<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?><!DOCTYPE article  PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD Journal Publishing DTD v3.0 20080202//EN" "http://dtd.nlm.nih.gov/publishing/3.0/journalpublishing3.dtd"><article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" dtd-version="3.0" xml:lang="en" article-type="research article"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">JHEPGC</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title>Journal of High Energy Physics, Gravitation and Cosmology</journal-title></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="epub">2380-4327</issn><publisher><publisher-name>Scientific Research Publishing</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.4236/jhepgc.2017.31004</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">JHEPGC-72213</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Articles</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="Discipline-v2"><subject>Physics&amp;Mathematics</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>
 
 
  Examination of Schrodinger Equation in Pre-Planckian Space-Time Early Universe
 
</article-title></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Andrew</surname><given-names>Walcott Beckwith</given-names></name><xref ref-type="corresp" rid="cor1"><sup>*</sup></xref></contrib></contrib-group><author-notes><corresp id="cor1">* E-mail:<email>Rwill9955b@gmail.com,abeckwith@uh.edu</email>;<email>Physics Department, College of Physics, Chongqing University Huxi Campus, Chongqing, China</email>;</corresp></author-notes><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>16</day><month>11</month><year>2016</year></pub-date><volume>03</volume><issue>01</issue><fpage>21</fpage><lpage>28</lpage><history><date date-type="received"><day>August</day>	<month>29,</month>	<year>2016</year></date><date date-type="rev-recd"><day>Accepted:</day>	<month>November</month>	<year>20,</year>	</date><date date-type="accepted"><day>November</day>	<month>23,</month>	<year>2016</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement>&#169; Copyright  2014 by authors and Scientific Research Publishing Inc. </copyright-statement><copyright-year>2014</copyright-year><license><license-p>This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution International License (CC BY). http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/</license-p></license></permissions><abstract><p>
 
 
  We look at the Vuilli (1999) write up of a generalized Schrodinger equation with its Ricci scalar inclusion, in curved space-time. This has a simplified version in Pre-Planckian regime, which leads to comparing a resultant admissible wave function with Bohmian reformulations of quantum physics. As was done earlier, we compare this result with a formulation of a modified “Poisson” equation from Poissons and Will from 2014, and then use inflaton physics. The resulting inflaton is then compared to the wave functional in the first part of this document.
 
</p></abstract><kwd-group><kwd>Ricci Tensor</kwd><kwd> Schrodinger Equation</kwd><kwd> Modified Poisson Equation</kwd><kwd> Massive Gravity</kwd><kwd> Inflaton Physics</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><body><sec id="s1"><title>1. Vuilli Treatment of Schrodinger Equation for Curved Space-Time</title><p>Here, we bring up [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="scirp.72213-ref1">1</xref>] , and a reset of the Schrodinger equation in early space-time, with curvature.</p><p>In [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="scirp.72213-ref1">1</xref>] we start with</p><disp-formula id="scirp.72213-formula43"><label>(1)</label><graphic position="anchor" xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/4-2180157x2.png"  xlink:type="simple"/></disp-formula><p>Through the following substitutions,</p><disp-formula id="scirp.72213-formula44"><label>(2)</label><graphic position="anchor" xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/4-2180157x3.png"  xlink:type="simple"/></disp-formula><p>Then, after more derivation [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="scirp.72213-ref1">1</xref>] obtained, with using the Ricci tensor <inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/4-2180157x4.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula> the following result: [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="scirp.72213-ref2">2</xref>]</p><disp-formula id="scirp.72213-formula45"><label>(3)</label><graphic position="anchor" xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/4-2180157x5.png"  xlink:type="simple"/></disp-formula></sec><sec id="s2"><title>2. Simplifying Equation (3) in Pre-Planckian Space-Time</title><p>We will re write Equation (3) to read as follows, with the result that in Pre-Planckian space-time</p><disp-formula id="scirp.72213-formula46"><label>(4)</label><graphic position="anchor" xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/4-2180157x6.png"  xlink:type="simple"/></disp-formula><p>Ricci tensor <inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/4-2180157x7.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula> in this setting becomes a constant, and is part of how the wave function evolves, and our candidate wave functional takes the form of</p><disp-formula id="scirp.72213-formula47"><label>(5)</label><graphic position="anchor" xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/4-2180157x8.png"  xlink:type="simple"/></disp-formula><p>We will be identifying what to put into [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="scirp.72213-ref3">3</xref>] , i.e., the Ricci scalar as given in Pre- Planckian space-time</p><disp-formula id="scirp.72213-formula48"><label>(6)</label><graphic position="anchor" xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/4-2180157x9.png"  xlink:type="simple"/></disp-formula><p>We are assuming that the term <inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/4-2180157x10.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula> approaches zero in Pre-Planckian space- time. Obviously if it did not, the last term <inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/4-2180157x11.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula> would be dominant.</p><p>Having said this, with an evolutionary equation statement as to the phase value of<inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/4-2180157x12.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula>, it is time to look at the initial <inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/4-2180157x13.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula> and to try to learn some physics from it.</p></sec><sec id="s3"><title>3. Defining the Initial Value Y<sub>initial</sub> of Equation (5)</title><p>In order to do this, it may be useful to look at the classical degeneracy argument for forming<inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/4-2180157x14.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula>, and the reference by Rubakov may be useful for this [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="scirp.72213-ref4">4</xref>] i.e. using a false vacuum analogy, we can write, if q is a generalized space-time unit of “length”, and we examine a quartic potential, i.e. look at</p><disp-formula id="scirp.72213-formula49"><label>(7)</label><graphic position="anchor" xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/4-2180157x15.png"  xlink:type="simple"/></disp-formula><p>Now, use the usual given</p><disp-formula id="scirp.72213-formula50"><label>(8)</label><graphic position="anchor" xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/4-2180157x16.png"  xlink:type="simple"/></disp-formula><p>If using Ng infinite quantum statistics, [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="scirp.72213-ref5">5</xref>] , and a non zero massive graviton mass (massive gravity) [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="scirp.72213-ref6">6</xref>]</p><disp-formula id="scirp.72213-formula51"><label>(9)</label><graphic position="anchor" xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/4-2180157x17.png"  xlink:type="simple"/></disp-formula><p>And if we have here that <inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/4-2180157x18.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula> is in some sense proportional to length less than or equal to Planck length, the astonishing conclusion is that Equation (8) would probably be biased toward a low ( nonzero) entropy count, which would mean for finite initial entropy, connected with information transfer, that we would through Equation (8) and Equation (9) have a bias toward initially low, say 10<sup>5</sup> or so initial entropy, as a way to quantify the input into the formation of an initial wavefunction, using entropy as equivalent to information as given by Lloyd [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="scirp.72213-ref7">7</xref>] .</p></sec><sec id="s4"><title>4. Comparing the Inputs into Equation (5), Equation (6), Equation (8) and Equation (9) against Force against Individual “Gravitons” in the Pre-Planckian Space-Time</title><p>We will go to the [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="scirp.72213-ref3">3</xref>] reference, page 85, in order to look at a change in the stress energy tensor,</p><disp-formula id="scirp.72213-formula52"><label>(10)</label><graphic position="anchor" xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/4-2180157x19.png"  xlink:type="simple"/></disp-formula><p>Using this, and stating that in the Pre-Planckian regime of space-time due to [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="scirp.72213-ref8">8</xref>] , that<inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/4-2180157x20.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula>, then if so, using [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="scirp.72213-ref3">3</xref>] and [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="scirp.72213-ref8">8</xref>]</p><disp-formula id="scirp.72213-formula53"><label>(11)</label><graphic position="anchor" xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/4-2180157x21.png"  xlink:type="simple"/></disp-formula><p>Here, we have that the initial volume <inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/4-2180157x22.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula> would be less than the cube power of a Planck length [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="scirp.72213-ref9">9</xref>] , but not zero, whereas the initial time would be less than, Planck time, but not equal to zero, [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="scirp.72213-ref9">9</xref>] . For our analysis in the Pre-Planckian regime, we will specify <inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/4-2180157x22.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/4-2180157x23.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula> as the square of a nonzero initial scale factor for a nonsingular regime of space-time for General relativity with a value as given by [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="scirp.72213-ref10">10</xref>] , and elaborated upon in [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="scirp.72213-ref11">11</xref>] . In addition we have that the inflaton, as given in Equation (11) is explained in context by [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="scirp.72213-ref12">12</xref>] , and we will use an argument below as to how a nonzero graviton mass is linkable to a non zero initial radii, which in turn will state that it is highly unlikely that <inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/4-2180157x22.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/4-2180157x23.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/4-2180157x24.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula> which is proportional to a radial distance, cubed, goes to zero.. Note that Equation (11) is also an argument as to why there would be a finite, not almost “infinite” initial value of entropy, so then that Equation (8) would not go to zero.</p><p>Having said that, let us use a semi classical argument as to why the radii would not go to zero, even in Pre-Planckian space-time. This would be to insure that <inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/4-2180157x25.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula> would not go to zero, even in Pre-Planckian space-time</p></sec><sec id="s5"><title>5. What Is Important about the Modified Poissons Equation [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="scirp.72213-ref12">12</xref>] ? Getting a Non Zero Initial DV<sup>(3)</sup></title><p>We will first of all refer to two necessary and sufficient conditions for the onset of a massive graviton given in [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="scirp.72213-ref13">13</xref>] , and combined with Padmanablan’s reference [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="scirp.72213-ref12">12</xref>] .</p><p>i.e. what we will be doing is to re do the reference calculations given in [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="scirp.72213-ref13">13</xref>] with</p><disp-formula id="scirp.72213-formula54"><label>(12)</label><graphic position="anchor" xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/4-2180157x26.png"  xlink:type="simple"/></disp-formula><p>Here, we will be using in the Pre-Planckian potential the inputs from the data usually associated with [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="scirp.72213-ref12">12</xref>]</p><disp-formula id="scirp.72213-formula55"><label>(13)</label><graphic position="anchor" xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/4-2180157x27.png"  xlink:type="simple"/></disp-formula><p>In other words, we will be using the inflation given by</p><disp-formula id="scirp.72213-formula56"><label>(14)</label><graphic position="anchor" xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/4-2180157x28.png"  xlink:type="simple"/></disp-formula><p>If so, then</p><disp-formula id="scirp.72213-formula57"><label>(15)</label><graphic position="anchor" xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/4-2180157x29.png"  xlink:type="simple"/></disp-formula><p>Then, after algebra, we have the following, from [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="scirp.72213-ref14">14</xref>]</p><disp-formula id="scirp.72213-formula58"><label>(16)</label><graphic position="anchor" xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/4-2180157x30.png"  xlink:type="simple"/></disp-formula><p>The quadratic Equation this engenders is, how to say</p><disp-formula id="scirp.72213-formula59"><label>(17)</label><graphic position="anchor" xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/4-2180157x31.png"  xlink:type="simple"/></disp-formula><p>A candidate for the density functional will come next, with the way of obtaining a critical value for r is given by [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="scirp.72213-ref14">14</xref>] as follows, i.e. if</p><disp-formula id="scirp.72213-formula60"><label>(18)</label><graphic position="anchor" xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/4-2180157x32.png"  xlink:type="simple"/></disp-formula><p>As far as applications to: [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="scirp.72213-ref1">1</xref>]</p><disp-formula id="scirp.72213-formula61"><label>(19)</label><graphic position="anchor" xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/4-2180157x33.png"  xlink:type="simple"/></disp-formula><p>This would, lend itself to a quadratic equation for r, and the cube of r would be proportional to <inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/4-2180157x34.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula> which would be non zero, in Pre-Planckian space-time conditions.</p></sec><sec id="s6"><title>6. Comparing the Results of a Non Zero DV<sup>(3)</sup> in Pre-Planckian Wave Functional for Equation (8) against De Broglie-Bohmian Path of a Wave Functional</title><p>What we are examining if our qualitative argument which in sum yields a Pre- Planckian wavefunction as compared against the construction given in [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="scirp.72213-ref15">15</xref>] which is in spirit comparable, up to a point with [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="scirp.72213-ref16">16</xref>]</p><p>According to [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="scirp.72213-ref15">15</xref>] we would have</p><disp-formula id="scirp.72213-formula62"><label>(20)</label><graphic position="anchor" xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/4-2180157x35.png"  xlink:type="simple"/></disp-formula><p>Here, <inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/4-2180157x36.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula>would be the same as Equation (7), whereas we have V as given by Equation (18), and then we have</p><disp-formula id="scirp.72213-formula63"><label>(21)</label><graphic position="anchor" xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/4-2180157x37.png"  xlink:type="simple"/></disp-formula><p>Here, if we use<inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/4-2180157x38.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula>, and have <inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/4-2180157x38.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/4-2180157x39.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula> as given by Equation (8) whereas we find</p><disp-formula id="scirp.72213-formula64"><label>(22)</label><graphic position="anchor" xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/4-2180157x40.png"  xlink:type="simple"/></disp-formula><p>Here, M would be given by Equation (9), i.e. and V were given by Equation (18) we would find to a point that</p><disp-formula id="scirp.72213-formula65"><label>(23)</label><graphic position="anchor" xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/4-2180157x41.png"  xlink:type="simple"/></disp-formula><p>i.e. the term <inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/4-2180157x42.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula> would likely be the same, but interesting enough, <inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/4-2180157x42.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/4-2180157x43.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula> would likely be almost zero, i.e. not contributing at all.</p></sec><sec id="s7"><title>7. Conclusion, Overlap with the Bohmian Quantum Picture of Physics If Equation (24) Is Confirmed for Pre-Planckian Space-Time</title><p>The question to ask, is the following true? This has to be confirmed rigorously.</p><disp-formula id="scirp.72213-formula66"><label>(24)</label><graphic position="anchor" xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/4-2180157x44.png"  xlink:type="simple"/></disp-formula><p>The significance of proving or falsifying Equation (24) will in the end be part of future data analysis which should not contravene [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="scirp.72213-ref17">17</xref>] [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="scirp.72213-ref18">18</xref>] [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="scirp.72213-ref19">19</xref>] . i.e. the experimentally implied limits should be adhered to and studied rigorously.</p><p>Furthermore, we have that analysis of Equation (24) may be in tandem with analysis of the Corda paper [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="scirp.72213-ref20">20</xref>] as to if gravity is possibly scalar-tensor, an extension of GR (possibly with some semi classical treatment of presumed quantum gravity formulations), or something else.</p><p>Finally, since our paper is with respect to relic conditions, if so, then if we are to use a variant of interferometer methods, reference [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="scirp.72213-ref21">21</xref>] and [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="scirp.72213-ref22">22</xref>] if relic conditions are observable, via some form of space bound system, may allow us to with refinements get enough control of stochastic noise contamination of GW and the foot print of massive gravity to come up with confirmable data sets as to early universe conditions. With luck, with considerable refinement of instrumentation, we may also be able to get experimental confirmation of [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="scirp.72213-ref23">23</xref>] and its predictions as to inflaton physics and possibly massive gravity.</p></sec><sec id="s8"><title>Acknowledgements</title><p>This work is supported in part by National Nature Science Foundation of China grant No. 11375279.</p></sec><sec id="s9"><title>Cite this paper</title><p>Beckwith, A.W. (2017) Examination of Schrodinger Equation in Pre-Planckian Space-Time Early Universe. Journal of High Energy Physics, Gravitation and Cosmology, 3, 21-28. http://dx.doi.org/10.4236/jhepgc.2017.31004</p></sec></body><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="scirp.72213-ref1"><label>1</label><mixed-citation publication-type="book" xlink:type="simple">[1]	Vuille, C. (1999) Schrodingers’ Equation in General Relativity. 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