<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?><!DOCTYPE article  PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD Journal Publishing DTD v3.0 20080202//EN" "http://dtd.nlm.nih.gov/publishing/3.0/journalpublishing3.dtd"><article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" dtd-version="3.0" xml:lang="en" article-type="research article"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">OJM</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title>Open Journal of Microphysics</journal-title></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="epub">2162-2450</issn><publisher><publisher-name>Scientific Research Publishing</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.4236/ojm.2017.71001</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">OJM-73051</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Articles</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="Discipline-v2"><subject>Physics&amp;Mathematics</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>
 
 
  Quantum Disentanglement as the Physics behind Dark Energy
 
</article-title></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Mohamed</surname><given-names>S. El Naschie</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sub>1</sub></xref><xref ref-type="corresp" rid="cor1"><sup>*</sup></xref></contrib></contrib-group><aff id="aff1"><label>1</label><addr-line>Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, University of Alexandria, Alexandria, Egypt</addr-line></aff><author-notes><corresp id="cor1">* E-mail:<email>Chaossf@aol.com</email></corresp></author-notes><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>28</day><month>12</month><year>2016</year></pub-date><volume>07</volume><issue>01</issue><fpage>1</fpage><lpage>27</lpage><history><date date-type="received"><day>December</day>	<month>1,</month>	<year>2016</year></date><date date-type="rev-recd"><day>Accepted:</day>	<month>December</month>	<year>25,</year>	</date><date date-type="accepted"><day>December</day>	<month>28,</month>	<year>2016</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement>&#169; Copyright  2014 by authors and Scientific Research Publishing Inc. </copyright-statement><copyright-year>2014</copyright-year><license><license-p>This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution International License (CC BY). http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/</license-p></license></permissions><abstract><p><html>
 <head></head>
 
  A straightforward simple proof is given that dark energy is the natural conse-quence of a quantum disentanglement physical process. Thus while the ordinary energy density of the cosmos is equal to half that of Hardy’s quantum probability of Entanglement 
  <em>i.e</em>. 
  <img src="Edit_65cef247-4500-48ae-b8f7-26ee92b3378b.bmp" width="32" height="20" alt="" /> where 
  <img src="Edit_4defb9b8-0fab-43df-9558-a43ea3f882f5.bmp" width="90" height="19" alt="" /> , the density of cosmic dark energy is consequently one minus 
  <img src="Edit_4591a816-cac8-4d8b-8836-00d8f1ad411b.bmp" width="18" height="24" alt="" /> divided by two 
  <em>i.e.</em> 
  <img src="Edit_39c91ef7-efe8-45f8-90db-d9c737d761dc.bmp" width="55" height="25" alt="" />. This result is in full agreement with all the numerous previous theoretical predictions as well as being in remarkable agreement with the overwhelming majority of cosmic accurate measurements and observations.
 
</html></p></abstract><kwd-group><kwd>Quantum Gravity</kwd><kwd> Quantum Entanglement</kwd><kwd> Quantum Disentanglement</kwd><kwd>  E-Infinity Theory</kwd><kwd> Dark Energy</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><body><sec id="s1"><title>1. Introduction</title><p>Although relatively short we should say from the outset that this paper covers a large part of modern cutting edge research in quantum physics and cosmology [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="scirp.73051-ref1">1</xref>] - [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="scirp.73051-ref432">432</xref>] . The work is essentially and mainly motivated by the desire to show more clearly than ever before the deep connection between quantum entanglement [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="scirp.73051-ref47">47</xref>] [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="scirp.73051-ref423">423</xref>] and the absence of almost 95.5% of the energy supposed to be contained in our cosmos [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="scirp.73051-ref290">290</xref>] . We intend to give a short, simple and exact theoretical proof based on the reverse of quantum entanglement with which we mean of course Quantum Disentanglement [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="scirp.73051-ref1">1</xref>] [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="scirp.73051-ref2">2</xref>] . In particular we start from Hardy’s exact experimentally well-established probability of quantumly entangled of two particles <inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/1-1220091x6.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula> [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="scirp.73051-ref22">22</xref>] [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="scirp.73051-ref26">26</xref>] [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="scirp.73051-ref28">28</xref>] where <inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/1-1220091x7.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula> [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="scirp.73051-ref196">196</xref>] [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="scirp.73051-ref212">212</xref>] and then reason that the corresponding quantum probability of disentanglement [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="scirp.73051-ref1">1</xref>] [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="scirp.73051-ref2">2</xref>] is<inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/1-1220091x8.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula>. Subsequently we show that while the ordinary measureable energy density of the cosmos is given by half of Hardy’s quantum entanglement, i.e.<inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/1-1220091x9.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula>, the corresponding Dark Energy density is given by half of the quantum probability of disentanglement i.e. <inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/1-1220091x10.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula> [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="scirp.73051-ref185">185</xref>] [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="scirp.73051-ref194">194</xref>] . This is all in full agreement with highly accurate cosmic measurement and observations as well as numerous previous derivations [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="scirp.73051-ref167">167</xref>] [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="scirp.73051-ref169">169</xref>] [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="scirp.73051-ref177">177</xref>] . The strategy and details of our analysis will be given in the next two sections.</p></sec><sec id="s2"><title>2. Background Information and Outline of the Paper</title><p>Hardy’s probability of entanglement is one of the most important exact results in quantum mechanics and was found to be exactly equal to <inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/1-1220091x11.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula> for two quantum particles [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="scirp.73051-ref139">139</xref>] [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="scirp.73051-ref154">154</xref>] . It is thus an elementary almost trivial step to conclude from this result that the probability of not being quantumly entangled must be <inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/1-1220091x12.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula> [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="scirp.73051-ref123">123</xref>] [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="scirp.73051-ref126">126</xref>] [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="scirp.73051-ref135">135</xref>] . Subsequently it is not difficult to show that <inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/1-1220091x13.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula> could be written as <inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/1-1220091x14.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula> [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="scirp.73051-ref424">424</xref>] . Now remembering that <inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/1-1220091x15.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula> is the Hausdorff dimension of a Zero set modeled by a one-dimensional random Mauldin-Williams random Cantor set [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="scirp.73051-ref7">7</xref>] , then <inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/1-1220091x16.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula> could be interpreted as an entropic measure. It follows then that <inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/1-1220091x17.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula> maybe seen as a five-dimensional entropy from which we could deduce the energy density after multiplication with a dimensional constant. In analogy to the above and knowing that <inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/1-1220091x18.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula> is the Hausdorff dimension of an empty set modeled by the Cantor set left from the unit interval used in constructing the said Random Mauldin-Williams Cantor set [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="scirp.73051-ref73">73</xref>] [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="scirp.73051-ref80">80</xref>] , we see that <inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/1-1220091x19.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula> is also a five-dimensional entropy [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="scirp.73051-ref21">21</xref>] - [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="scirp.73051-ref29">29</xref>] . The only difference between <inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/1-1220091x19.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/1-1220091x20.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula> and <inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/1-1220091x19.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/1-1220091x20.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/1-1220091x21.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula> is that the first is multiplicative intersection and represents an entangled state, while <inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/1-1220091x19.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/1-1220091x20.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/1-1220091x21.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/1-1220091x22.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula> is an additive union which represents a disentangled state [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="scirp.73051-ref26">26</xref>] [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="scirp.73051-ref248">248</xref>] . In fact even the reader who is not familiar with our previous work on fractal Cantorian spacetime and Dark Energy must have guessed by now that the entanglement probability <inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/1-1220091x19.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/1-1220091x20.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/1-1220091x21.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/1-1220091x22.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/1-1220091x23.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula> would lead to the ordinary measureable energy density of the cosmos [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="scirp.73051-ref29">29</xref>] [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="scirp.73051-ref119">119</xref>] [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="scirp.73051-ref121">121</xref>]</p><disp-formula id="scirp.73051-formula1"><label>(1)</label><graphic position="anchor" xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/1-1220091x24.png"  xlink:type="simple"/></disp-formula><p>while <inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/1-1220091x25.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula> will lead us to the Dark Energy density of the cosmos which due to this very disentangled nature of <inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/1-1220091x25.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/1-1220091x26.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula> cannot be measured in any direct way at least with our present technology [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="scirp.73051-ref29">29</xref>] [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="scirp.73051-ref70">70</xref>] [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="scirp.73051-ref72">72</xref>] [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="scirp.73051-ref78">78</xref>]</p><disp-formula id="scirp.73051-formula2"><label>(2)</label><graphic position="anchor" xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/1-1220091x27.png"  xlink:type="simple"/></disp-formula><p>Finally it is also not difficult to guess that it will turn out as a surprise which on little reflection is not really a surprise that the dimensional constant needed to move from entropy to energy is given by nothing else but Einstein’s marvelous equation</p><disp-formula id="scirp.73051-formula3"><label>(3)</label><graphic position="anchor" xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/1-1220091x28.png"  xlink:type="simple"/></disp-formula><p>so that at the end we will find from Equation (1) that [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="scirp.73051-ref39">39</xref>] [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="scirp.73051-ref62">62</xref>] [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="scirp.73051-ref65">65</xref>]</p><disp-formula id="scirp.73051-formula4"><label>(4)</label><graphic position="anchor" xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/1-1220091x29.png"  xlink:type="simple"/></disp-formula><p>and from Equation (3) we find that</p><disp-formula id="scirp.73051-formula5"><label>(5)</label><graphic position="anchor" xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/1-1220091x30.png"  xlink:type="simple"/></disp-formula><p>In other words Einstein’s beauty derived long before quantum mechanics harbored all the time two quantum components namely E(O) and E(D) which when added together give the most famous formula in physics [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="scirp.73051-ref32">32</xref>] [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="scirp.73051-ref33">33</xref>]</p><disp-formula id="scirp.73051-formula6"><label>(6)</label><graphic position="anchor" xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/1-1220091x31.png"  xlink:type="simple"/></disp-formula></sec><sec id="s3"><title>3. Analysis and Proof of Ordinary Energy and Dark Energy Theorems</title><p>In the following we give in all earnest an embarrassingly short analysis leading to a proof of the following theorems:</p><p>Theorem One:</p><p>The ordinary energy density of the cosmos is half of Hardy’s probability of quantum entanglement</p><p>Theorem Two:</p><p>The Dark Energy Density of the Cosmos is half of the Hardy type Quantum Probability of disentanglement.</p><p>To prove the first Theorem we could do nothing better for the sake of brevity than repeat any of the two dozen or so previous proofs published in numerous papers over the last 4 years [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="scirp.73051-ref23">23</xref>] [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="scirp.73051-ref24">24</xref>] [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="scirp.73051-ref28">28</xref>] However we recommend References [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="scirp.73051-ref23">23</xref>] [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="scirp.73051-ref28">28</xref>] and [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="scirp.73051-ref39">39</xref>] as well as [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="scirp.73051-ref32">32</xref>] .</p><p>On the other hand proving Theorem Two becomes trivial because <inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/1-1220091x32.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula> which we just considered proven is the complement of <inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/1-1220091x32.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/1-1220091x33.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula> which we want to prove. In other words proving that Hardy’s quantum entanglement <inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/1-1220091x32.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/1-1220091x33.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/1-1220091x34.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula> means <inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/1-1220091x32.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/1-1220091x33.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/1-1220091x34.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/1-1220091x35.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula> is automatically a proof that Hardy’s disentanglement probability <inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/1-1220091x32.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/1-1220091x33.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/1-1220091x34.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/1-1220091x35.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/1-1220091x36.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula> means that the Dark Energy density <inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/1-1220091x32.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/1-1220091x33.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/1-1220091x34.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/1-1220091x35.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/1-1220091x36.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/1-1220091x37.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula> is simply [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="scirp.73051-ref24">24</xref>] [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="scirp.73051-ref26">26</xref>] [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="scirp.73051-ref28">28</xref>]</p><disp-formula id="scirp.73051-formula7"><label>(7)</label><graphic position="anchor" xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/1-1220091x38.png"  xlink:type="simple"/></disp-formula><p>This is the end of the proof which has the unusual disadvantage of being too simple to believe and we have only to mention the additional obvious insight that <inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/1-1220091x39.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula> can be measured because it is coherent while <inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/1-1220091x39.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/1-1220091x40.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula> cannot be directly measured and we only infer its existence from the accelerated expansion of the universe because it is disentangled [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="scirp.73051-ref1">1</xref>] [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="scirp.73051-ref2">2</xref>] . This is a different view of the same good old particle-wave duality [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="scirp.73051-ref7">7</xref>] . We recall our earlier conclusion that <inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/1-1220091x39.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/1-1220091x40.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/1-1220091x41.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula> is the kinetic energy of the pre-quantum particle modeled by the Zero set while <inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/1-1220091x39.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/1-1220091x40.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/1-1220091x41.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/1-1220091x42.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula> is the position or potential energy of the quantum wave modeled by the empty set [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="scirp.73051-ref26">26</xref>] [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="scirp.73051-ref28">28</xref>] . Now since any interference or measurement on an empty set quantum wave make the set non empty, we have to invite first quantum wave non-demolishing measuring devices before being in a position to measure dark energy directly [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="scirp.73051-ref23">23</xref>] [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="scirp.73051-ref26">26</xref>] [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="scirp.73051-ref28">28</xref>] .</p></sec><sec id="s4"><title>4. Zeno’s Paradox and Dark Energy</title><p>We mentioned on passing in the previous section a distinction between the kinetic energy of the particle and potential energy of the wave [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="scirp.73051-ref432">432</xref>] . This seems a little odd because it is the quantum wave which is responsible in quantum mechanics for propagation. We have touched on this subject in a recent paper and here we should give a clear cut answer to his contradictory viewpoint [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="scirp.73051-ref432">432</xref>] . This clear cut answer will resonate century old philosophical problems connected to Zeno’s [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="scirp.73051-ref43">43</xref>] [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="scirp.73051-ref431">431</xref>] and reflection on the notion that motion is illusion [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="scirp.73051-ref43">43</xref>] . From the viewpoint of the entire universe motion could be considered an illusion indeed or maybe we should express this in a more conservative way and say that the distinction between kinetic energy and potential energy when it comes to regarding dark energy and the entire universe is fuzzy and fundamentally so [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="scirp.73051-ref432">432</xref>] . This is easily demonstrated when we realize that in five dimensional unit universe, the largest height must be half the unit radius <inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/1-1220091x43.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula> and that the topological acceleration [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="scirp.73051-ref432">432</xref>] is the down scaling of the topological (Sigalotti) speed of light <inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/1-1220091x43.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/1-1220091x44.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula> [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="scirp.73051-ref344">344</xref>] which means<inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/1-1220091x43.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/1-1220091x44.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/1-1220091x45.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula>. Now let us look at Kinetic energy [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="scirp.73051-ref432">432</xref>]</p><disp-formula id="scirp.73051-formula8"><label>(8)</label><graphic position="anchor" xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/1-1220091x46.png"  xlink:type="simple"/></disp-formula><p>where v is the Velocity and c is the speed of light. Taking m to 3D we find the topological <inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/1-1220091x47.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula> so that the topological energy becomes</p><disp-formula id="scirp.73051-formula9"><label>(9)</label><graphic position="anchor" xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/1-1220091x48.png"  xlink:type="simple"/></disp-formula><p>Next we look at the potential energy [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="scirp.73051-ref432">432</xref>]</p><disp-formula id="scirp.73051-formula10"><label>(10)</label><graphic position="anchor" xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/1-1220091x49.png"  xlink:type="simple"/></disp-formula><p>Setting <inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/1-1220091x50.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula> as reasoned earlier on we find</p><disp-formula id="scirp.73051-formula11"><label>(11)</label><graphic position="anchor" xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/1-1220091x51.png"  xlink:type="simple"/></disp-formula><p>which is the same formula as<inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/1-1220091x52.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula>. Of course this is a fundamentally different fuzzy situation and is not the same as the conservation of Energy Theorem of classical mechanics. To stress this quantum fuzziness when it comes to regarding the entire cosmos and the possibility for a rational resolution of Zeno’s paradox [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="scirp.73051-ref431">431</xref>] , let us do the same thing for the “Universe” i.e. for <inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/1-1220091x52.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/1-1220091x53.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula> of the Kaluza-Klein manifold. This would lead to [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="scirp.73051-ref432">432</xref>]</p><disp-formula id="scirp.73051-formula12"><label>(12)</label><graphic position="anchor" xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/1-1220091x54.png"  xlink:type="simple"/></disp-formula><p>which is <inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/1-1220091x55.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula> of the quantum wave as we though initially should be. However even for the potential energy, we find [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="scirp.73051-ref432">432</xref>]</p><disp-formula id="scirp.73051-formula13"><label>(13)</label><graphic position="anchor" xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/1-1220091x56.png"  xlink:type="simple"/></disp-formula><p>which is the same result [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="scirp.73051-ref432">432</xref>] .</p><p>In a sense we could conclude from the above that the most important modern result in the quantum physics is that of Hardy’s quantum entanglement probability [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="scirp.73051-ref21">21</xref>] [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="scirp.73051-ref23">23</xref>] [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="scirp.73051-ref28">28</xref>]</p><disp-formula id="scirp.73051-formula14"><label>(14)</label><graphic position="anchor" xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/1-1220091x57.png"  xlink:type="simple"/></disp-formula><p>With that we rest our case at least for the moment.</p></sec><sec id="s5"><title>5. Conclusion</title><p>In this paper we have stated two Theorems and proved them. The First Theorem asserts that the measurable ordinary energy density of the cosmos is half that of the Hardy Probability of quantum entanglement. The second Theorem is complimentary to the first and states that the Dark energy density of the cosmos is half the quantum probability of the Hardy disentanglement. In addition we have shown that when regarding the universe as a whole, the sharp distinction between Kinetic energy and Potential energy of classical Newtonian mechanics ceases to be true and we are faced with a fundamentally and irreducibly fuzzy situation.</p></sec><sec id="s6"><title>Acknowledgements</title><p>Without the work on non-commutative geometry and Prof. A. Connes’ analysis of Sir R. Penrose’s Fractal Tiling, this present work could not have been possible.</p></sec><sec id="s7"><title>Cite this paper</title><p>El Naschie, M.S. 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https://doi.org/10.1515/ijnsns.2006.7.2.129</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="scirp.73051-ref50"><label>50</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple">El Naschie, M.S. (2014) On a New Elementary Particle from the Disintegration of the Symplectic ‘tHooft-Veltman-Wilson Fractal Spacetime. World Journal of Nuclear Science and Technology, 4, Article ID: 50539.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="scirp.73051-ref51"><label>51</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple">El Naschie, M.S. (2013) Dark Energy from Kaluza-Klein Spacetime and Noether’s Theorem via Lagrangian Multiplier Method. Journal of Modern Physics, 4, Article ID: 32975. https://doi.org/10.4236/jmp.2013.46103</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="scirp.73051-ref52"><label>52</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple">Tang, W., Li, Y., Kong, H.Y. and El Naschie, M.S. (2014) From Nonlocal Elasticity to Nonlocal Spacetime and Nano Science. Bubbfil Nanotechnology, 1, 3-12.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="scirp.73051-ref53"><label>53</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple">Iovane, G. and Benedetto, E. (2005) El Naschie Ε-Infinity Cantorian Space-Time, Fantappie’s Group and Applications in Cosmology. International Journal of Nonlinear Sciences and Numerical Simulation, 6, 357-370.   
https://doi.org/10.1515/ijnsns.2005.6.4.357</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="scirp.73051-ref54"><label>54</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple">El Naschie, M.S. (2004) The Symplictic Vacuum, Exotic Quasi Particles and Gravitational Instanton. Chaos, Solitons &amp; Fractals, 22, 1-11.   
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chaos.2004.01.015</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="scirp.73051-ref55"><label>55</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple">El Naschie, M.S. (2004) The Concepts of E Infinity: An Elementary Introduction to the Cantorian-Fractal Theory of Quantum Physics. Chaos, Solitons &amp; Fractals, 22, 495-511. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chaos.2004.02.028</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="scirp.73051-ref56"><label>56</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple">El Naschie, M.S. (2006) Elementary Number Theory in Superstrings, Loop Quantum Mechanics, Twistors and E-Infinity High Energy Physics. Chaos, Solitons &amp; Fractals, 27, 297-330. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chaos.2005.04.116</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="scirp.73051-ref57"><label>57</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple">Veltman, M. (2003) Facts and Mysteries in Elementary Particle Physics. World Scientific, Singapore.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="scirp.73051-ref58"><label>58</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple">Iovane, G. (2005) Mohamed El Naschie’s ε(∞) Cantorian Space-Time and Its Consequences in Cosmology. Chaos, Solitons &amp; Fractals, 25, 775-779.   
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chaos.2005.02.024</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="scirp.73051-ref59"><label>59</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple">El Naschie, M.S. and Marek-Crnjac, L. (2012) Deriving the Exact Percentage of Dark Energy Using a Transfinite Version of Nottale’s Scale Relativity. International Journal of Modern Nonlinear Theory and Application, 1, 118.  
https://doi.org/10.4236/ijmnta.2012.14018</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="scirp.73051-ref60"><label>60</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple">El Naschie, M.S. (2000) On the Unification of the Fundamental Forces and Complex Time in the E(∞) Space. Chaos, Solitons &amp; Fractals, 11, 1149-1162.   
https://doi.org/10.1016/S0960-0779(99)00185-X</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="scirp.73051-ref61"><label>61</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple">El Naschie, M.S. (2006) Intermediate Prerequisites for E-Infinity Theory (Further Recommended Reading in Nonlinear Dynamics and Mathematical Physics). Chaos, Solitons &amp; Fractals, 30, 622-628. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chaos.2006.04.042</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="scirp.73051-ref62"><label>62</label><mixed-citation publication-type="journal" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>El Naschie</surname><given-names> M.S. </given-names></name>,<etal>et al</etal>. (<year>2014</year>)<article-title>Dark Energy via Quantum Field Theory in Curved Spacetime</article-title><source> Journal of Modern Physics and Applications</source><volume> 2</volume>,<fpage> 1</fpage>-<lpage>7</lpage>.<pub-id pub-id-type="doi"></pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="scirp.73051-ref63"><label>63</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple">El Naschie, M.S. (2013) Nash Embedding of Witten’s M-Theory and the Hawking-Hartle Quantum Wave of Dark Energy. Journal of Modern Physics, 4, 1417.   
https://doi.org/10.4236/jmp.2013.410170</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="scirp.73051-ref64"><label>64</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple">El Naschie, M.S. (2013) The Hyperbolic Extension of Sigalotti-Hendi-Sharifzadeh’s Golden Triangle of Special Theory of Relativity and the Nature of Dark Energy. Journal of Modern Physics, 4, 354. https://doi.org/10.4236/jmp.2013.43049</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="scirp.73051-ref65"><label>65</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple">El Naschie, M.S. (2003) Modular Groups in Cantorian E(∞) High-Energy Physics. Chaos, Solitons &amp; Fractals, 16, 353-366.   
https://doi.org/10.1016/S0960-0779(02)00440-X</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="scirp.73051-ref66"><label>66</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple">El Naschie, M.S. (2014) From E = mc2 to E = mc2/22—A Short Account of the Most Famous Equation in Physics and Its Hidden Quantum Entanglement Origin. Journal of Quantum Information Science, 4, 284.   
https://doi.org/10.4236/jqis.2014.44023</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="scirp.73051-ref67"><label>67</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple">El Naschie, M.S. (1993) Statistical Mechanics of Multi-Dimensional Cantor Sets, Godel Theorem and Quantum Spacetime. Journal of the Franklin Institute, 330, 199-211. https://doi.org/10.1016/0016-0032(93)90030-X</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="scirp.73051-ref68"><label>68</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple">El Naschie, M.S. (2003) The VAK of Vacuum Fluctuation: Spontaneous Self-Organization and Complexity Theory Interpretation of High Energy Particle Physics and the Mass Spectrum. Chaos, Solitons &amp; Fractals, 18, 401-420.   
https://doi.org/10.1016/S0960-0779(03)00098-5</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="scirp.73051-ref69"><label>69</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple">El-Ahmady, A.E. (2007) The Variation of the Density Functions on Chaotic Spheres in Chaotic Space-Like Minkowskispace Time. Chaos, Solitons &amp; Fractals, 31, 1272-1278. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chaos.2005.10.112</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="scirp.73051-ref70"><label>70</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple">El Naschie, M.S. (2005) On 336 Kissing Spheres in 10 Dimensions, 528 P-Brane States in 11 Dimensions and the 60 Elementary Particles of the Standard Model. Chaos, Solitons &amp; Fractals, 24, 447-457. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chaos.2004.09.071</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="scirp.73051-ref71"><label>71</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple">El Naschie, M.S. (2014) Entanglement of E8E8 Exceptional Lie Symmetry Group Dark Energy, Einstein’s Maximal Total Energy and the Hartle-Hawking No Boundary Proposal as the Explanation for Dark Energy. World Journal of Condensed Matter Physics, 4, 74-77. https://doi.org/10.4236/wjcmp.2014.42011</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="scirp.73051-ref72"><label>72</label><mixed-citation publication-type="journal" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>El Naschie</surname><given-names> M.S. </given-names></name>,<etal>et al</etal>. (<year>2014</year>)<article-title>To Dark Energy Theory from a Cosserat-Like Model of Spacetime</article-title><source> Problems of Nonlinear Analysis in Engineering Systems</source><volume> 20</volume>,<fpage> 79</fpage>-<lpage>98</lpage>.<pub-id pub-id-type="doi"></pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="scirp.73051-ref73"><label>73</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple">El Naschie, M.S. (2014) Cosmic Dark Energy from ‘t Hooft’s Dimensional Regularization and Witten’s Topological Quantum Field Pure Gravity. Journal of Quantum Information Science, 4, 83-91. https://doi.org/10.4236/jqis.2014.42008</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="scirp.73051-ref74"><label>74</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple">Helal, M.A., Marek-Crnjac, L. and He, J.H. (2013) The Three Page Guide to the Most Important Results of MS El Naschie’s Research in E-Infinity Quantum Physics and Cosmology. Open Journal of Microphysics, 3, 141.   
https://doi.org/10.4236/ojm.2013.34020</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="scirp.73051-ref75"><label>75</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple">El Naschie, M.S. (2007) Feigenbaum Scenario for Turbulence and Cantorian E-Infinity Theory of High Energy Particle Physics. Chaos, Solitons &amp; Fractals, 32, 911-915. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chaos.2006.08.014</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="scirp.73051-ref76"><label>76</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple">El Naschie, M.S. (2008) Symmetry Group Prerequisite for E-Infinity in High Energy Physics. Chaos, Solitons &amp; Fractals, 35, 202-211.   
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chaos.2007.05.006</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="scirp.73051-ref77"><label>77</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple">El Naschie, M.S. (2014) Capillary Surface Energy Elucidation of the Cosmic Dark Energy—Ordinary Energy Duality. Open Journal of Fluid Dynamics, 4, 15-17.   
https://doi.org/10.4236/ojfd.2014.41002</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="scirp.73051-ref78"><label>78</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple">El Naschie, M.S. (2016) Cosserat-Cartan and de Sitter-Witten Spacetime Setting for Dark Energy. Quantum Matter, 5, 1-4. https://doi.org/10.1166/qm.2016.1247</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="scirp.73051-ref79"><label>79</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple">El Naschie, M.S. (2015) An Exact Mathematical Picture of Quantum Spacetime. Advances in Pure Mathematics, 5, 560. https://doi.org/10.4236/apm.2015.59052</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="scirp.73051-ref80"><label>80</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple">El Naschie, M.S. (2007) Exceptional Lie Groups Hierarchy and the Structure of the Micro Universe. International Journal of Nonlinear Sciences and Numerical Simulation, 8, 445-450. https://doi.org/10.1515/ijnsns.2007.8.3.445</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="scirp.73051-ref81"><label>81</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple">Marek-Crnjac, L. and He, J. (2013) An Invitation to El Naschie’s Theory of Cantorian Space-Time and Dark Energy. International Journal of Astronomy and Astrophysics, 3, 464-471. https://doi.org/10.4236/ijaa.2013.34053</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="scirp.73051-ref82"><label>82</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple">El Naschie, M.S. (1997) COBE Satellite Measurement, Cantorian Space and Cosmic Strings. Chaos, Solitons &amp; Fractals, 8, 847-850.   
https://doi.org/10.1016/S0960-0779(97)00084-2</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="scirp.73051-ref83"><label>83</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple">El Naschie, M.S. (2006) Linderhof Room of Mirrors, Thurston Three-Manifolds and the Geometry of Our Universe. International Journal of Nonlinear Sciences and Numerical Simulation, 7, 97-100. https://doi.org/10.1515/IJNSNS.2006.7.1.97</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="scirp.73051-ref84"><label>84</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple">El Naschie, M.S. (2015) A Resolution of the Black Hole Information Paradox via Transfinite Set Theory. World Journal of Condensed Matter Physics, 5, 249.   
https://doi.org/10.4236/wjcmp.2015.54026</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="scirp.73051-ref85"><label>85</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple">El Naschie, M.S. (2014) Why E Is Not Equal to mc2. Journal of Modern Physics, 5, 743-750. https://doi.org/10.4236/jmp.2014.59084</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="scirp.73051-ref86"><label>86</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple">El Naschie, M.S. (2005) On a Class of Fuzzy Kahler-Like Manifolds. Chaos, Solitons &amp; Fractals, 26, 257-261. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chaos.2004.12.024</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="scirp.73051-ref87"><label>87</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple">El Naschie, M.S. (2005) Godel Universe, Dualities and High Energy Particles in E-Infinity. Chaos, Solitons &amp; Fractals, 25, 759-764.   
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chaos.2004.12.010</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="scirp.73051-ref88"><label>88</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple">El Naschie, M.S. (1998) On the Irreducibility of Spatial Ambiguity in Quantum Physics. Chaos, Solitons &amp; Fractals, 9, 913-919.   
https://doi.org/10.1016/S0960-0779(97)00165-3</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="scirp.73051-ref89"><label>89</label><mixed-citation publication-type="journal" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>El Naschie</surname><given-names> M.S. </given-names></name>,<etal>et al</etal>. (<year>2013</year>)<article-title>The Quantum Entanglement behind the Missing Dark Energy</article-title><source> Journal of Modern Physics and Applications</source><volume> 2</volume>,<fpage> 88</fpage>-<lpage>96</lpage>.<pub-id pub-id-type="doi"></pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="scirp.73051-ref90"><label>90</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple">El Naschie, M.S. (2005) Deriving the Essential Features of the Standard Model from the General Theory of Relativity. Chaos, Solitons &amp; Fractals, 24, 941-946.   
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chaos.2004.10.001</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="scirp.73051-ref91"><label>91</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple">El Naschie, M.S. (2014) Einstein’s General Relativity and Pure Gravity in a Cosserat and De Sitter-Witten Spacetime Setting as the Explanation of Dark Energy and Cosmic Accelerated Expansion. International Journal of Astronomy and Astrophysics, 4, 332. https://doi.org/10.4236/ijaa.2014.42027</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="scirp.73051-ref92"><label>92</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple">El Naschie, M.S. (2006) The Unreasonable Effectiveness of the Electron-Volt Units System in High Energy Physics and the Role Played by a0 = 137. International Journal of Nonlinear Sciences and Numerical Simulation, 7, 119-128.   
https://doi.org/10.1515/IJNSNS.2006.7.2.119</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="scirp.73051-ref93"><label>93</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple">El Naschie, M.S. (1998) Superstrings, Knots, and Noncommutative Geometry in E(∞) Space. International Journal of Theoretical Physics, 37, 2935-2951.   
https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1026679628582</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="scirp.73051-ref94"><label>94</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple">El Naschie, M.S. (2013) The Missing Dark Energy of the Cosmos from Light Cone Topological Velocity and Scaling of the Planck Scale. Open Journal of Microphysics, 3, 64-70. https://doi.org/10.4236/ojm.2013.33012</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="scirp.73051-ref95"><label>95</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple">El Naschie, M.S. (2008) The Fundamental Algebraic Equations of the Constants of Nature. Chaos, Solitons &amp; Fractals, 35, 320-322.   
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chaos.2007.06.110</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="scirp.73051-ref96"><label>96</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple">Iovane, G. (2006) El Naschie Ε-Infinity Cantorian Spacetime and Lengths Scales in Cosmology. International Journal of Nonlinear Sciences and Numerical Simulation, 7, 155-162. https://doi.org/10.1515/IJNSNS.2006.7.2.155</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="scirp.73051-ref97"><label>97</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple">El Naschie, M.S. (2014) The Meta Energy of Dark Energy. Open Journal of Philosophy, 4, 157-159. https://doi.org/10.4236/ojpp.2014.42022</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="scirp.73051-ref98"><label>98</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple">El Naschie, M.S. (2007) From Symmetry to Particles. Chaos, Solitons &amp; Fractals, 32, 427-430. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chaos.2006.09.016</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="scirp.73051-ref99"><label>99</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple">El Naschie, M.S. (2008) Kaluza-Klein Unification-Some Possible Extensions. Chaos, Solitons &amp; Fractals, 37, 16-22. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chaos.2007.09.079</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="scirp.73051-ref100"><label>100</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple">El Naschie, M.S. (2015) On a Non-Perturbative Quantum Relativity Theory Leading to a Casimir-Dark Energy Nanotech Reactor Proposal. Open Journal of Applied Sciences, 5, 313. https://doi.org/10.4236/ojapps.2015.57032</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="scirp.73051-ref101"><label>101</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple">He, J.H. (2007) Nonlinear Dynamics and the Nobel Prize in Physics. International Journal of Nonlinear Sciences and Numerical Simulation, 8, 1-4.   
https://doi.org/10.1515/IJNSNS.2007.8.1.1</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="scirp.73051-ref102"><label>102</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple">El Naschie, M.S. (2004) Small World Network, ε(∞) Topology and the Mass Spectrum of High Energy Particles Physics. Chaos, Solitons &amp; Fractals, 19, 689-697.   
https://doi.org/10.1016/S0960-0779(03)00337-0</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="scirp.73051-ref103"><label>103</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple">El Naschie, M.S. (2014) From Chern-Simon, Holography and Scale Relativity to Dark Energy. Journal of Applied Mathematics and Physics, 2, 634-638.   
https://doi.org/10.4236/jamp.2014.27069</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="scirp.73051-ref104"><label>104</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple">El Naschie, M.S. (2005) Experimental and Theoretical Arguments for the Number and the Mass of the Higgs Particles. Chaos, Solitons &amp; Fractals, 23, 1091-1098.   
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chaos.2004.08.001</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="scirp.73051-ref105"><label>105</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple">He, J.H. (2006) Application of E-Infinity Theory to Biology. Chaos, Solitons &amp; Fractals, 28, 285-289. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chaos.2005.08.001</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="scirp.73051-ref106"><label>106</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple">He, J.H. and Marek-Crnjac, L. (2013) Mohamed El Naschie’s Revision of Albert Einstein’s E = m0c2: A Definite Resolution of the Mystery of the Missing Dark Energy of the Cosmos. International Journal of Modern Nonlinear Theory and Application, 2, 55-59. https://doi.org/10.4236/ijmnta.2013.21006</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="scirp.73051-ref107"><label>107</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple">El Naschie, M.S. (1998) Dimensional Symmetry Breaking, Information and Fractal Gravity in Cantorian Space. Biosystems, 46, 41-46.   
https://doi.org/10.1016/S0303-2647(97)00079-8</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="scirp.73051-ref108"><label>108</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple">El Naschie, M.S. (2005) On Einstein’s Super Symmetric Tensor and the Number of Elementary Particles of the Standard Model. Chaos, Solitons &amp; Fractals, 23, 1521-1525. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chaos.2004.09.003</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="scirp.73051-ref109"><label>109</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple">El Naschie, M.S. (2001) A General Theory for the Topology of Transfinite Heterotic Strings and Quantum Gravity. Chaos, Solitons &amp; Fractals, 12, 969-988.   
https://doi.org/10.1016/S0960-0779(00)00263-0</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="scirp.73051-ref110"><label>110</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple">El Naschie, M.S. (2006) Fuzzy Dodecahedron Topology and E-Infinity Spacetime as a Model for Quantum Physics. Chaos, Solitons &amp; Fractals, 30, 1025-1033.   
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chaos.2006.05.088</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="scirp.73051-ref111"><label>111</label><mixed-citation publication-type="journal" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>El Naschie</surname><given-names> M.S. </given-names></name>,<etal>et al</etal>. (<year>2013</year>)<article-title>Determining the Missing Dark Energy Density of the Cosmos from a Light Cone Exact Relativistic Analysis</article-title><source> Journal of Physics</source><volume> 2</volume>,<fpage> 18</fpage>-<lpage>23</lpage>.<pub-id pub-id-type="doi"></pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="scirp.73051-ref112"><label>112</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple">El Naschie, M.S., Marek-Crnjac, L., Helal, M.A. and He, J.H. (2014) A Topological Magueijo-Smolin Varying Speed of Light Theory, the Accelerated Cosmic Expansion and the Dark Energy of Pure Gravity. Applied Mathematics, 5, 1780-1790.   
https://doi.org/10.4236/am.2014.512171</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="scirp.73051-ref113"><label>113</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple">Sigalotti, L.D.G. and Mejias, A. (2006) The Golden Ratio in Special Relativity. Chaos, Solitons &amp; Fractals, 30, 521-524. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chaos.2006.03.005</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="scirp.73051-ref114"><label>114</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple">Castro, C., El-Naschie, M.S. and Granik, A. (2000) Why We Live in 3 + 1 Dimensions. CERN Document Server. (No. hep-th/0004152).</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="scirp.73051-ref115"><label>115</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple">Marek Crnjac, L. and El Naschie, M.S. (2013) Quantum Gravity and Dark Energy Using Fractal Planck Scaling. Journal of Modern Physics, 4, 31-38.   
https://doi.org/10.4236/jmp.2013.411A1005</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="scirp.73051-ref116"><label>116</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple">El Naschie, M.S. (2016) Einstein-Rosen Bridge (ER), Einstein-Podolsky-Rosen Experiment (EPR) and Zero Measure Rindler-KAM Cantorian Spacetime Geometry (ZMG) Are Conceptually Equivalent. Journal of Quantum Information Science, 6, 1-9. https://doi.org/10.4236/jqis.2016.61001</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="scirp.73051-ref117"><label>117</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple">El Naschie, M.S. (1993) On Certain Infinite Dimensional Cantor Sets and the Schrodinger Wave. Chaos, Solitons &amp; Fractals, 3, 89-98.   
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https://doi.org/10.1016/0898-1221(95)00062-4</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="scirp.73051-ref119"><label>119</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple">El Naschie, M.S. (2003) Kleinian Groups in E(∞) and Their Connection to Particle Physics and Cosmology. Chaos, Solitons &amp; Fractals, 16, 637-649.   
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https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajmp.20130206.23</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="scirp.73051-ref122"><label>122</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple">El Naschie, M.S. (2015) Kerr Black Hole Geometry Leading to Dark Matter and Dark Energy via E-Infinity Theory and the Possibility of a Nano Spacetime Singularities Reactor. Natural Science, 7, 210. https://doi.org/10.4236/ns.2015.74024</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="scirp.73051-ref123"><label>123</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple">Castro, C. (2000) Is Quantum Space-Time Infinite Dimensional. Chaos, Solitons &amp; Fractals, 11, 1663-1670. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0960-0779(00)00018-7</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="scirp.73051-ref124"><label>124</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple">El Naschie, M.S. (2014) Calculating the Exact Experimental Density of the Dark Energy in the Cosmos Assuming a Fractal Speed of Light. International Journal of Modern Nonlinear Theory and Application, 3, 1-5.   
https://doi.org/10.4236/ijmnta.2014.31001</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="scirp.73051-ref125"><label>125</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple">El Naschie, M.S. (2004) Topological Defects in the Symplictic Vacuum, Anomalous Positron Production and the Gravitational Instanton. International Journal of Modern Physics E, 13, 835-849. https://doi.org/10.1142/S0218301304002429</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="scirp.73051-ref126"><label>126</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple">El Naschie, M.S. (2000) Towards a Geometrical Theory for the Unification of All Fundamental Forces. Chaos, Solitons &amp; Fractals, 11, 1459-1469.   
https://doi.org/10.1016/S0960-0779(99)00194-0</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="scirp.73051-ref127"><label>127</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple">El Naschie, M.S. (2014) From Modified Newtonian Gravity to Dark Energy via Quantum Entanglement. Journal of Applied Mathematics and Physics, 2, 803.   
https://doi.org/10.4236/jamp.2014.28088</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="scirp.73051-ref128"><label>128</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple">El Naschie, M.S. (2001) On a Heterotic String-Based Algorithm for the Determination of the Fine Structure Constant. Chaos, Solitons &amp; Fractals, 12, 539-549.   
https://doi.org/10.1016/S0960-0779(00)00187-9</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="scirp.73051-ref129"><label>129</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple">El Naschie, M.S. (2005) Determining the Number of Higgs Particles Starting from General Relativity and Various Other Field Theories. Chaos, Solitons &amp; Fractals, 23, 711-726. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chaos.2004.06.048</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="scirp.73051-ref130"><label>130</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple">El Naschie, M.S. (2015) Quantum Fractals and the Casimir-Dark Energy Duality—The Road to a Clean Quantum Energy Nano Reactor. Journal of Modern Physics, 6, 1321. https://doi.org/10.4236/jmp.2015.69137</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="scirp.73051-ref131"><label>131</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple">Iovane, G. and Giordano, P. (2007) Wavelets and Multiresolution Analysis: Nature of ε(∞) Cantorian Space-Time. Chaos, Solitons &amp; Fractals, 32, 896-910.   
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https://doi.org/10.4236/wjnse.2015.53008</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="scirp.73051-ref137"><label>137</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple">El Naschie, M.S. (2005) Determining the Mass of the Higgs and the Electroweak Bosons. Chaos, Solitons &amp; Fractals, 24, 899-905.   
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chaos.2004.11.003</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="scirp.73051-ref138"><label>138</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple">El Naschie, M.S. (2015) From Kantian-Reinen Fernunft to the Real Dark Energy Density of the Cosmos via the Measure Concentration of Convex Geometry in Quasi Banach Spacetime. Open Journal of Philosophy, 5, 123.   
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https://doi.org/10.4236/ijmnta.2013.23023</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="scirp.73051-ref143"><label>143</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple">El Naschie, M.S. (2005) A New Solution for the Two-Slit Experiment. Chaos, Solitons &amp; Fractals, 25, 935-939. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chaos.2005.02.029</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="scirp.73051-ref144"><label>144</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple">He, J.H. (2007) On the Number of Elementary Particles in a Resolution Dependent Fractal Spacetime. Chaos, Solitons &amp; Fractals, 32, 1645-1648.   
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https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chaos.2006.03.114</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="scirp.73051-ref161"><label>161</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple">El Naschie, M.S. (2005) The Supersymmetric Components of the Riemann-Einstein Tensor as Nine Dimensional Spheres in Ten Dimensional Space. Chaos, Solitons &amp; Fractals, 24, 29-32. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chaos.2004.09.002</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="scirp.73051-ref162"><label>162</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple">He, J.H. (2007) E-Infinity Theory and the Higgs Field. Chaos, Solitons &amp; Fractals, 31, 782-786. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chaos.2006.04.041</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="scirp.73051-ref163"><label>163</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple">Iovane, G., Giordano, P. and Salerno, S. (2005) Dynamical Systems on El Naschie’s ε(∞) Cantorian Space-Time. Chaos, Solitons &amp; Fractals, 24, 423-441.   
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https://doi.org/10.4236/ijaa.2016.62011</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="scirp.73051-ref166"><label>166</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple">El Naschie, M.S. (2008) The Exceptional Lie Symmetry Groups Hierarchy and the Expected Number of Higgs Bosons. Chaos, Solitons &amp; Fractals, 35, 268-273.   
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chaos.2007.07.036</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="scirp.73051-ref167"><label>167</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple">El Naschie, M.S. (2015) The Casimir Topological Effect and a Proposal for a Casimir-Dark Energy Nano Reactor. World Journal of Nano Science and Engineering, 5, 26. https://doi.org/10.4236/wjnse.2015.51004</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="scirp.73051-ref168"><label>168</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple">El Naschie, M.S. (2008) Exact Non-Perturbative Derivation of Gravity’s Fine Structure Constant, the Mass of the Higgs and Elementary Black Holes. Chaos, Solitons &amp; Fractals, 37, 346-359. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chaos.2007.10.021</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="scirp.73051-ref169"><label>169</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple">El Naschie, M.S. (2015) From Fusion Algebra to Cold Fusion or from Pure Reason to Pragmatism. Open Journal of Philosophy, 5, 319.   
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https://doi.org/10.4236/ojm.2015.52002</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="scirp.73051-ref179"><label>179</label><mixed-citation publication-type="journal" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>El Naschie</surname><given-names> M.S. </given-names></name>,<etal>et al</etal>. (<year>2004</year>)<article-title>Quantum Collapse of Wave Interference Pattern in the Two-Slit Experiment: A Set Theoretical Resolution</article-title><source> Nonlinear Science Letter A</source><volume> 2</volume>,<fpage> 1</fpage>-<lpage>9</lpage>.<pub-id pub-id-type="doi"></pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="scirp.73051-ref180"><label>180</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple">Iovane, G. (2006) Cantorian Spacetime and Hilbert Space: Part I—Foundations. Chaos, Solitons &amp; Fractals, 28, 857-878. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chaos.2005.08.074</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="scirp.73051-ref181"><label>181</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple">El Naschie, M.S. (1992) On the Uncertainty of Information in Quantum Space-Time. Chaos, Solitons &amp; Fractals, 2, 91-94.   
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https://doi.org/10.1016/S0960-0779(98)00120-9</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="scirp.73051-ref184"><label>184</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple">El Naschie, M.S. (2006) On the Vital Role Played by the Electron-Volt Units System in High Energy Physics and Mach’s Principle of “Denkokonomie”. Chaos, Solitons &amp; Fractals, 28, 1366-1371. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chaos.2005.11.001</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="scirp.73051-ref185"><label>185</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple">El Naschie, M.S. (2015) Computing Dark Energy and Ordinary Energy of the Cosmos as a Double Eigenvalue Problem. Journal of Modern Physics, 6, 384.   
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arXiv Preprint hep-th/0004152.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="scirp.73051-ref225"><label>225</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple">Selvam, A.M. (2005) A General Systems Theory for Chaos, Quantum Mechanics and Gravity for Dynamical Systems of All Space-Time Scales.  
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https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chaos.2005.01.009</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="scirp.73051-ref238"><label>238</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple">Sidharth, B.G. (2003) The New Cosmos. Chaos, Solitons &amp; Fractals, 18, 197-201.  
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https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chaos.2004.04.026</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="scirp.73051-ref240"><label>240</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple">El Naschie, M.S. (1999) From Implosion to Fractal Spheres: A Brief Account of the Historical Development of Scientific Ideas Leading to the Trinity Test and beyond. Chaos, Solitons &amp; Fractals, 10, 1955-1965.  
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