"/></disp-formula><p>Adding E(1) and E(2) one finds the most famous ad recognized equation of physics, namely [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="scirp.73826-ref13">13</xref>] [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="scirp.73826-ref14">14</xref>] [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="scirp.73826-ref15">15</xref>] [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="scirp.73826-ref16">16</xref>]</p><disp-formula id="scirp.73826-formula12"><label>(12)</label><graphic position="anchor" xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/1-1220092x37.png"  xlink:type="simple"/></disp-formula></sec><sec id="s6"><title>6. Conclusions</title><p>Recent triple-set experiments revealed beyond any doubt that light may traverse the set up in unexpected looped form. These loops, which are reminiscent of the Peano-Hilbert model of spacetime are interpreted here as being the signature of the very structure of real quantum spacetime brought to the fore. It is found that a quantum spacetime dimension consistent with this picture and Cantorian quantum gravity is a fractal Kaluza-Klein dimension<inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/1-1220092x38.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula>. In turn the corresponding total energy density of the universe follows from that to be [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="scirp.73826-ref13">13</xref>] [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="scirp.73826-ref14">14</xref>] [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="scirp.73826-ref15">15</xref>] [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="scirp.73826-ref16">16</xref>]</p><disp-formula id="scirp.73826-formula13"><label>(13)</label><graphic position="anchor" xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/1-1220092x39.png"  xlink:type="simple"/></disp-formula><p>where <inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/1-1220092x40.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula> is the Sigalotti topological speed of light. This Einstein maximal energy can thus be considered to consist of two parts. The first part</p><disp-formula id="scirp.73826-formula14"><graphic  xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/1-1220092x41.png"  xlink:type="simple"/></disp-formula><p>is clearly the dark energy of the cosmos while the second part</p><disp-formula id="scirp.73826-formula15"><graphic  xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/1-1220092x42.png"  xlink:type="simple"/></disp-formula><p>is the measured ordinary energy density which accounts to only 4.5 percent of the total energy.</p><p>It is appropriate in view of the above to conclude this conclusion with some remarkable insights of a scientist with a considerable intuitive mind that was always ahead of his mathematics. I mean of course one of my teachers and mentors who is alas no longer with us, the late Nobel Laureate Ilya Prigogine who wrote round 1987 [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="scirp.73826-ref11">11</xref>] :</p><p>“Probably the most fascinating aspect involved in the transition from dynamics to thermodynamics is the deep change in the structure of spacetime”.</p><p>It seems that Prigogine’s insight also applies to the transition from classical to quantum spacetime.</p></sec><sec id="s7"><title>Acknowledgements</title><p>The author is deeply indebted to Prof. O. R&#246;ssler for encouraging him to publish Ref. [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="scirp.73826-ref8">8</xref>] with <xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig2">Figure 2</xref> of that reference. The author admits that without Prof. R&#246;ssler’s warm support he would not have had the courage to do that. We thus agree completely with P. Dirac that scientific courage is just as important in science as sound thinking.</p></sec><sec id="s8"><title>Cite this paper</title><p>El Naschie, M.S. (2017) The Quantum Triple-Slit Experiment and Dark Energy. Open Journal of Microphysics, 7, 31-35. https://doi.org/10.4236/ojm.2017.72002</p></sec></body><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="scirp.73826-ref1"><label>1</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple">El Naschie, M.S. (2016) The Emergence of Spacetime from the Quantum in Three Steps. Advances in Pure Mathematics, 6, 446-454.  
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