<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?><!DOCTYPE article  PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD Journal Publishing DTD v3.0 20080202//EN" "http://dtd.nlm.nih.gov/publishing/3.0/journalpublishing3.dtd"><article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" dtd-version="3.0" xml:lang="en" article-type="research article"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">JHEPGC</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title>Journal of High Energy Physics, Gravitation and Cosmology</journal-title></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="epub">2380-4327</issn><publisher><publisher-name>Scientific Research Publishing</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.4236/jhepgc.2017.31007</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">JHEPGC-72277</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Articles</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="Discipline-v2"><subject>Physics&amp;Mathematics</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>
 
 
  Examination of Minimum Time Step, from Modified Heisenberg Uncertainty Principle, Inflaton Physics and Black Hole Physics
 
</article-title></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Andrew</surname><given-names>Walcott Beckwith</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sub>1</sub></xref><xref ref-type="corresp" rid="cor1"><sup>*</sup></xref></contrib></contrib-group><aff id="aff1"><label>1</label><addr-line>Physics Department, College of Physics, Chongqing University Huxi Campus, Chongqing, China</addr-line></aff><author-notes><corresp id="cor1">* E-mail:<email>rwill9955b@gmail.com</email></corresp></author-notes><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>16</day><month>11</month><year>2016</year></pub-date><volume>03</volume><issue>01</issue><fpage>39</fpage><lpage>45</lpage><history><date date-type="received"><day>September</day>	<month>5,</month>	<year>2016</year></date><date date-type="rev-recd"><day>Accepted:</day>	<month>November</month>	<year>21,</year>	</date><date date-type="accepted"><day>November</day>	<month>25,</month>	<year>2016</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement>&#169; Copyright  2014 by authors and Scientific Research Publishing Inc. </copyright-statement><copyright-year>2014</copyright-year><license><license-p>This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution International License (CC BY). http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/</license-p></license></permissions><abstract><p>
 
 
   First, we calculate the minimum length for the creation of a 10<sup>45</sup> Hz relic Gravitational wave. Next, we look Padamababhan’s inflaton physics, and work done by the author for a modified Heisenberg Uncertainty principle for constraints on a minimum time step. Sciama’s work in “Black hole explosions” (1982) gives us a linkage between a decay rate for black holes, in terms of a life time, and the mass, M of the black hole, which when combined with a simple exposition from Susskind and Hrabovsky (2013) for the most basic evolution the time change in energy E(t), which is how we form a first order treatment of the square of a minimum time step . We then reference what was done by Ng (2008) as far as infinite quantum statistics, for entropy as a particle count, and from first principle get constraints upon entropy production, as a function of boundaries on minimum time step. We assume massive Gravity, and obtain a peak 10<sup>36</sup> Giga Hertz frequency range (10<sup>45</sup> Hertz) for relic Gravitational waves, and Gravitons.  
  
 
</p></abstract><kwd-group><kwd>Massive Gravity</kwd><kwd> Inflaton Physics</kwd><kwd> Infinite Quantum Statistics</kwd><kwd> Modified Poisson’s Equation</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><body><sec id="s1"><title>1. Introduction</title><p>First of all we calculate a minimum length, r, and this on the basis of a Poissons equation given in [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="scirp.72277-ref1">1</xref>] , and then afterwards we will secondly get to calculation of the time step. This is to obtain a Pre inflationary value of the initial time step, <inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/7-2180158x3.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula>, and then from there we will use an order of magnitude estimate as to the initial mass M of a black hole, to lead to our final conditions.</p></sec><sec id="s2"><title>2. Modified Poissons Equation [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="scirp.72277-ref1">1</xref>] Applied to Our Problem</title><p>We will first of all refer to two necessary and sufficient conditions for the onset of a massive graviton given in [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="scirp.72277-ref1">1</xref>] , and combined with Padmanablan’s reference [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="scirp.72277-ref2">2</xref>] . This heavily borrows from [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="scirp.72277-ref3">3</xref>] . i.e. what we will be doing is to re do the reference calculations given in [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="scirp.72277-ref1">1</xref>] with</p><disp-formula id="scirp.72277-formula136"><label>(1)</label><graphic position="anchor" xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/7-2180158x4.png"  xlink:type="simple"/></disp-formula><p>Here, we will be using in the Pre-Planckian potential the inputs from the data usually associated with [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="scirp.72277-ref2">2</xref>]</p><disp-formula id="scirp.72277-formula137"><label>(2)</label><graphic position="anchor" xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/7-2180158x5.png"  xlink:type="simple"/></disp-formula><p>In other words, we will be using the inflation given by</p><disp-formula id="scirp.72277-formula138"><label>(3)</label><graphic position="anchor" xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/7-2180158x6.png"  xlink:type="simple"/></disp-formula><p>If so, then our approximation is to call the Potential in Equation (2) to be the same as U in Equation (1), and then with re arrangements we come up with the following</p><disp-formula id="scirp.72277-formula139"><label>(4)</label><graphic position="anchor" xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/7-2180158x7.png"  xlink:type="simple"/></disp-formula><p>Then, after algebra, we have the following</p><disp-formula id="scirp.72277-formula140"><label>(5)</label><graphic position="anchor" xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/7-2180158x8.png"  xlink:type="simple"/></disp-formula><p>The quadratic Equation this engenders is, how to say</p><disp-formula id="scirp.72277-formula141"><label>(6)</label><graphic position="anchor" xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/7-2180158x9.png"  xlink:type="simple"/></disp-formula><p>We will, in the latter part of this document, associate</p><disp-formula id="scirp.72277-formula142"><label>(7)</label><graphic position="anchor" xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/7-2180158x10.png"  xlink:type="simple"/></disp-formula><p>And after defining as such work with Equation (7) put into Equation (6) we obtain</p><disp-formula id="scirp.72277-formula143"><label>(8)</label><graphic position="anchor" xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/7-2180158x11.png"  xlink:type="simple"/></disp-formula><p>We will from here, insert, in the value of <inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/7-2180158x12.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula> from the HUP given in [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="scirp.72277-ref3">3</xref>] and also compare it to the work given by Susskind and Hrabovsky in [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="scirp.72277-ref4">4</xref>] and from there get a linkage of a radial distance, inflaton physics, and a time step<inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/7-2180158x13.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula>.</p></sec><sec id="s3"><title>3. HUP, as Used in This Problem</title><p>Begin with [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="scirp.72277-ref3">3</xref>]</p><disp-formula id="scirp.72277-formula144"><label>(9)</label><graphic position="anchor" xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/7-2180158x14.png"  xlink:type="simple"/></disp-formula><p>In [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="scirp.72277-ref3">3</xref>] we make the assumption, namely<inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/7-2180158x15.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula>, then Equation (9) becomes</p><disp-formula id="scirp.72277-formula145"><label>(10)</label><graphic position="anchor" xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/7-2180158x16.png"  xlink:type="simple"/></disp-formula><p>Then</p><disp-formula id="scirp.72277-formula146"><label>(11)</label><graphic position="anchor" xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/7-2180158x17.png"  xlink:type="simple"/></disp-formula><p>This will be further elaborated upon in this document.</p></sec><sec id="s4"><title>4. Examining the Consequences of Equation (10) and Equation (11)</title><p>Using the CRC tables, we obtain</p><disp-formula id="scirp.72277-formula147"><label>(12)</label><graphic position="anchor" xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/7-2180158x18.png"  xlink:type="simple"/></disp-formula><p>Now, then, we can form a force equation, and do it via</p><disp-formula id="scirp.72277-formula148"><label>(13)</label><graphic position="anchor" xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/7-2180158x19.png"  xlink:type="simple"/></disp-formula><p>The expression <inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/7-2180158x20.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula> is formed from the inflaton, and we get From Padmanablah, using [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="scirp.72277-ref1">1</xref>] if<inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/7-2180158x20.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/7-2180158x21.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula>, then by [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="scirp.72277-ref1">1</xref>]</p><disp-formula id="scirp.72277-formula149"><label>(14)</label><graphic position="anchor" xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/7-2180158x22.png"  xlink:type="simple"/></disp-formula><p>Then, by Equation (13)</p><disp-formula id="scirp.72277-formula150"><label>(15)</label><graphic position="anchor" xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/7-2180158x23.png"  xlink:type="simple"/></disp-formula><p>Now, the time derivative of energy, is [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="scirp.72277-ref4">4</xref>]</p><disp-formula id="scirp.72277-formula151"><label>(16)</label><graphic position="anchor" xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/7-2180158x24.png"  xlink:type="simple"/></disp-formula><p>Then, if the derivatives dE/dt become instead incremental</p><disp-formula id="scirp.72277-formula152"><label>(17)</label><graphic position="anchor" xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/7-2180158x25.png"  xlink:type="simple"/></disp-formula><p>Then, using <inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/7-2180158x26.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula></p><disp-formula id="scirp.72277-formula153"><label>(18)</label><graphic position="anchor" xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/7-2180158x27.png"  xlink:type="simple"/></disp-formula><p>Now, set<inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/7-2180158x28.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula>, and assume in the Pre-Planckian regime, that <inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/7-2180158x28.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/7-2180158x29.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula></p><disp-formula id="scirp.72277-formula154"><label>(19)</label><graphic position="anchor" xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/7-2180158x30.png"  xlink:type="simple"/></disp-formula><p>Then Equation (12) becomes</p><disp-formula id="scirp.72277-formula155"><label>(20)</label><graphic position="anchor" xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/7-2180158x31.png"  xlink:type="simple"/></disp-formula><p>We then get a positive r value, and up to a point this is equal to Planck Length ~ 10<sup>−33</sup> centimeters</p><p>To covert this to time, remove the spatial component on the right hand side of Equation (20) and this is done via</p><disp-formula id="scirp.72277-formula156"><label>(21)</label><graphic position="anchor" xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/7-2180158x32.png"  xlink:type="simple"/></disp-formula><p>We then get a positive r value, and up to a point this is equal to Planck Length ~ 10<sup>−33</sup> centimeters</p><p>This, above, puts an incredibly tight set of constraints upon the minimum time step. It also assume, that we are looking at a rest mass for the graviton of the order of 10<sup>−</sup><sup>62</sup> grams. The above Equation (21) is arguing for a peak 10<sup>36</sup> Giga Hertz frequency range (10<sup>45</sup> Hertz) for relic Gravitational waves, and Gravitons.</p></sec><sec id="s5"><title>5. What Can Be Said Now about the Sciama Black Hole Explosion Idea? (1982)</title><p>Sciama [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="scirp.72277-ref5">5</xref>] in 1982 argued for the lifetime of a black hole, of mass M, that the following holds</p><disp-formula id="scirp.72277-formula157"><label>(22)</label><graphic position="anchor" xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/7-2180158x33.png"  xlink:type="simple"/></disp-formula><p>Here, if the time is about 10<sup>−44</sup> seconds (Planck time), then<inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/7-2180158x34.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula>. If so, then, according to [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="scirp.72277-ref6">6</xref>] , Calmert, et al. about 0.1% of the energy emitted, in the traditional 4 dimensional black hole (3 + 1 dimensions) would be gravitons</p><p>Then, <inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/7-2180158x35.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula>becomes linked to Gravitons according to</p><disp-formula id="scirp.72277-formula158"><label>(23)</label><graphic position="anchor" xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/7-2180158x36.png"  xlink:type="simple"/></disp-formula><p>This would mean then 1 primordial black hole would produce, if the mass of a graviton is 10<sup>−62</sup> grams [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="scirp.72277-ref7">7</xref>]</p><disp-formula id="scirp.72277-formula159"><label>(24)</label><graphic position="anchor" xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/7-2180158x37.png"  xlink:type="simple"/></disp-formula><p>Assuming there would be say 10<sup>3</sup> initial primordial black holes, we would then be obtaining 10<sup>55</sup> relic gravitons.</p><p>Note that if the size of the presumed <inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/7-2180158x38.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula> expanded, this would lead to a commensurate increase in relic gravitons.</p></sec><sec id="s6"><title>6. Conclusions</title><p>We will, as a start, incorporate Ng’s infinite quantum statistics idea, of entropy being equivalent to a count of particles, i.e. by [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="scirp.72277-ref8">8</xref>]</p><disp-formula id="scirp.72277-formula160"><label>(25)</label><graphic position="anchor" xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/7-2180158x39.png"  xlink:type="simple"/></disp-formula><p>For relic conditions this implies about 10<sup>55</sup> for relic entropy, as opposed to 10<sup>120</sup> today for the existing entropy and this also implies an enormously high initial graviton initial frequency a peak 10<sup>36</sup> Giga Hertz frequency range (10<sup>45</sup> Hertz) for relic Gravitational waves.</p><p>Relic graviton frequency, if produced in the beginning of inflation would be by necessity red shifted down, by inflation. i.e. conceivably, if the 10<sup>45</sup> Hz was de facto, it may mean present GW of the value of 10<sup>5</sup> or so, i.e. a 40 magnitude drop in frequency range. i.e. if the generation of GW were at the very start of inflation, it may mean up to a 60 magnitude drop, and a correspondingly enormously low GW frequency. However, the degree of the drop, i.e. say with a 40 magnitude (low end) to a 62 magnitude drop, would say much about a proof about the degree and magnitude of the rapidity of inflation [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="scirp.72277-ref9">9</xref>] . Which would be of critical import as to cosmology. Having said that there are some serious physical issues to keep in mind while doing this analysis.</p><p>Furthermore, we should keep in mind the physics incorporated in [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="scirp.72277-ref10">10</xref>] [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="scirp.72277-ref11">11</xref>] i.e. as to the work of LIGO. i.e. it is important to keep in mind that in addition, that [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="scirp.72277-ref12">12</xref>] has confirmed that a subsequent analysis of the event GW150914 by the LSC constrained the graviton Compton wavelength of those alternative theories of gravity in which the graviton is massive and placed a level of 90\% confidence on the lower bound of 10^{13} km for a Compton wavelength of the graviton. Doing these sort of vetting protocols in line with being consistent with investigation as to a real investigation as to the fundamental nature of gravity. i.e. is this a way to show if general relativity is the final theory of gravitation. i.e., if massive gravity is confirmed, as give n in [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="scirp.72277-ref13">13</xref>] then GR is perhaps to be replaced by a scalar-tensor theory, as has been shown by Corda.</p><p>In addition, note that [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="scirp.72277-ref14">14</xref>] references how, in terms of refinement of gravitational wave detectors, that Second generation gravitational wave detectors require high power lasers with several 100W of output power and with very low temporal and spatial fluctuations would be helpful in terms of resolution perhaps aiding in obtaining resolution of the graviton mass as given in [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="scirp.72277-ref11">11</xref>] , which is in turn also commensurate with [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="scirp.72277-ref12">12</xref>] , as far as precise resolution of massive gravity’s foot print, which in turn will aid in using Corda’s insights as given in [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="scirp.72277-ref13">13</xref>] .</p><p>Refinements of instrumentation may be doable if the nature of the graviton, and its primordial genesis are understood more thoroughly, i.e. as discussed in [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="scirp.72277-ref14">14</xref>] .</p><p>Finally, all this may tie into experimental vetting and confirmation of the work by Corda, as given in [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="scirp.72277-ref15">15</xref>] , i.e. the nature of the inflaton, as an observed experimental quantity. This in conjunction with refinements in instrumentation brought up in [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="scirp.72277-ref16">16</xref>] .</p></sec><sec id="s7"><title>Acknowledgements</title><p>This work is supported in part by National Nature Science Foundation of China grant No. 11375279.</p></sec><sec id="s8"><title>Cite this paper</title><p>Beckwith, A.W. (2017) Examination of Minimum Time Step, from Modified Heisenberg Uncertainty Principle, Inflaton Physics and Black Hole Physics. Journal of High Energy Physics, Gravitation and Cosmology, 3, 39- 45. http://dx.doi.org/10.4236/jhepgc.2017.31007</p></sec></body><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="scirp.72277-ref1"><label>1</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple">Poisson, E. and Will, C. (2014) Gravity, Newtonian, Post Newtoninan, Relativistic. 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