Serial reuse raceways are sequential rectangular rearing units commonly used during fish rearing, particularly with trout and salmon [1] . Water enters an upper raceway section and is used for fish production before subsequent discharge into a sequentially lower raceway section. After being used for fish production in this lower raceway section, water is discharged for use into another sequentially- lower raceway section, with the process repeated up to ten times [2] [3] . The raceways in the series are typically separated from each other by dam boards or vertical walls [4] [5] , with vertical screens placed at the head end of each raceway section to prevent fish from jumping from a lower raceway section into an upper one. There is typically a slight drop in elevation from an upper to lower raceway section, providing some passive aeration as the water drops over the dam boards or overflow weirs [3] [6] . Water quality, and particularly dissolved oxygen levels, decrease in the lower raceway sections [6] , and active aeration or supplemental oxygen injection can be used [4] [7] [8] .

Vertical screens in raceways are susceptible to plugging from aquatic vegetation or airborne debris such as leaves or litter [5] , particularly when rearing small fish requiring small screen mesh sizes. Any such plugging of raceway screens restricts water flows, potentially leading to decreased oxygen levels and increased physiological stress, resulting in an increased probability of disease outbreaks and a general decline in fish rearing performance. Restricted raceway water flows due to plugged screens can also rapidly produce large-scale mortality of fish, which are typically held at high densities during production aquaculture. As fish grow, plugging issues can be reduced by increasing screen mesh sizes, although considerable labor may be required to remove and replace screens depending on the number of raceway sections.

In addition to requiring constant vigilance to prevent screen plugging, typical serial raceway designs do not allow aquaculturists to use of all of the available raceway rearing space. The placement of the screens at the head end of the raceway prohibits the fish from accessing the area between the upper screen and the raceway dam boards. In order to use all of the raceway for rearing, eliminate the numerous risks associated with the use of vertical screens, reduce labor requirements, and increase the amount of dissolved oxygen in the rearing water, alternatives to the traditional raceway dam board and screen design are needed.

This paper describes a novel raceway splash plate design which is non-plug- ging, passively adds atmospheric oxygen to the water, and eliminates the need for vertical screens at the head of each raceway section.

This splash plate was developed and tested at McNenny State Fish Hatchery, Spearfish, South Dakota. At McNenny Hatchery, eight serial raceways (91.5 m long, 2.4 m wide, 0.76 m deep) each consisted of three 30.5 m sections, were historically configured as illustrated in Figure 1(a). Because the new splash plate design allowed for the removal of the upper raceway screen, raceway configuration changed after splash plate installation as illustrated in Figure 1(b). As a result of screen removal, an additional 1.3 m³ of rearing space became available in the two lower sections in each raceway (2.6 m³ added per raceway). With eight raceways at McNenny Hatchery, an additional 20.8 m³ of rearing space was added.

The splash plates were constructed from 0.635 cm thick aluminum sheeting. Each splash plate consists of a 30.5 cm × 243 cm back plate secured to the terminal raceway dam boards by four pieces of 5.08 cm aluminum angle 21.6 cm long (Figures 2-4). On top of the aluminum angle are three 2.54 cm × 243 cm aluminum strips spaced 0.95 cm apart. The back plate is welded to the four aluminum angle pieces at exactly 42.5˚ (Figure 5). Test angles of greater or less than 42.5˚ resulted in trout either swimming under, or jumping over, the splash plate to gain access to the waste collection area of the upper raceway.

The splash plates were evaluated during hatchery operations with multiple

rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss and brown trout Salmo trutta strains, at fish sizes ranging from 30 to 2000 g, and under raceway water inflows ranging from 600 to 2000 L/min. No fish movement from a lower to higher raceway section was observed. In addition, the use of these splash plates increased dissolved oxygen levels in the incoming water up to nearly 1.8 mg/L, which was dependent on oxygen levels at the end of the upper raceway section (Figure 6) and raceway water flows [3] (Figure 7). The increases in dissolved oxygen after the water

flowed over the splash plates was similar to that observed in serial reuse raceways using triangular notch weirs, and greater than the increases observed during the use of sharp crested weirs [3] .

The use of the splash plate is highly advantageous and an improvement over typical designs. Labor is reduced because screens to not have to be monitored and cleaned. In addition, the need to change screen sizes in relation to fish sizes is eliminated, not only reducing labor, but also decreasing the numbers and sizes of screens in inventory. The large risk to fish health of having screens plugged is also eliminated. Lastly, dissolved oxygen levels and the amount of available raceway rearing space are increased in comparison to traditional serial raceway designs.

We thank Michael Hilmes, Andrew Doyle, Jesse Willis, and Tim Parker for their assistance with this project.

Barnes, M.E., Krebs, E., Nero, P.A., Torgerson, K. and Johnson, D.V. (2017) A Novel Splash Plate Design for Serial Reuse Raceways. World Journal of Engineering and Technology, 5, 21-26. http://dx.doi.org/10.4236/wjet.2017.51003