Randić energy was first defined in the paper [1]. Using minimum covering set, we have introduced the minimum covering Randić energy
REC (
G) of a graph
G in this paper. This paper contains computation of minimum covering Randić energies for some standard graphs like star graph, complete graph, thorn graph of complete graph, crown graph, complete bipartite graph, cocktail graph and friendship graphs. At the end of this paper, upper and lower bounds for minimum covering Randić energy are also presented.
Study on energy of graphs goes back to the year 1978, when I. Gutman [2] defined this while working with energies of conjugated hydrocarbon containing carbon atoms. All graphs considered in this paper are assumed to be simple without loops and multiple edges. Let be the adjacency matrix of the graph with its eigenvalues assumed in decreasing order. Since A is real symmetric, the eigenvalues of G are real numbers whose sum equal to zero. The sum of the absolute eigenvalues values of G is called the energy of G. i.e.,
Theories on the mathematical concepts of graph energy can be seen in the reviews [3] , papers [4] [5] [6] and the references cited there in. For various upper and lower bounds for energy of a graph can be found in papers [7] [8] and it was observed that graph energy has chemical applications in the molecular orbital theory of conjugated mo- lecules [9] [10] .
1.1. Randić Energy
It was in the year 1975, Milan Randić invented a molecular structure descriptor called Randić index which is defined as [11]
Motivated by this S.B. Bozkurt et al. [1] defined Randić matrix and Randić energy as follows. Let be graph of order n with vertex set and edge set E. Randić matrix of is a symmetric matrix defined by, where
The characteristic equation of is defined by. The roots of this equation is called Randić eigenvalues of G. Since is real and symmetric, its eigenvalues are real numbers and we label them in decreasing order. Randić energy of G is defined as
Further studies on Randić energy can be seen in the papers [12] [13] [14] and the references cited there in.
1.2. Minimum Covering Energy
In the year 2012 C Adiga et al. [15] introduced minimum covering energy of a graph, which depends on its particular minimum cover. A subset C of vertex set V is called a covering set of G if every edge of G is incident to at least one vertex of C. Any covering set with minimum cardinality is called a minimum covering set. If C is a minimum covering set of a graph G then the minimum covering matrix of G is the matrix defined by, where
The minimum covering eigenvalues of the graph G are roots of the characteristic equation, obtained from the matrix. Since is real and symmetric, its eigenvalues are real numbers and we label them in the order. The minimum covering energy of G is defined as
1.3. Minimum Covering Randić Energy
Results on Randić energy and minimum covering energy of graph G motivates us to define minimum covering Randić energy. Consider a graph G with vertex set and edge set E. If C is a minimum covering set of a graph G then the minimum covering Randić matrix of G is the matrix defined by,
where
The characteristic polynomial of is defined by . The minimum covering Randić eigenvalues of the graph G are the eigenvalues of. Since is real and symmetric matrix so its eigenvalues are real numbers. We label the eigenvalues in order. The minimum covering Randić energy of G is defined as
Example 1: i) ii) are the possible minimum cove- ring sets for the Figure 1 as shown below.
i)
Minimum covering Randić eigenvalues are
Minimum covering Randić energy,
Minimum covering Randić energy depends on the covering set.
ii)
Minimum covering Randić eigenvalues are
.
Minimum covering Randić energy,
Therefore minimum covering Randić energy depends on the covering set.
2. Main Results and Discussion2.1. Minimum Covering Randić Energy of Some Standard Graphs
Theorem 2.1 For, the minimum covering Randić energy, of complete graph is
Proof. Let be a complete graph with vertex set. The mini- mum covering set for is. Then
Characteristic polynomial is
Characteristic equation is
Minimum covering Randić Spec
Minimum covering Randić energy,
Definition 2.1 Thorn graph of is denoted by and it is obtained by attaching one edge to each vertex of.
Theorem 2.2 For, the minimum covering Randić energy, of thorn
graph is
Proof. is a thorn graph of complete graph with vertex set . The minimum covering set for thorn graph is. Then
Characteristic polynomial is
.
Characteristic equation is
Minimum covering Randić Spec
Minimum covering Randić energy is,
Definition 2.2 Cocktail party graph is denoted by, is a graph having the vertex set and the edge set.
Theorem 2.3 The minimum covering Randić energy, of cocktail party graph is
Proof. Consider cocktail party graph with vertex set. The mi- nimum covering set of cocktail party graph is. Then
Characteristic polynomial is,
.
Characteristic equation is,
.
Minimum covering Randić Spec
Minimum covering Randić energy,
Theorem 2.4 For, minimum covering Randić energy, of star graph is equal to.
Proof. Let be a star graph with vertex set. Then its Minimum covering set is.
Characteristic equation is
Minimum covering Randić Spec
Minimum covering Randić energy,
Definition 2.3 Crown graph for an integer is the graph with vertex set and edge set.
Theorem 2.5 For, minimum covering Randić energy, of the crown graph is equal to.
Proof. For the crown graph with vertex set, mi- nimum covering set of crown graph is. Then
Characteristic polynomial is
.
Characteristic equation is
Minimum covering Randić Spec
Minimum covering Randić energy,
Theorem 2.6 The minimum covering Randić energy, of the complete bipa- rtite graph is equal to.
Proof. For the complete bipartite graph with vertex set , minimum covering set is. Then
Characteristic equation is
Minimum covering Randić Spec
Minimum covering Randić energy,
Definition 2.4 Friendship graph is the graph obtained by taking n copies of the cycle graph with a vertex in common. It is denoted by. Friendship graph con- tains vertices and edges.
Theorem 2.7 The minimum covering Randić energy, of friendship graph
is equal to.
Proof. For a friendship graph with vertex set , minimum covering set is . Then
Characteristic equation is
.
Minimum covering Randić Spec
Minimum covering Randić energy,
2.2. Properties of Minimum Covering Randić Eigenvalues
Theorem 2.8 Let G be a graph with vertex set, edge set E and be a minimum covering set. If are the eigenvalues of minimum covering Randić matrix then (i) (ii) .
Proof. i) We know that the sum of the eigenvalues of is the trace of
.
ii) Similarly the sum of squares of the eigenvalues of is trace of
2.3. Bounds for Minimum Covering Randić Energy
Mclelland’s [8] gave upper and lower bounds for ordinary energy of a graph. Similar bounds for are given in the following theorem.
Theorem 2.9 Let G be a simple graph with n vertices and m edges . If C is the minimum covering set and then
.
Proof.
Canchy Schwarz inequality is
If then
[From theorem 2.8]
Since arithmetic mean is greater than or equal to geometric mean we have
Now consider,
[From (2.1)]
Theorem 2.10 If is the largest minimum covering Randić eigenvalue of , then.
Proof. For any nonzero vector X, we have by [16] ,
where is a unit column matrix.
Just like Koolen and Moulton’s [17] upper bound for energy of a graph, an upper bound for is given in the following theorem.
Theorem 2.11 If G is a graph with n vertices and m edges and then
.
Proof.
Cauchy-Schwartzin equality is
Put then
Let
For decreasing function
Since, we have
Milovanović [18] bounds for minimum covering Randić energy of a graph are given in the following theorem.
Theorem 2.12 Let G be a graph with n vertices and m edges. Let be a non-increasing order of minimum covering Randić eigen- values of and C is minimum covering set then where and denotes the integral part of a real number.
Proof. For real numbers and with and the following inequality is proved in [19] . where and equality holds if and only if and.
If and, then
But and then the above inequality becomes
Theorem 2.13 Let G be a graph with n vertices and m edges. Let be a non-increasing order of minimum covering eigenvalues of then
Proof. Let and R be real numbers satisfying, then the fol- lowing inequality is proved in [20] .
Put and then
The question of when does the graph energy becomes a rational number was answered by Bapat and S. pati in their paper [21] . Similar result for minimum covering Randić energy is obtained in the following theorem.
Theorem 2.14 Let G be a graph with a minimum covering set C. If the minimum covering Randić energy is a rational number, then (mod 2).
Proof. Proof is similar to theorem 3.7 of [15] .
3. Conclusion
It was proved in this paper that the minimum covering Randić energy of a graph G depends on the covering set that we take for consideration. Upper and lower bounds for minimum covering Randić energy are established. A generalized expression for minimum covering Randić energies for star graph, complete graph, thorn graph of com- plete graph, crown graph, complete bipartite graph, cocktail party graph and friendship graphs are also computed.
Acknowledgements
The authors are thankful to anonymous referees for their valuable comments and useful suggestions.
Authors Contributions
Both the authors worked together for the preparation of the manuscript and both of us take the full responsibility for the content of the paper. However second author typed the paper and both of us read and approved the final manuscript.
Conflict of Interests
The authors hereby declares that there are no issues regarding the publication of this paper.
Cite this paper
Kanna, M.R.R. and Jagadeesh, R. (2016) Minimum Covering Randić Energy of a Graph. Advances in Linear Algebra & Matrix Theory, 6, 116-131. http://dx.doi.org/10.4236/alamt.2016.64012
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