<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?><!DOCTYPE article  PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD Journal Publishing DTD v3.0 20080202//EN" "http://dtd.nlm.nih.gov/publishing/3.0/journalpublishing3.dtd"><article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" dtd-version="3.0" xml:lang="en" article-type="research article"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">JHEPGC</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title>Journal of High Energy Physics, Gravitation and Cosmology</journal-title></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="epub">2380-4327</issn><publisher><publisher-name>Scientific Research Publishing</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.4236/jhepgc.2017.31003</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">JHEPGC-72212</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Articles</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="Discipline-v2"><subject>Physics&amp;Mathematics</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>
 
 
  (Precursor for) Quantum Boundary Conditions for Expanding Universe
 
</article-title></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Andrew</surname><given-names>Walcott Beckwith</given-names></name><xref ref-type="corresp" rid="cor1"><sup>*</sup></xref></contrib></contrib-group><author-notes><corresp id="cor1">* E-mail:<email>Rwill9955b@gmail.com,abeckwith@uh.edu</email>;<email>Physics Department, College of Physics, Chongqing University Huxi Campus, Chongqing, China</email>;</corresp></author-notes><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>16</day><month>11</month><year>2016</year></pub-date><volume>03</volume><issue>01</issue><fpage>16</fpage><lpage>20</lpage><history><date date-type="received"><day>October</day>	<month>6,</month>	<year>2016</year></date><date date-type="rev-recd"><day>Accepted:</day>	<month>November</month>	<year>19,</year>	</date><date date-type="accepted"><day>November</day>	<month>23,</month>	<year>2016</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement>&#169; Copyright  2014 by authors and Scientific Research Publishing Inc. </copyright-statement><copyright-year>2014</copyright-year><license><license-p>This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution International License (CC BY). http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/</license-p></license></permissions><abstract><p>
 
 
  
    Using Hall and Reginatto’s condition for a Wheeler De Witt Equation for a Friedman-Walker metric coupled to a (Inflaton) scalar field 
   <em>Φ</em>, we delineate the outer boundary of the value of a scale factor 
   <em>a</em> (
   <em>t</em>) for quantum effects, in an expanding universe. The inflaton field is from Padmanabhan’s reference, “An Invitation to Astrophysics” which yields a nonstandard Potential 
   <em>U</em> (
   <em>a</em>, 
   <em>Φ</em>) which will lead to an algebraic expression for 
   <em>a</em> (
   <em>t</em>) for the value of the outer boundary of quantum effects in the universe. Afterwards, using the scale factor 
   <em>a</em> (
   <em>t</em>)=
   <em>a</em>
   <sub>initial</sub>&#183;t
   <sup><em>α</em></sup>, with alpha given different values, we give an estimation as to a time, 
   <em>t</em> (time) which is roughly the boundary of the range of quantum effects. How this is unusual? We use the Wheeler De Witt Equation, as a coupling to a given inflaton field 
   <em>Φ</em> and find a different way as to delineate a time regime for the range of quantum effects in an expanding universe. 
  
 
</p></abstract><kwd-group><kwd>Wheeler De Witt Equation</kwd><kwd> Inflaton</kwd><kwd> Friedman-Walker Metric</kwd><kwd> Scale Fact</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><body><sec id="s1"><title>1. Introduction</title><p>We work with the Wheeler De Witt Equation as given by [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="scirp.72212-ref1">1</xref>] , as part of the work by Hall and Reginatto, in 2016, where an ordering, called p, is used to link a Wheeler De Witt Equation, as given below, to an inflaton, and the Friedman Walker space-time metric, with the inflaton described by [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="scirp.72212-ref2">2</xref>] and the Friedman Walker metric given in [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="scirp.72212-ref2">2</xref>] [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="scirp.72212-ref3">3</xref>] .</p><p>What we are doing is using [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="scirp.72212-ref1">1</xref>] with its Wheeler De Witt equation to look at the following</p><disp-formula id="scirp.72212-formula30"><label>(1)</label><graphic position="anchor" xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/3-2180164x8.png"  xlink:type="simple"/></disp-formula><p>The inflaton, <inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/3-2180164x9.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula>is defined by [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="scirp.72212-ref2">2</xref>] as given by</p><disp-formula id="scirp.72212-formula31"><label>(2)</label><graphic position="anchor" xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/3-2180164x10.png"  xlink:type="simple"/></disp-formula><p>The wave function we use in Equation (1) we will use the ansatz of</p><disp-formula id="scirp.72212-formula32"><label>(3)</label><graphic position="anchor" xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/3-2180164x11.png"  xlink:type="simple"/></disp-formula><p>These three sets of equations will be referenced, in our article, and will form the template of the subsequent analysis.</p></sec><sec id="s2"><title>2. Looking at How to Come Up with a Polynomial Equation for <inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/3-2180164x12.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula></title><p><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/3-2180164x13.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula>as given in Equation (2) is used to re define the inflaton in Equation (2) as well as a re definition of the potential U, as in Equation (2) with the upshot that</p><disp-formula id="scirp.72212-formula33"><label>(4)</label><graphic position="anchor" xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/3-2180164x14.png"  xlink:type="simple"/></disp-formula><p>Now what is unusual about the bottom quadratic equation for the scale factor, as given in Equation (4)? We have that, here we are using Equation (2) in the end to define, here, a <inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/3-2180164x15.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula> inflaton equation in terms of time, not the scale factor version of it, as given in Equation (4). If we use this approach, and constrain ourselves to very small time steps, i.e. of the order of Planck scale time (very small) we get then that the range of quantum effects, from an initial <inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/3-2180164x16.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula> to the boundary of quantum gravity effects, is given by, approximately for small<inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/3-2180164x17.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula>.</p><disp-formula id="scirp.72212-formula34"><label>(5)</label><graphic position="anchor" xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/3-2180164x18.png"  xlink:type="simple"/></disp-formula></sec><sec id="s3"><title>3. Conclusion: We Have Taken the Simplest Case, and It Could Be More Complicated</title><p>What we have done is to look at<inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/3-2180164x19.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula>, while using the inflaton expression given in Equation (6) below:</p><disp-formula id="scirp.72212-formula35"><label>(6)</label><graphic position="anchor" xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/3-2180164x20.png"  xlink:type="simple"/></disp-formula><p>In</p><disp-formula id="scirp.72212-formula36"><label>(7)</label><graphic position="anchor" xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/3-2180164x21.png"  xlink:type="simple"/></disp-formula><p>Were we to insert Equation (6) for the inflaton into Equation (7) we would have a very nonlinear case, for the scale factor equation. One which could only be deciphered by numerical analysis.</p><p>If we stick with the above methodology, we still have to consider conditions for which</p><disp-formula id="scirp.72212-formula37"><label>(8)</label><graphic position="anchor" xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/3-2180164x22.png"  xlink:type="simple"/></disp-formula><p>Which presumably would be linked to</p><disp-formula id="scirp.72212-formula38"><label>(9)</label><graphic position="anchor" xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/3-2180164x23.png"  xlink:type="simple"/></disp-formula><p>Indeed, though, if <inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/3-2180164x24.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula> there is no way we could possibly retrieve Equation (4) above, i.e. we have a numerical problem, one which we will investigate in future papers. In addition, for Equation (4), Equation (7) and Equation (8) we need to remember <inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/3-2180164x24.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/3-2180164x25.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula> comes from Equation (3) and its value will need to be considered.</p><p>What we have though is based upon [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="scirp.72212-ref1">1</xref>] and the idea of a quantum ensemble and operator-ordering. In order for the readers to get more insights as to the physics inherent in the choice of p, in Equation (1) the reader is referred to [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="scirp.72212-ref4">4</xref>] [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="scirp.72212-ref5">5</xref>] [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="scirp.72212-ref6">6</xref>] .</p><p>Finally, [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="scirp.72212-ref7">7</xref>] - [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="scirp.72212-ref12">12</xref>] have issues which need to be reviewed which may in fact, have a ready impact upon Equation (8), and Equation (9) above, i.e. [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="scirp.72212-ref7">7</xref>] [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="scirp.72212-ref8">8</xref>] [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="scirp.72212-ref9">9</xref>] refers to Corda’s work with the foundation of gravity, and if or not Gravity is quantum, or purely due to classical General Relativity. In particular the issue of scalar-tensor gravity needs to be investigated, to see if it falsifies Equation (7) or if it adds new restrictions as to the boundaries.</p><p>Note also, that [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="scirp.72212-ref10">10</xref>] touches upon if or not quantum mechanics is part of a deterministic set up, which would have immediate consequences as to Equation (3). References [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="scirp.72212-ref11">11</xref>] [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="scirp.72212-ref12">12</xref>] as to higher dimensions, should be looked at as far as the fidelity of Equation (1) to the setup of the universe concluded. I.e. both references postulate higher dimensions. In addition Ng [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="scirp.72212-ref13">13</xref>] have it that there would be a wavelength, as part of the derivation of entropy included in the entropy formula of</p><disp-formula id="scirp.72212-formula39"><label>(10)</label><graphic position="anchor" xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/3-2180164x26.png"  xlink:type="simple"/></disp-formula><p>The answer, as given by Ng, is that if the volume of space, V, is-<inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/3-2180164x27.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula>, and that <inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/3-2180164x27.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/3-2180164x28.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula> is proportional to the wavelength , then due to the situation of how a massive graviton could at least have accelerated mass values, this will allow for the Ng formula, being changed to</p><disp-formula id="scirp.72212-formula40"><label>(11)</label><graphic position="anchor" xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/3-2180164x29.png"  xlink:type="simple"/></disp-formula><p>Does Equation (8) and Equation (9) falsify Equation (10) and Equation (11)?</p><p>It needs to be answered. And of course all this needs to avoid being in conflict with [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="scirp.72212-ref14">14</xref>] and the gravity results so derived. Finally, does Equation (8) and Equation (9), not to mention Equation (4) falsify the conditions given in [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="scirp.72212-ref15">15</xref>] as to massive gravity? This question should also be investigated.</p><p>After these questions are entertained, and examined, the last supposition, as mentioned should be investigated, i.e. of a different time variable, delineating the amount of time in a quantum regime for the expansion of the universe. IMO, using</p><disp-formula id="scirp.72212-formula41"><label>(12)</label><graphic position="anchor" xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/3-2180164x30.png"  xlink:type="simple"/></disp-formula><p>And if <inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/3-2180164x31.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula>would lead to a time regime for quantum effects, delineated by</p><disp-formula id="scirp.72212-formula42"><label>(13)</label><graphic position="anchor" xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/3-2180164x32.png"  xlink:type="simple"/></disp-formula><p>Of course, if<inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/3-2180164x33.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula>, we would have a different power relationship, very different.</p><p>I.e. all these questions need to be investigated in the near future.</p></sec><sec id="s4"><title>Acknowledgements</title><p>This work is supported in part by National Nature Science Foundation of China grant No. 11375279.</p></sec><sec id="s5"><title>Cite this paper</title><p>Beckwith, A.W. (2017) (Precursor for) Quantum Boundary Conditions for Expanding Universe. Journal of High Energy Physics, Gravitation and Cosmology, 3, 16-20. http://dx.doi.org/10.4236/jhepgc.2017.31003</p></sec></body><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="scirp.72212-ref1"><label>1</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple">Hall, M.J.W. and Reginatto, M. (2016) Ensembles on Configuration Space, Classical, Quantum, and Beyond. Fundamental Theories of Physics, Volume 184, Springer Verlag, Springer International Series Publishing, Geneva.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="scirp.72212-ref2"><label>2</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple">Padmanabhan, T. (2006) An Invitation to Astrophysics. World Scientific Series in Astronomy and Astrophysics, Volume 8, World Scientific Publishing Company, Pte. 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