Objective: To explore the effect of Cangfudaotan Tang on phlegm dampness type of PCOS and the role of oatp2b1 in transportation and transformation of phlegm dampness. Methods: 36 SD female rats were randomly divided into three groups: blank control group, model group and Cangfudaotan Tang group, 12 cases in each one. After PCOS rat models were made, rats of Cangfudaotan Tang group were treated with Cangfudaotan Tang (1.42 g/kg/d) by intragastric administration for 14 days; blank control and model group were given with isodose saline. The expression of oatp2b1 mRNA/Protein in liver and kidney tissues was measured and the level of testosterone (T), follicle stimulating hormone(FSH), estradiol (E
2
), luteinizing hormone(LH), Serum total cholesterol (TG), Triacylglycerols (TC), high density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) and low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) were detected at the same time. Results: Compared with blank control group, the expression of oatp2b1 mRNA and the level of TC, TG, LDL, LH, FSH, T in model group were significantly increased (P < 0. 05), while the level of HDL was significantly decreased (P < 0. 05); compared with model group, the expression of oatp2b1 mRNA and the level of TC, TG, LDL in Cangfudaotan Tang group were significantly lowered (P < 0.05); the level of HDL was significantly higher; the oatp2b1 protein in kidney and liver tissues had different degrees of expression, while there was no statistical significance among the three groups. Conclusions: Oatp2b1 might be one of the material bases participating in transportation and transformation of phlegmy dampness. The mechanism of Cangfudaotan Tang treating phlegm dampness type of PCOS may be achieved by regulating the expression of oatp2b1.
With the human living standards rising, hyperlipidemia and other related diseases caused by high fat food intake have become a major disease. Chinese medicine believes that high fat diet is the main cause of phlegm dampness syndrome and hyperlipidemia belongs to phlegm turbidity of the traditional Chinese medicine, which provides a theoretical basis for rat model of phlegm dampness syndrome established by the high fat diet. Research indicates, organic anion transporter polypeptide (oatp) can efficiently transport a variety of foreign organisms, which plays an important role in transportation and transformation of phlegm dampness [1] . Phlegm dampness type is one of the most common syndrome types of PCOS. Cangfudaotan Tang has the effect of eliminating dampness and resolving phlegm, which is one of effective prescriptions in treating phlegm dampness type of PCOS. This study selected oatp2b1, which is widely distributed in various tissues of animal, as the research object. The aim of the study was to explore the effect of Cangfudaotan Tang on phlegm dampness type of PCOS and the role of oatp2b1 in transportation and transformation of phlegm dampness, by observing the expression of oatp2b1 in rat liver and kidney tissues with phlegm dampness type of PCOS. The findings of the report are as follows.
2. Material and Instruments2.1. Animals
36 six-week-old Female SD rats of SPF level, weighing 35 - 45 g, were provided by the animals central of Guangdong province, License number is 0003459, Guangdong License number is 20030001.
2.2. Drugs and Reagents
Herbal medicine constituting Cangfudaotan Tang were provided by dispensary of traditional Chinese medicine in Sun Yat-Sen memory hospital of Sun Yat-sen University; Human Chorionic Gonadotropin (Shanghai Yili Biological Technology Co. Ltd.); Sodium Prasterone Sulfate (Jiangsu Huanlian Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd.); RT-PCR kit: β-actin (mouse) monoclonal antibody and OATP-B (SANTA CRUZ); Anti-goat IgG-HRP (ZSGB-BIO); RNAiso™ Plus extraction kit (TaKaRa, No.D9108A); 5 × quantitative PCR buffer, 5 × RT buffer, MMLV, dNTPs, Taq enzyme (Guangzhou Huayin Medical Technology Co, Ltd. No. 871340); OligoT (Promega); ELISA kit (Guangzhou yale pharmaceutical company).
3. Methods3.1. Animal Group and Intervention Methods
36 rats were randomly divided into three groups: blank control group, model group and Cangfudaotan Tang group, 12 cases in each one. Blank control group: Conventional diet and natural environment, free eating and drinking water. Rats of model and Cangfudaotan Tang group were fed with high fat diet in the natural environment. (The high fat feed was purchased from the animals central of Guangdong province, and its components were as follows: basic feed 55%, lard 15%, sucrose 21%, egg yolk powder 9%, cholate 0.5%.) Meanwhile, reference to the Luoshi method to establish PCOS rat models [2] . Rats of above two groups were injected with Sodium Prasterone Sulfate (9 mg/100g/d) for 40 days. On sixth days, rats were simultaneously given human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG) at dose of 1.5 units by subcutaneous injection for 35 days. After phlegm dampness of PCOS rat models were successfully made, rats of Cangfudaotan Tang group were treated with Cangfudaotan Tang (1.42 g/kg/d) by intragastric administration, and blank control and model group were given with isodose saline. Cangfudaotan comes from “Tianshi Ye for diagnosis and treatment of Gynecological diseases”, and it consists of Poria 15 g, Rhizoma atractylodis 10 g, Fabanxia 10 g, Fructus Ponciri 10 g, Rhizoma cyperi 10 g, Pericarpium citri nobilis 6 g, Arisaematis Rhizoma 6 g, Ginger 6 g, Radix glycyrrhizae 6 g. Rats of model group and blank control group continue to be fed with high fat diet and conventional diet respectively.
3.2. Diagnostic Criteria of Phlegm Dampness Constitution in Rats [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="scirp.72858-ref3">3</xref>] [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="scirp.72858-ref4">4</xref>]
Obesity, decreased activity, decreased appetite, dull and fluffy coat, loose stools, decreased reaction ability, decreased water intake.
3.3. Index Detection and Methods3.3.1. Specimen Collection
Anesthesia was performed with 3% pentobarbital sodium (2 ml/kg. b.w) by the way of intraperitoneal injection in rats, each piece of tissue was drawn from liver and kidney, each size of sample was about 5 mm × 5 mm, putted samples into the freezing tube. Within 15 minutes, all samples were preserved into the −80˚C refrigerator.
3.3.2. The Expression of oatp2b1 mRNA Detection
Real-time fluorescent quantitative PCR method. Design and synthesis of primers: to find the mRNA of rats OATP2b1 and GAPDH on the GenBank; the specific primer probes were designed by Primer express 2.0 software; instruments for the ABI 3900 desktop high throughput DNA synthesizer. The primer sequences are shown in Table 1. The RT-PCR cycling conditions: 94˚C, 20 s; 94˚C, 5 s, 60˚C, 30 s, read FAM fluorescent value, 40 cycle.
3.3.3. The Protein Expression Level of oatp2b1 Determination
Using Western Blot method. Protein were extracted from liver and kidney (keygen protein extraction kit), and then tissues homogenate, ultracentrifugation (4˚C, 10 000 r/min, 5 min), 60 minutes membrane proteins, SDS electrophoresis, transfer membrane, blocking, primary antibodies, secondary antibodies, ECL assay, the level of oatp2b1 protein expression was calculated according to p-tublin 55ku reference value.
Serum lipid kit was purchased from Shanghai chemical reagent company of China Pharmaceutical Group (Batch number: 20110712). After the last treatment and then rats in each group were fasting for 16 hours, blood samples were obtained from abdominal aorta, ultracentrifugation (3000 r/min, 10 min), serum collection, used to detect the level of TC, TG, LDL-C and HDL-C.
The method of serum collection is the same as above and the level of LH, FSH, T and E2 were measured by ELISA.
3.3.6. Statistical Analysis
Application of statistical software SPSS 13.0 for analyzing the data; all data are expressed as means ± standard deviation; comparisons among multiple groups means were analyzed by variance analysis (α = 0.05); in the condition of refusing to obey normal distribution, comparisons among multiple groups were performed with Kruskal- Wallis test (α = 0.10); comparisons between any two groups were achieved by Mann- Whitney U test.
4. Results4.1. General Symptoms of Rats
In the course of feeding, compared with blank control group, rats of high fat diet were
more docile, decreased activity, decreased reaction ability, dull and fluffy coat. After eight weeks, rats of model group and Cangfudaotan Tang group had these symptoms such as increased weight, decreased appetite, loose stools, decreased water intake, and so on.
4.2. Effects of Cangfudaotan Tang on Expression of oatp2b1 mRNA in Rat Liver and Kidney Tissues (<xref ref-type="table" rid="table2">Table 2</xref>)
Compared with blank control group, the expression of oatp2b1 mRNA in rat liver and kidney tissue of model group were significantly decreased (P < 0.01, P < 0.05); Compared with model group, the expression of oatp2b1 mRNA in rat liver and kidney tissue of Cangfudaotan Tang group were significantly increased (P < 0.01, P < 0.05).
4.3. Effects of Cangfudaotan Tang on Protein Expression of oatp2b1 in Ratliver and Kidney Tissues (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig1">Figure 1</xref>, <xref ref-type="table" rid="table3">Table 3</xref>)
The oatp2b1 protein in kidney and liver tissues had different degrees of expression, protein expression intensity: Cangfudaotan Tang group > blank control group > model group, however, there was no statistical significance among the three groups (P > 0.05), the reason may be associated with that the time of establishing the phlegm dampness type PCOS model is too short. In clinical, phlegm dampness type polycystic ovary syndrome is a chronic course of disease, which generally lasts for several months, years or even decades. However, the experimental model is an acute process. Although rats have clinical manifestations of PCOS, the changes in the microcirculation are not necessarily synchronized.
4.4. Effects of Cangfudaotan Tang on Serum Lipid Levelin Rats (<xref ref-type="table" rid="table4">Table 4</xref>)
After the final administration, serum levels of TC, TG, LDL, and HDL were measured for all rats and finally the changes were compared between the groups. Compared with blank control group, the level of TC, TG and LDL in model group were significantly increased (P < 0.05) while the level of HDL was significantly decreased (P < 0. 05), suggesting that the high fat diet could lead to metabolic disorder of blood lipids and the phlegm-dampness rat model was successfully established. Cangfudaotan Tang resulted in significant reduction of TC, TG and LDL (P < 0. 05) as well as significant increase of HDL (P < 0.05) compared to model group, which indicate that Cangfudaotan Tang has the function of regulating lipids.
Effects of Cangfudaotan Tang on expression of oatp2b1 mRNA (n = 12)
Groups
Liver tissues
Kidney tissues
Blank control group
2.23 ± 1.59
2.52 ± 1.84
Model group
1.04 ± 3.02**
1.88 ± 1.34*
Cangfudaotan Tang group
2.66 ± 1.86#
5.27 ±4 .79##
*P < 0.05, **P < 0.01 vs. blank control group; #P < 0.05, ##P < 0.01 vs. model group.
Effects of Cangfudaotan Tangon protein expression of oatp2b1. A. Blank control group. B. Model group. C. Cangfudaotan Tang group.
Effects of Cangfudaotan Tang on protein expression of oatp2b1 (n = 12)
Groups
Liver tissues
Kidney tissues
Blank control group
0.33 ± 0.11
0.25 ± 0.08
Model group
0.32 ± 0.09
0.24 ± 0.06
Cangfudaotan Tang group
0.33 ± 0.12
0.26 ± 0.07
Effects of Cangfudaotan Tang on serum lipid level (mmol/L, n = 12)
Groups
TC
TG
LDL
HDL
Blank control group
2.05 ± 0.43
0.83 ± 0.37
1.22 ± 0.34
0.88 ± 0.71
Model group
4.85 ± 0.94**
1.51 ± 0.46*
3.53 ± 0.72**
0.31 ± 0.06*
Cangfudaotan Tang group
2.43 ± 0.56##
1.14 ± 0.25#
1.25 ± 0.40##
0.76 ± 0.64#
*P < 0.05, *P < 0.01 vs. blank control group; #P < 0.05, ##P < 0.01 vs. model group.
4.5. Effects of Cangfudaotan Tang on Hormones Level in Rats (<xref ref-type="table" rid="table5">Table 5</xref>)
Comparison of hormones level in three groups，the serum T and LH/FSH of model group were higher (P < 0.01) and E2 was lower (P < 0.01) than that of blank control group. After treatment, the level of serum T, LH and LH/FSH were decreased (P < 0.01).
5. Discussion
The emergence of phlegm dampness is related to improper diet, especially high-fat diet, viscera dysfunction. Above factors result in transport disorders of water and fluid, and then retention in vivo. In this study, the model of rat was induced by “high fat diet”, which is closely related to the etiology of phlegm dampness syndrome. Liu Tao [4] research suggests that this model not only accord with the characteristic of phlegm dampness syndrome, but also has other typical features, such as obesity, hyperlipidemia, fatty liver, glucose tolerance and insulin resistance syndrome. Besides, high fat diet model has the pathological mechanism of hyperlipidemia, hemorheology and endothelia injury. Thus, recently, rat model induced by high fat diet is also used as the model for syndrome of blood stasis and phlegm dampness in Chinese medicine [5] . There are
Effects of Cangfudaotan Tang on hormones level
Groups
LH (mIU/ml)
FSH (mIU/ml)
LH/FSH
T (ng/ml)
E2 (pg/ml)
Blank control group
23.67 ± 4.62
8.69 ± 3.43
1.94 ± 2.42
0.79 ± 0.23
23.36 ± 3.51
Model group
48.71 ± 5.54##
7.94 ± 2.53#
5.09 ± 2.17##*
1.72 ± 0.69##*
11.24 ± 3.94##
Cangfudaotan Tang
26.32 ± 6.02*
8.03 ± 3.71
3.12 ± 1.66*#
0.47 ± 0.26*#
23.81 ± 4.19*
*P < 0.05, **P < 0.01 vs. blank control group; #P < 0.05, ##P < 0.01 vs. model group.
a large number of “phlegm turbidity”, “pathogenic damp” (food, metabolites, endogenous and exogenous toxins, drug metabolites, etc.) and other foreign organisms during the course of organism supersession [6] . Modern studies have indicated that oatp can efficiently transfer many foreign organisms and play a key role in the transport of phlegm dampness [7] [8] . Oatp2b1 is widely distributed in the intestine, kidney, lung, liver and other tissues and organs, as an important transporter of xenobiotics and endogenous substances, and the normal function of oapt plays an important part in maintaining balance between internal and external environment of body and cell [9] [10] . Oatp’s dysfunction can cause dampness of the absorption, distribution and excretion of obstacles, a partial or whole body fluid balance disorders, leading to diseases [11] [12] [13] . Besides oatp2b1 also participates in the absorption and metabolism of estrogen in the intestinal tract. Sai Y. found that oatp2b1 was expressed in intestinal caco-2 cellsas, as a transporter of estrone metabolism, which can mediate estrone into cells [14] . Therefore, oatp can mediate the metabolism and absorption of reproductive endocrine hormone in the body, which influences the occurrence and development of PCOS in a certain extent.
The results of this study suggested that oatp2b1 mRNA in kidney and liver tissues of normal rat had different degrees of expression. After high fat diet for 3 months, the expression of oatp2b1 mRNA in rat liver and kidney tissue of model group was significantly decreased. Compared to blank control group, the level of TC, TG and LDL in model group were significantly increased (P < 0. 05) while the level of HDL was significantly decreased (P < 0. 05), suggesting that the high fat diet could lead to metabolic disorder of blood lipids and the phlegm-dampness rat model was successfully established. According to the theory of traditional Chinese medicine, improper diet injury spleen, spleen deficiency leads to transportation and transformation disorder, retention of dampness, dampness condenses into phlegm, phlegm stagnates activities of qi, qi-stagnancy and blood stasis, blood running smooth, context blocked, finally, liver is damaged, prolonged diseases involve kidney. Because of liver dysfunction, the liver failing to dredge the spleen, dys-splenism result in retention of dampness, to form a pathological product of phlegm dampness. Zhang Jingyue said “phlegm dampness depends on transportation and transformation by spleen, the root of phlegm dampness lies in the kidney”. The pathological products in turn can aggravate the liver and kidney dysfunction, reciprocal causation, forming a vicious spiral. Oatp2b1 as a membrane transport protein, which is advantageous to the absorption, distribution, utilization and elimination of xenobiotics and endogenous substances, especially drugs in the body [15] . The results of the study indicate that oatp2b1 plays an important role in the transport of phlegm dampness, and oatp2b1 might be one of the important material bases in water metabolism.
Spleen controlling digestion, one of functions is transmitting and distributing the fluids, which can regulate the balance of body fluid metabolism. Therefore, the spleen has a special sensitivity to dampness, traditional Chinese medicine called “the spleen liking dryness and disliking dampness”. Spleen as the hub of water and fluid metabolism, which play an internuncial role. So tonifying spleen is key to transport of dampness. In the principle of treating disease from the root, the treatment group was treated with Cangfudaotan Tang, which has the function of fortifying the spleen and drying dampness. After 4 weeks of Cangfudaotan Tang treatment in Cangfudaotan Tang group, the results showed that the expression of oatp2b1mRNA was significantly increased in liver and kidney tissue. It is demonstrated that Cangfudaotan Tang can improve the state of phlegm dampness by enhancing the excretion function of liver and kidney, so as to achieve the effect of treating phlegm dampness type of PCOS.
The oatp2b1 protein in kidney and liver tissues had different degrees of expression, and the intensity of protein expression was: Cangfudaotan Tang group > blank control group > model group, however, there was no statistical significance among the three groups with statistical methods of Mann-Whitney U (P > 0.05). This result might be related to the modeling method, protein sampling and specimen preparation and other factors, which is worth to be further verified.
Source of Support
This work was supported by the National Science Foundation for Young Scientists of China (Grant No. 81503606) & Guangdong province administration of traditional Chinese medicine (NO: 201410480) and Guangdong province science and technology plan projects (NO: 2013B21800235).
Cite this paper
Chen, K., Pan, A.Z., Li, J.J., Chen, K.F. and Hou, X.P. (2016) Effects of Cangfudaotan Tang on Expression of Organic Anion Transporting Polypeptide (oatp2b1) in Liver and Kidney Tissues of Rats with Phlegm Dampness Type Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS). Chinese Medicine, 7, 166-174. http://dx.doi.org/10.4236/cm.2016.74016
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