Pulmonary hyalinizing granuloma (PHG) is a rare benign disease of unknown etiology characterized pathologically by deposits of lamellar collagen [1] .

PHG was first described in 1977 by Englemann et al. [2] .

Clinically, PHG can be asymptomatic (25% of all patients) or present with dry cough, fever, dyspnea and hemoptysis [3] .

The disease can exhibit slow growth and progressive enlargement or concomitant multiple nodules that can mimic metastatic disease [4] .

PHG can be associated with autoimmune diseases or previous lung infections.

Definitive diagnosis is confirmed by histopathological study of the lesion [5] .

Radiological and tomographic findings disclose randomly distributed nodules with well-defined borders many of which may exhibit calcification. Although calcification is often not evident, it is generally focal, central and irregular [6] .

Few complications have been associated with PHG and patients usually have an excellent prognosis.

Because symptoms are mild, many lesions are incidental radiological findings and not correctly diagnosed initially [7] .

Final conclusive diagnosis is based on histopathological analysis of the nodule biopsy specimen [8] .

A 70-year-old patient in excellent general health was referred from another hospital with infrequent cough and no complaints of chest pain. Results of physical exam and blood work-up were unremarkable.

The patient had no history of tuberculosis or any other lung diseases such as pneumonia. The patient reported no hemoptysis or lung infection.

Chest radiographs disclosed different sized regular nodules bilaterally, confirmed by computed tomography. Some lesions were calcified. Bronchoscopy findings were normal.

Metastatic disease was suggested and primary lesion diagnosed.

Positron emission tomography (PET-CT) was performed and demonstrated no further lesions at other sites.

Lung needle biopsy was initially proposed but owing to the presence of peripheral lesion (Figure 1), (Figure 2) video-assisted biopsy was carried out.

Pulmonary hyalinizing granuloma can present with multiple nodules and importantly, is included in the differential diagnosis of more common diseases such as tuberculosis, histoplasmosis and aspergillosis. Other differential diagnoses include inflammatory pseudotumor and solitary inflammatory tumor of the pleura [3] .

Differentiation of malignancy and final diagnosis normally require surgical biopsy, as performed in the present case, where the patient underwent video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery employed in cases of solitary or bilateral nodules.

PHG is a benign, sometimes recurrent condition, with no predilection for gender that is predominantly multinodular, as in the case reported. The disease can be asymptomatic in up to 25% of cases [9] and typically affects adults aged 19 - 77 years, predominantly in the fifth decade of life. The patient reported was 70 years old. Although prognosis is generally good, given largely benign progression it can result in respiratory failure due to lesion growth and fibrosis [10] .

Pulmonary hyalinizing granuloma is a rare disease generally involving a benign lesion, especially in asymptomatic patients.

Patients should be assessed for other diseases to confirm presence confined to the lung only, particularly when nodules are disseminated in both lungs.

Amorim, E., da Silva, R.R. and da Veiga Cruz Filho, A. (2016) Pulmonary Hyalinizing Granuloma: A Case Report. Open Journal of Thoracic Surgery, 6, 70-73. http://dx.doi.org/10.4236/ojts.2016.64009