In this paper, the relationship between steel and chemical elements is explored. A production record of a steel mill is adopted for two years, which is used as the basic data to standardize the data. Then, according to the correlation coefficient method between the hot-rolled ribs No. 1 and No. 2 hot-rolled ribs, the correlation between the two sets of data is analyzed. The main influencing factors of the hot-rolled ribs properties are obtained qualitatively. Then, the logistic regression method is used. Finally, according to the national standard of Chinese steel, the linear optimization model of Cr and Mn and V elements was established, and the change range of Cr was obtained without affecting the performance of hot rolled ribs.
Correlation Analysis Logistic Regression Linear Optimization Model Hot-Rolled Ribbed Bar1. Introduction
Hot-rolled ribbed bar is commonly known as deformed steel bar, it’s mainly used for skeleton of reinforced concrete component and it requires certain mechanical strength, bending and deformation properties, fabrication weldability in use. Most deformed steel bar adopts microalloying method, that is to add expensive microelement (such as Mn alloy material, V alloy material, etc.) into steel, adjust the composition proportion and to improve structure property. In this paper, by collecting the mechanical properties of steel types, the main mechanical properties are hardness, tensile strength, yield strength, toughness [1] [2] [3] [4] , brittleness, percentage elongation after fracture and so on. Many factors affect the mechanical properties; this article only considers the effect of chemical elements. First of all, we explore the types of chemical elements, analysis of mechanical properties of steel. The relationship between the chemical element and the steel performance index was analyzed through the production data of a steel enterprise for two years. The main and minor factors that affect the three mechanical properties are obtained. Then, we analyze the major and the minor degree of the chemical elements by the correlation analysis and analysis. In it, we find the mechanical relationships between the main elements and the three mechanical indices. Finally, through the construction of mathematical models, we found their impact relationship. In practice, business managers take into account the price of rare metals, and Cr in the hot-rolled ribs to add excess, the impact of Mn and V. Combined with China’s national hot-rolled rib of the national standards, a linear optimization model was established. By optimizing the model [5] , the range of Cr is obtained under the condition of not affecting the performance of hot-rolled ribs. When the company uses mine rich in Cr, the Cr content in liquid iron will significantly increase. Therefore there is a question: When Cr content increases, can we reduce alloy material amount in order to control the cost?
2. Data Preprocessing
From the experience of daily life, combined with scientific and technical literature and steel production data, the data are standardized. Data between the different dimensions, resulting in a large difference between the data directly to deal with it is difficult to find the chemical elements, the conclusion is very unfavorable. Therefore, this paper firstly standardized data processing, the extreme value method as a standard data processing. After the data have been processed by extreme values, all data will be in the range (0, 1).
Extreme value processing formula:
In it, is the maximum value in the matrix and is the minimum value in the matrix. Here are some of the data after the standardization, see Table 1.
Take No. 1 and 2 specifications of steel, the position of the front three.
Standardized data
Specification
C
Mn
S
P
Si
Ceq
V
Cr
1
0.5
0.4483
0.65
0.25
0.5294
0.375
0.0977
0.0698
1
0.5
0.2759
0.9
0.5
0.3529
0.3125
0.1203
0.1047
1
0.5
0.4138
0.5
0.0833
0.5588
0.3125
0.1053
0.093
2
0.5
0.4138
0.75
0.3333
0.4706
0.5
0.1128
0.1163
2
0.5
0.5517
0.85
0.5556
0.3824
0.3125
0.1128
0.1047
2
0.3333
0.4138
0.625
0.4444
0.4118
0.3125
0.0977
0.1163
3. Mathematical Modeling3.1. Correlation Analysis
The main properties of the deformation of steel are yield strength, tensile strength and elongation after fracture, other mechanical properties are not considered, the subject mentioned: the chemical composition of steel is the ultimate structural properties of hot-rolled steel is the basic elements. Therefore, the factors affecting the performance of steel only consider the chemical element effects, and analysis of the primary and secondary relationship between these elements.
Data sampling area is an important means of data processing in modern mathematics. In this paper, sample processing method is used to classify the No. 1 and No. 2 steel materials on the basis of ensuring the order of standardization of raw data. Ribs 71 sets of data, No. 2 hot-rolled ribs 51 sets of data, were studied.
The hot-rolled ribs of No. 1 and the No. 2 hot-rolled ribs are separated, and the correlation between each element and the three properties and the three properties are analyzed respectively. The product correlation coefficient method is used to calculate the correlation between the element and the performance. The formula of the product correlation coefficient is as follows:
In it, is the correlation coefficient.
The following table shows the correlation between the individual elements and the three properties:
With the MATLAB program, standardize the data. According to Table 2 and Table 3, we can find the main factors affecting the yield strength of hot-rolled ribs are C, Si, Cr, P, S, and the main factors affecting tensile strength are C, Si, Mn, P, S, Cr affect the elongation of the main elements of P, C, Mn.
3.2. Construction of Mathematical Models
It is well known that the properties of the hot-rolled ribs directly affect the metallurgical
The correlation between each element of No. 1 hot-rolled rib and three properties
C
Mn
S
P
Si
Ceq
V
Cr
Ni
Cu
Mo
Alt
Tensile strength
0.348
0.12
−0.128
0.117
0.246
−0.207
−0.05
−0.311
0.06
0.059
−0.16
−0.17
Yield strength
0.331
0.002
0.473
−0.301
0.244
0.076
−0.092
−0.134
−0.25
−0.085
0.933
0.98
Percentage elongation after fracture
−0.114
0.099
−0.026
0.449
0.082
−0.124
0.195
−0.351
0.099
0.187
0.159
0.158
Correlations of the individual elements of No. 2 hot-rolled ribs with the three properties
C
Mn
S
P
Si
Ceq
V
Cr
Ni
Cu
Mo
Alt
Tensile strength
0.3
0.175
−0.136
0.16
0.212
−0.064
−0.046
−0.299
0.02
0.046
−0.52
−0.053
Yield strength
0.362
0.028
0.21
−0.258
0.192
0.082
−0.149
−0.279
−0.141
−0.045
0.737
0.98
Percentage elongation after fracture
−0.028
0.163
−0.125
0.102
−0.144
−0.114
−0.413
0.249
0.316
0.028
0.17
0.136
properties of the hot-rolled ribs and the yield point and tensile strength of the hot-rolled ribs increase with the increase of the C content and the properties and impact properties are decreased. In the steelmaking process, the manganese is good Deoxidizer and desulfurization agent, the general steel containing manganese 0.3% - 0.5% [6] [7] [8] , compared with ordinary steel not only has enough toughness, as well as high strength and hardness. According to the need, the manganese content increases, reduces the steel the corrosion resistance ability, reduces the welding performance. Chromium in the hot-rolled ribs can significantly improve the strength, hardness and wear resistance, while reducing the plastic toughness, but also improve the oxidation resistance and corrosion resistance of steel, nickel can improve the strength of steel to maintain good plasticity and toughness of the acid Alkali has a strong resistance to corrosion, but nickel is more scarce, it should be considered with other elements instead of cadmium and nickel. Si can remarkably improve the elastic limit, yield strength and fatigue property of steel.
The yield strength, tensile strength and elongation at break of the deformed steels were compared with those of C, Mn, Cr, V and Ni, including C, Cr, V, Ni.
The data of C, Mn, Cr, V and Ni are taken as the independent variable’s vectors. The yielding strength, the tensile strength after breaking and the elongation at break were taken as y variables, and the conditional probability was assumed.
In the formula, p is the probability of observing the occurrence of something. According to the data, we can get the regression model. The relation between and is as follows:
In the formula, the function is the monotonic increasing function of the range in [0, 1] interval.
For logistic regression:
is the distribution of the mean value between [0, 1], the probability is:
The probability of the number of written together:
The maximum likelihood of is:
Take the natural logarithm, the formula is:
G is the residual, and then do linear regression with MATLAB, can be drawn with the yield strength of Mn, C off
With the corrcoef function can be seen in the specifications of a steel, Ni, Cr, V and tensile strength of a linear relationship. This shows that the linear relationship is satisfied in the plane:
is the residual, and then do linear regression with MATLAB, can be drawn with the yield strength, Cr, Ni, V relationship is as follows:
The comprehensive relationship between the five major elements of Mn, C, Cr, Ni, V and the yield strength can be summarized as follows:
T Is the residual, and then do linear regression with MATLAB, C, Mn and fracture tensile strength relationship is as follows:
Using the corrcoef function, it can be seen that the tensile strength of Cr, Ni, V and fracture is approximately linear in the steel with the size of one. This shows that the linear relationship is satisfied in the plane:
T Is the residual, and then do a linear regression with MATLAB, C, Mn, Cr, Ni, V and fracture tensile strength relationship is as follows:
C and elongation at break linearly. This shows that the linear relationship is satisfied in the plane:
Is the residual, and then do linear regression with MATLAB, can be drawn with the yield strength of Mn, C relationship is as follows:
With the corrcoef function can be seen in the specifications of a steel, Ni, Cr, V and tensile strength of a linear relationship. This shows that the linear relationship is satisfied in the plane:
is the residual, and then do linear regression with MATLAB, can be obtained with the yield strength, Cr, Ni, V relationship is as follows:
The comprehensive relationship between the five major elements of Mn, C, Cr, Ni, V and the elongation at break is as follows:
Similarly, the relationship between the yield strength, the tensile strength and the elon- gation at break of C, Mn, Cr, V and Ni in the specification II can be obtained as follows:
Through the above formula can be concluded:
The carbon content of steel increased, yield strength and tensile strength increased, but the plastic and lower impact;
Mn can improve the toughness of sufficient to improve its [7] [8] [9] tensile strength and flexural strength to improve the tensile properties of chromium to reduce steel, can improve the antioxidant capacity, nickel can improve the strength of steel to maintain shape.
3.3. Analysis Cr, Optimization Ratio
According to the third question, the mathematic model of the performance of the hot-rolled ribs is established, and the mathematical model of the linear programming is established through the second group of equations and the Chinese national standard [10] . The relationship between C, Mn, Cr, V, Ni and the tensile strength and elongation at break were obtained. The functional formulas were as follows ((19), (25), (26):
Here, the HPB335 and HPB400 are discussed according to the Chinese national standard.
HB335 hot-rolled ribs linear programming model: (27); HB400 hot-rolled ribs linear programming model: (28).
Through calculating of the HB335 hot-rolled ribs, the range of Cr is:
.
Through calculating of the HB400 hot-rolled ribs, the range of Cr is:
.
The range of Mn and V in HB335 was calculated:.
The range of Mn and V in HB400 was calculated:
.
4. Conclusion
In this paper, it is divided into three parts: Analyzing the performance and main influencing factors of hot-rolled ribs, establishing the mathematical model between chemical elements and properties, analyzing the range of Cr content without affecting the performance, achieving energy saving and emission reduction, economic and rational development purposes.
Cite this paper
Han, R.X., Hu, M.H., Pei, Q., Gong, D.X. and Song, Y.X. (2016) The Influence of Chemical Element on Properties of Deformed Steel Bar. Open Journal of Statistics, 6, 1174-1180. http://dx.doi.org/10.4236/ojs.2016.66095
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