<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?><!DOCTYPE article  PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD Journal Publishing DTD v3.0 20080202//EN" "http://dtd.nlm.nih.gov/publishing/3.0/journalpublishing3.dtd"><article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" dtd-version="3.0" xml:lang="en" article-type="research article"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">JMP</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title>Journal of Modern Physics</journal-title></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="epub">2153-1196</issn><publisher><publisher-name>Scientific Research Publishing</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.4236/jmp.2016.714173</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">JMP-71642</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Articles</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="Discipline-v2"><subject>Physics&amp;Mathematics</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>
 
 
  K&#228;hler Dark Matter, Dark Energy Cosmic Density and Their Coupling
 
</article-title></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Mohamed</surname><given-names>S. El Naschie</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sub>1</sub></xref></contrib></contrib-group><aff id="aff1"><label>1</label><addr-line>Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt</addr-line></aff><author-notes><corresp id="cor1">* E-mail:</corresp></author-notes><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>17</day><month>10</month><year>2016</year></pub-date><volume>07</volume><issue>14</issue><fpage>1953</fpage><lpage>1962</lpage><history><date date-type="received"><day>October</day>	<month>19,</month>	<year>2016</year></date><date date-type="rev-recd"><day>Accepted:</day>	<month>October</month>	<year>28,</year>	</date><date date-type="accepted"><day>October</day>	<month>31,</month>	<year>2016</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement>&#169; Copyright  2014 by authors and Scientific Research Publishing Inc. </copyright-statement><copyright-year>2014</copyright-year><license><license-p>This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution International License (CC BY). http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/</license-p></license></permissions><abstract><p>
 
 
  We utilize homology and co-homology of a K3-K
  &amp;#228;hler manifold as a model for spacetime to derive the cosmic energy density of our universe and subdivide it into its three fundamental constituents, namely: 1) ordinary energy; 2) pure dark energy and 3) dark matter. In addition, the fundamental coupling of dark matter to pure dark energy is analyzed in detail for the first time. Finally, the so-obtained results are shown to be in astounding agreement with all previous theoretical analysis as well as with actual accurate cosmic measurements.
 
</p></abstract><kwd-group><kwd>K&#228;hler Topology</kwd><kwd> Dark Matter</kwd><kwd> E-Infinity</kwd><kwd> Super Strings</kwd><kwd> Golden Mean Computer</kwd><kwd> Kerr Black Hole Geometry</kwd><kwd> Accelerated Cosmic Expansion</kwd><kwd> Fractal Cantorian Spacetime</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><body><sec id="s1"><title>1. Introduction and Background Information</title><p>In many previous publications [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="scirp.71642-ref1">1</xref>] - [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="scirp.71642-ref80">80</xref>] , we considered the major problems of dark energy as well as the related quest to elucidate the missing mass of the universe which was dubbed “Dark Matter” [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="scirp.71642-ref6">6</xref>] [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="scirp.71642-ref38">38</xref>] [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="scirp.71642-ref39">39</xref>] . In short it was found that a highly accurate estimate of these densities may be found by equating the Lorentzian Gamma factor <inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/10-7502954x2.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula> of Einstein’s equation of maximal energy (E = mc<sup>2</sup> as given for <inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/10-7502954x3.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula> where m is the mass and c is the velocity of light) to the ratio of the Betti number b<sub>2</sub> of Einstein’s 4D smooth manifold (b<sub>2</sub> = 1) and that of a K3-K&#228;hler manifold <inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/10-7502954x4.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula> = 22 [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="scirp.71642-ref81">81</xref>] - [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="scirp.71642-ref108">108</xref>] . Thus inserting in E leads to an ordinary energy density [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="scirp.71642-ref2">2</xref>] [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="scirp.71642-ref44">44</xref>]</p><disp-formula id="scirp.71642-formula138"><label>(1)</label><graphic position="anchor" xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/10-7502954x5.png"  xlink:type="simple"/></disp-formula><p>This is almost 4.5% of Einstein’s classical energy density E = mc<sup>2</sup> from which one is naturally led to conclude that the “hidden” or missing energy density of the universe must be equal to 1 − (1/22) = 21/22 i.e. 95.5% of that of Einstein’s maximal energy in an astounding agreement with the highly accurate measurements of COBE, WMAP, Type L<sub>2</sub> Supernova and Planck [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="scirp.71642-ref1">1</xref>] - [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="scirp.71642-ref10">10</xref>] . Furthermore, comparing the result with other theoretical derivations, for instance the exact transfinite one obtained from the multiplicative five dimensional value of a zero set quantum particle <inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/10-7502954x6.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula> and additive five dimensional value of an empty set quantum wave <inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/10-7502954x7.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula> [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="scirp.71642-ref24">24</xref>] [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="scirp.71642-ref27">27</xref>] namely</p><disp-formula id="scirp.71642-formula139"><label>(2)</label><graphic position="anchor" xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/10-7502954x8.png"  xlink:type="simple"/></disp-formula><p>we find that setting the transfinite irrational tail <inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/10-7502954x9.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula> equal zero leads to the very same result obtained using the Betti numbers b<sub>2</sub> of the said K3 K&#228;hler manifold [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="scirp.71642-ref2">2</xref>] [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="scirp.71642-ref44">44</xref>] . From the above it was concluded sometime ago that b<sub>2</sub> measures the amount of “space” voids in the manifold [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="scirp.71642-ref10">10</xref>] [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="scirp.71642-ref24">24</xref>] [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="scirp.71642-ref28">28</xref>] [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="scirp.71642-ref50">50</xref>] [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="scirp.71642-ref52">52</xref>] . Consequently since the classical Einstein spacetime manifold is a smooth voidless manifold for which b<sub>2</sub> = 1 and K3-K&#228;hler manifold is a highly non-smooth four dimensional structure with b<sub>2</sub> = 22, we see that the topological index b<sub>2</sub> is a quite accurate measure for the fractal ruggedness involved for any manifold [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="scirp.71642-ref81">81</xref>] - [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="scirp.71642-ref86">86</xref>] . Therefore the used ratio <inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/10-7502954x10.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula> will account for the reduction of <inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/10-7502954x11.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula> and its dissection into two components as expressed in the by now reasonably well known equation</p><disp-formula id="scirp.71642-formula140"><label>(3)</label><graphic position="anchor" xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/10-7502954x12.png"  xlink:type="simple"/></disp-formula><p>In the preceding equation E(D) makes no distinction between the dark matter and the pure dark energy components of E(D). By contrast in the present derivation we show how the topology of K3-K&#228;hler and its various Betti numbers can discriminate between not only ordinary and dark energy but also between dark matter and pure dark energy. This remarkable result will be achieved here by utilizing the signature of K3- K&#228;hler <inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/10-7502954x13.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula> and the entire set of all non-zero Betti numbers [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="scirp.71642-ref24">24</xref>] [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="scirp.71642-ref81">81</xref>] - [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="scirp.71642-ref86">86</xref>] . In addition we will be able to reveal the subtle coupling between dark matter and pure dark energy [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="scirp.71642-ref2">2</xref>] - [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="scirp.71642-ref35">35</xref>] .</p></sec><sec id="s2"><title>2. Analysis</title><p>The present analysis rests almost entirely on the intuitively understandable fact that similar to the distinction between the zero set and the various empty set with increasing degree of emptiness used in E-Infinity theory [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="scirp.71642-ref83">83</xref>] - [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="scirp.71642-ref103">103</xref>] the various topological Betti numbers measure subtly different degrees of ruggedness caused by the “voids” in the manifold [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="scirp.71642-ref96">96</xref>] [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="scirp.71642-ref101">101</xref>] [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="scirp.71642-ref116">116</xref>] . In the spirit of the above, the heuristic dissection of E (Einstein)</p><disp-formula id="scirp.71642-formula141"><label>(4)</label><graphic position="anchor" xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/10-7502954x14.png"  xlink:type="simple"/></disp-formula><p>may be rewritten to become</p><disp-formula id="scirp.71642-formula142"><label>(5)</label><graphic position="anchor" xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/10-7502954x15.png"  xlink:type="simple"/></disp-formula><p>In turn this may be interpreted in terms of the topological invariant of our K3- K&#228;hler, namely [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="scirp.71642-ref81">81</xref>] - [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="scirp.71642-ref91">91</xref>]</p><disp-formula id="scirp.71642-formula143"><label>(6)</label><graphic position="anchor" xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/10-7502954x16.png"  xlink:type="simple"/></disp-formula><p>to mean that</p><disp-formula id="scirp.71642-formula144"><label>(7)</label><graphic position="anchor" xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/10-7502954x17.png"  xlink:type="simple"/></disp-formula><p>This is a new profound confirmation of our previous result and reinforces the confidence in the K-(or K3) K&#228;hler gained from its use in superstring theory and E-Infinity theory alike [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="scirp.71642-ref2">2</xref>] - [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="scirp.71642-ref108">108</xref>] . In particular one should note that the negative sign of the signature <inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/10-7502954x18.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula> can be interpreted as a clear hint that pure dark energy works in the opposite direction to dark matter and ordinary energy [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="scirp.71642-ref1">1</xref>] - [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="scirp.71642-ref80">80</xref>] . It is also note worthy to observe that the above result agrees almost completely with that obtained from the geometry of Kerr black holes [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="scirp.71642-ref8">8</xref>] .</p></sec><sec id="s3"><title>3. The Coupling of Dark Matter to Pure Dark Energy</title><p>There is a subtle point in the previous integer approximation of the triple partitions of E-Einstein. The point is that the ordinary energy part E(O) = mc<sup>2</sup>/22 and the total dark energy part E(D) = mc<sup>2</sup>/22 may be found directly from the exact transfinite value<inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/10-7502954x19.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula> and <inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/10-7502954x19.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/10-7502954x20.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula> by setting k = 0 and revealing E(O) to be <inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/10-7502954x19.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/10-7502954x20.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/10-7502954x21.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula> and E(D) to be <inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/10-7502954x19.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/10-7502954x20.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/10-7502954x21.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/10-7502954x22.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula> of the total energy [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="scirp.71642-ref2">2</xref>] - [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="scirp.71642-ref10">10</xref>] . However doing the same for the triple dissection, we do not find E(DM) to be equal to 22% nor E(PDF) to be <inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/10-7502954x19.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/10-7502954x20.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/10-7502954x21.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/10-7502954x22.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/10-7502954x23.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula> as should be because <inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/10-7502954x19.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/10-7502954x20.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/10-7502954x21.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/10-7502954x22.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/10-7502954x23.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/10-7502954x24.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula> and <inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/10-7502954x19.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/10-7502954x20.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/10-7502954x21.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/10-7502954x22.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/10-7502954x23.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/10-7502954x24.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/10-7502954x25.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula> [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="scirp.71642-ref1">1</xref>] - [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="scirp.71642-ref15">15</xref>] . Thus while our “integer” solution is quite close to the exact value they are not exact nor can they be made exact by setting small irrational tails such as k equal zero similar to the analysis involving two components dissection [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="scirp.71642-ref1">1</xref>] - [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="scirp.71642-ref80">80</xref>] .</p><p>The deeper reason for this mathematical “anomaly” is that the “mathematics” is trying to tell us something of physical value and meaning. This “something” is actually that dark matter and pure dark energy are subtly coupled as the following computation will reveal. To do that we introduce the irrational transfinite correction coupling constant<inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/10-7502954x26.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula>.</p><p>Rewriting our previous triadic E using <inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/10-7502954x27.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula> we find:</p><disp-formula id="scirp.71642-formula145"><label>(8)</label><graphic position="anchor" xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/10-7502954x28.png"  xlink:type="simple"/></disp-formula><p>The remarkable fact is that in the above formalism everything falls in place and we find our exact solution that was found long ago using elaborate and occasionally terse reasoning namely that [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="scirp.71642-ref8">8</xref>] [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="scirp.71642-ref24">24</xref>]</p><disp-formula id="scirp.71642-formula146"><label>(9)</label><graphic position="anchor" xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/10-7502954x29.png"  xlink:type="simple"/></disp-formula><p>exactly as obtained in numerous previous publications [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="scirp.71642-ref1">1</xref>] - [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="scirp.71642-ref80">80</xref>] and in full agreement with actual cosmic measurements [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="scirp.71642-ref1">1</xref>] - [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="scirp.71642-ref80">80</xref>] . In view of the above one could understand the huge difficulties of detecting dark matter to the extent of doubting its very real existence [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="scirp.71642-ref132">132</xref>] . The present Author is however of the opinion that there is sufficient observation and theoretical underpinning to convince us that dark energy and dark matter are real [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="scirp.71642-ref24">24</xref>] .</p></sec><sec id="s4"><title>4. Conclusion</title><p>By design or providence, superstring theory struck a lucky accord with nature by hitting on the marvelous K3-K&#228;hler manifold. However, the inherent inconsistency of using a classical continuum in the form of vibrating and rotating strings coupled to a fundamental discrete ten dimensional network spacetime might be the reason of the failure of string theory in utilizing this K3-K&#228;hler to its utmost capacity. By contrast when introducing a fuzzy-fractal version of K3-K&#228;hler, we are able to use it beyond the compactification procedure of superstring theory to model spacetime itself. Proceeding in this way, a theory was developed which is essentially an E-Infinity-like theory with a twist. In this theory, the fundamental invariants of K3-K&#228;hler, namely the Betti numbers, the signature and the Euler invariants, play a pivotal role not only in deriving the actually measured cosmic ordinary and dark energy density i.e. E(O) and E(D) but also of discriminating between pure dark energy E(PDE) and dark matter E(DM) as well as revealing its coupled nature.</p></sec><sec id="s5"><title>Cite this paper</title><p>El Naschie, M.S. (2016) K&#228;hler Dark Matter, Dark Energy Cosmic Density and Their Coupling. Journal of Modern Physics, 7, 1953-1962. http://dx.doi.org/10.4236/jmp.2016.714173</p></sec></body><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="scirp.71642-ref1"><label>1</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple">El Naschie, M.S. (2013) Journal of Quantum Information Science, 3, 23-26.http://dx.doi.org/10.4236/jqis.2013.31006</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="scirp.71642-ref2"><label>2</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple">El Naschie, M.S. (2013) International Journal of Modern Nonlinear Theory &amp; Application, 2, 43-54. http://dx.doi.org/10.4236/ijmnta.2013.21005</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="scirp.71642-ref3"><label>3</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple">El Naschie, M.S. (2013) Journal of Modern Physics, 4, 354-356. http://dx.doi.org/10.4236/jmp.2013.43049</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="scirp.71642-ref4"><label>4</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple">El Naschie, M.S. (2014) Journal of Quantum Information Science, 4, 83-91.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="scirp.71642-ref5"><label>5</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple">El Naschie, M.S. (2013) Open Journal of Microphysics, 3, Article ID: 35744. http://dx.doi.org/10.4236/ojm.2013.33012</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="scirp.71642-ref6"><label>6</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple">Lahanas, A.B., Mavromatos, N.E. and Nanopoulosd, D.V. (2003) International Journal of Modern Physics D, 12, 1529. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/S0218271803004286</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="scirp.71642-ref7"><label>7</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple">El Naschie, M.S. and Helal, A. (2013) International Journal of Astronomy and Astrophysics, 3, 318-343. http://dx.doi.org/10.4236/ijaa.2013.33037</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="scirp.71642-ref8"><label>8</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple">El Naschie, M.S. (2015) Natural Science, 7, 210-225. http://dx.doi.org/10.4236/ns.2015.74024</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="scirp.71642-ref9"><label>9</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple">Marek-Crnjac, L., El Naschie, M.S. and He, J.-H. (2013) International Journal of Modern Nonlinear Theory and Application, 2, 78-88. http://dx.doi.org/10.4236/ijmnta.2013.21A010</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="scirp.71642-ref10"><label>10</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple">El Naschie, M.S. (2013) International Journal of Modern Nonlinear Theory and Application, 2, 107-121. http://dx.doi.org/10.4236/ijmnta.2013.22014</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="scirp.71642-ref11"><label>11</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple">Lahanas, A.B., Mavromatos, N.E. and Nanopoulosd, D.V. (2007) Physics Letters B, 649, 83-90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.physletb.2007.03.058</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="scirp.71642-ref12"><label>12</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple">El Naschie, M.S. (2014) American Journal of Astronomy &amp; Astrophysics, 2, 72-77. http://dx.doi.org/10.11648/j.ajaa.20140206.13</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="scirp.71642-ref13"><label>13</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple">El Naschie, M.S. (2013) International Journal of Astronomy and Astrophysics, 3, Article ID: 40590. http://dx.doi.org/10.4236/ijaa.2013.34056</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="scirp.71642-ref14"><label>14</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple">El Naschie, M.S. (2013) Journal of Modern Physics and Applications, 2, No. 1.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="scirp.71642-ref15"><label>15</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple">El Naschie, M.S. (2014) Open Journal of Fluid Dynamics, 4, 15-17.http://dx.doi.org/10.4236/ojfd.2014.41002</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="scirp.71642-ref16"><label>16</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple">El Naschie, M.S. (2014) International Journal of Modern Nonlinear Theory and Application, 3, 1-5. http://dx.doi.org/10.4236/ijmnta.2014.31001</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="scirp.71642-ref17"><label>17</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple">El Naschie, M.S., Marek-Crnjac, L., Helal, M.A. and He, J.-H. (2014) Applied Mathematics, 5, 1780-1790. http://dx.doi.org/10.4236/am.2014.512171</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="scirp.71642-ref18"><label>18</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple">El Naschie, M.S. (2015) The Open Astronomy Journal, 8, 1-17. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1874381101508010001</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="scirp.71642-ref19"><label>19</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple">El Naschie, M.S. (2014) Journal of Modern Physics Applications, 6, 1-10.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="scirp.71642-ref20"><label>20</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple">El Naschie, M.S. (2014) Journal of Quantum Information Science, 4, 284-291. http://dx.doi.org/10.4236/jqis.2014.44023</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="scirp.71642-ref21"><label>21</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple">El Naschie, M.S. (2014) Journal of Applied Mathematics and Physics, 2, 803-806. http://dx.doi.org/10.4236/jamp.2014.28088</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="scirp.71642-ref22"><label>22</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple">Helal, M., Marek-Crnjac, L. and He, J.-H. (2013) Open Journal of Microphysics, 3, 141-145. http://dx.doi.org/10.4236/ojm.2013.34020</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="scirp.71642-ref23"><label>23</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple">El Naschie, M.S. (2014) International Journal of Astronomy and Astrophysics, 4, 80-90. http://dx.doi.org/10.4236/ijaa.2014.41009</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="scirp.71642-ref24"><label>24</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple">Marek-Crnjac, L. and He, J.-H. (2013) International Journal of Astronomy and Astrophysics, 3, 464-471. http://dx.doi.org/10.4236/ijaa.2013.34053</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="scirp.71642-ref25"><label>25</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple">El Naschie, M.S. (2014) Problems of Nonlinear Analysis in Engineering Systems, 20, 79-98.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="scirp.71642-ref26"><label>26</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple">El Naschie, M.S. (2013) American Journal of Modern Physics, 2, 357-361 http://dx.doi.org/10.11648/j.ajmp.20130206.23</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="scirp.71642-ref27"><label>27</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple">El Naschie, M.S. (2013) Journal of Modern Physics, 4, 591-596. http://dx.doi.org/10.4236/jmp.2013.45084</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="scirp.71642-ref28"><label>28</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple">El Naschie, M.S. (2014) World Journal of Mechanics, 4, 153-156. http://dx.doi.org/10.4236/wjm.2014.46017</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="scirp.71642-ref29"><label>29</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple">El Naschie, M.S. (2015) Open Journal of Applied Sciences, 5, 313-324. http://dx.doi.org/10.4236/ojapps.2015.57032</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="scirp.71642-ref30"><label>30</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple">El Naschie, M.S. (2014) Journal of Modern Physics, 5, 743-750. http://dx.doi.org/10.4236/jmp.2014.59084</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="scirp.71642-ref31"><label>31</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple">El Naschie, M.S. (2013) Gravitation and Cosmology, 19, 151-155. http://dx.doi.org/10.1134/S0202289313030031</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="scirp.71642-ref32"><label>32</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple">El Naschie, M.S. (2014) Journal of Applied Mathematics and Physics, 2, 634-638. http://dx.doi.org/10.4236/jamp.2014.27069</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="scirp.71642-ref33"><label>33</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple">El Naschie, M.S. (2016) Quantum Matter, 5, 1-4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1166/qm.2016.1247</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="scirp.71642-ref34"><label>34</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple">Marek-Crnjac, L. and El Naschie, M.S. (2013) Applied Mathematics, 4, 22-29.http://dx.doi.org/10.4236/am.2013.411A2005</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="scirp.71642-ref35"><label>35</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple">El Naschie, M.S. (2014) World Journal of Condensed Matter Physics, 4, 74-77. http://dx.doi.org/10.4236/wjcmp.2014.42011</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="scirp.71642-ref36"><label>36</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple">El Naschie, M.S. (2015) Natural Science, 7, 287-298. http://dx.doi.org/10.4236/ns.2015.76032</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="scirp.71642-ref37"><label>37</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple">He, J.H. and Marek-Crnjac, L. (2013) International Journal of Modern Nonlinear Theory and Application, 2, 55-59. http://dx.doi.org/10.4236/ijmnta.2013.21006</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="scirp.71642-ref38"><label>38</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple">Sidharth, B.G. (2003) Chaos, Solitons &amp; Fractals, 18, 197-201. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0960-0779(02)00632-X</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="scirp.71642-ref39"><label>39</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple">Sidharth, B. and Altaisky, M.V. (2012) Frontiers of Fundamental Physics 4. Springer, Berlin.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="scirp.71642-ref40"><label>40</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple">El Naschie, M.S. (2015) World Journal of Condensed Matter Physics, 5, 249-260. http://dx.doi.org/10.4236/wjcmp.2015.54026</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="scirp.71642-ref41"><label>41</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple">El Naschie, M.S. (2015) International Journal of Astronomy &amp; Astrophysics, 5, 243-247. http://dx.doi.org/10.4236/ijaa.2015.54027</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="scirp.71642-ref42"><label>42</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple">El Naschie, M.S. (2015) Natural Science, 7, 483-487. http://dx.doi.org/10.4236/ns.2015.710049</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="scirp.71642-ref43"><label>43</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple">El Naschie, M.S. (2015) Journal of Modern Physics, 6, 1321-1333. http://dx.doi.org/10.4236/jmp.2015.69137</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="scirp.71642-ref44"><label>44</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple">He, J.H. and Marek-Crnjac, L. (2013) Fractal Spacetime and Noncommutative Geometry in Quantum &amp; High Energy Physics, 3, 130-137.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="scirp.71642-ref45"><label>45</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple">El Naschie, M.S. (2014) International Journal of Astronomy and Astrophysics, 4, 332-339. http://dx.doi.org/10.4236/ijaa.2014.42027</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="scirp.71642-ref46"><label>46</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple">El Naschie, M.S. (2013) Journal of Quantum Information Science, 3, 55-57. http://dx.doi.org/10.4236/jqis.2013.32011</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="scirp.71642-ref47"><label>47</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple">El Naschie, M.S. (2013) International Journal of Astronomy and Astrophysics, 3, 205-211. http://dx.doi.org/10.4236/ijaa.2013.33024</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="scirp.71642-ref48"><label>48</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple">El Naschie, M.S. (2015) Open Journal of Microphysics, 5, 11-15. http://dx.doi.org/10.4236/ojm.2015.52002</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="scirp.71642-ref49"><label>49</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple">El Naschie, M.S. (2015) World Journal of Nano Science and Engineering, 5, 57-67. http://dx.doi.org/10.4236/wjnse.2015.53008</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="scirp.71642-ref50"><label>50</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple">El Naschie, M.S. (2015) Advances in Pure Mathematics, 5, 560-570. http://dx.doi.org/10.4236/apm.2015.59052</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="scirp.71642-ref51"><label>51</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple">Marek-Crnjac, L. (2015) Natural Science, 7, 581-598. http://dx.doi.org/10.4236/ns.2015.713058</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="scirp.71642-ref52"><label>52</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple">El Naschie, M.S. (2015) Open Journal of Philosophy, 5, 123-130. http://dx.doi.org/10.4236/ojpp.2015.51014</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="scirp.71642-ref53"><label>53</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple">El Naschie, M.S. (2015) Open Journal of Philosophy, 5, 319-326. http://dx.doi.org/10.4236/ojpp.2015.56040</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="scirp.71642-ref54"><label>54</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple">El Naschie, M.S. (2013) Journal of Modern Physics, 4, 1417-1428. http://dx.doi.org/10.4236/jmp.2013.410170</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="scirp.71642-ref55"><label>55</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple">El Naschie, M.S. (2014) World Journal of Nuclear Science and Technology, 4, 216-221. http://dx.doi.org/10.4236/wjnst.2014.44027</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="scirp.71642-ref56"><label>56</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple">El Naschie, M.S. (2014) Journal of Electromagnetic Analysis and Applications, 6, 233-237. http://dx.doi.org/10.4236/jemaa.2014.69023</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="scirp.71642-ref57"><label>57</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple">Capozziello, S. (2002) International Journal of Modern Physics D, 11, 483-491. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/S0218271802002025</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="scirp.71642-ref58"><label>58</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple">El Naschie, M.S. (2013) Journal of Modern Physics, 2, 18-23.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="scirp.71642-ref59"><label>59</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple">Ellis, J.R., Mavromatos, N.E., Mitsou, V.A. and Nanopoulos, D.V. (2007) Astroparticle Physics, 27, 185-198. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.astropartphys.2006.10.007</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="scirp.71642-ref60"><label>60</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple">El Naschie, M.S. (2013) Journal of Modern Physics, 4, 31-38. http://dx.doi.org/10.4236/jmp.2013.411A1005</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="scirp.71642-ref61"><label>61</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple">Iovane, G., Laserra, E. and Giordano, P. (2004) Chaos, Solitons &amp; Fractals, 22, 521-528. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.chaos.2004.02.026</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="scirp.71642-ref62"><label>62</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple">Tang, W., Li, Y., Kong, H.Y. and El Naschie, M.S. (2014) Bubbfil Nanotechnology, 1, 3-12.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="scirp.71642-ref63"><label>63</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple">Diamandis, G.A., Georgalas, B.C., Mavromatos, N.E. and Papantonopoulos, E. (2002) International Journal of Modern Physics A, 17, 4567-4589. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/S0217751X02010893</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="scirp.71642-ref64"><label>64</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple">El Naschie, M.S. (2014) Advances in Pure Mathematics, 4, 641-648. http://dx.doi.org/10.4236/apm.2014.412073</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="scirp.71642-ref65"><label>65</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple">El Naschie, M.S. (2015) American Journal of Nano Research and Application, 3, 33-40.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="scirp.71642-ref66"><label>66</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple">El Naschie, M.S. (2015) World Journal of Nano Science &amp; Engineering, 5, 26-33. http://dx.doi.org/10.4236/wjnse.2015.51004</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="scirp.71642-ref67"><label>67</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple">Marek-Crnjac, L. (2013) American Journal of Modern Physics, 2, 255-263. http://dx.doi.org/10.11648/j.ajmp.20130205.14</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="scirp.71642-ref68"><label>68</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple">Iovane, G. (2004) Chaos, Solitons &amp; Fractals, 20, 657-667. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.chaos.2003.09.036</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="scirp.71642-ref69"><label>69</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple">El Naschie, M.S. (2005) Chaos, Solitons &amp; Fractals, 25, 969-977. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.chaos.2005.02.028</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="scirp.71642-ref70"><label>70</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple">El Naschie, M.S. (2016) Journal of Quantum Information Science, 6, 1-9. http://dx.doi.org/10.4236/jqis.2016.61001</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="scirp.71642-ref71"><label>71</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple">Fred, Y.Y. (2009) Chaos, Solitons &amp; Fractals, 42, 89-93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.chaos.2008.10.030</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="scirp.71642-ref72"><label>72</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple">Ellis, J., Mavromatos, N.E. and Nanopoulos, D.V. (2005) Physics Letters B, 619, 17-25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.physletb.2005.05.047</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="scirp.71642-ref73"><label>73</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple">El Naschie, M.S. (2016) World Journal of Condensed Matter Physics, 6, 63-67. http://dx.doi.org/10.4236/wjcmp.2016.62009</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="scirp.71642-ref74"><label>74</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple">Iovane, G., Laserra, E. and Tortoriello, F.S. (2004) Chaos, Solitons &amp; Fractals, 20, 415-426. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.chaos.2003.08.004</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="scirp.71642-ref75"><label>75</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple">El Naschie, M.S. (2015) American Journal of Nano Research &amp; Application, 3, 66-70.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="scirp.71642-ref76"><label>76</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple">El Naschie, M.S. (2015) Journal of Modern Physics, 6, 348-395. http://dx.doi.org/10.4236/jmp.2015.64042</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="scirp.71642-ref77"><label>77</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple">Greljo, A., Julio, J., Kamenik, J.F., Smith, C. and Zupan, J. (2013) Journal of High Energy Physics, 2013, 190. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/jhep11(2013)190</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="scirp.71642-ref78"><label>78</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple">Diamandis, G.A., Georgalas, B.C., Lahanas, A.B., Mavromatos, N.E. and Nanopoulos, D.V. (2006) Physics Letters B, 642, 179-186. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.physletb.2006.09.035</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="scirp.71642-ref79"><label>79</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple">El Naschie, M.S. (2006) World Journal of Nano Science and Engineering, 5, 49-56. http://dx.doi.org/10.4236/wjnse.2015.52007</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="scirp.71642-ref80"><label>80</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple">Sidharth, B.G. (2001) Chaos, Solitons &amp; Fractals, 12, 1101-1109. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0960-0779(00)00079-5</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="scirp.71642-ref81"><label>81</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple">El Naschie, M.S. (2005) International Journal of Nonlinear Sciences and Numerical Simulation, 6, 95-98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/ijnsns.2005.6.2.95</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="scirp.71642-ref82"><label>82</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple">Gibbons, G., Shellard, E. and Rankin, S. (2003) The Future of Theoretical Physics and Cosmology. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="scirp.71642-ref83"><label>83</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple">El Naschie, M.S. (2006) Chaos, Solitons &amp; Fractals, 30, 579-605. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.chaos.2006.03.030</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="scirp.71642-ref84"><label>84</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple">El Naschie, M.S. (2006) Chaos, Solitons &amp; Fractals, 29, 876-881. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.chaos.2005.12.027</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="scirp.71642-ref85"><label>85</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple">El Naschie, M.S. (2007) International Journal of Nonlinear Science &amp; Numerical Simulation, 8, 11-20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/IJNSNS.2007.8.1.11</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="scirp.71642-ref86"><label>86</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple">El Naschie, M.S. (2005) Chaos, Solitons &amp; Fractals, 26, 477-481. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.chaos.2004.12.024</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="scirp.71642-ref87"><label>87</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple">El Naschie, M.S. (2006) Chaos, Solitons &amp; Fractals, 27, 9-13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.chaos.2005.05.010</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="scirp.71642-ref88"><label>88</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple">El Naschie, M.S. (2006) Chaos, Solitons &amp; Fractals, 27, 39-42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.chaos.2005.04.094</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="scirp.71642-ref89"><label>89</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple">El Naschie, M.S. (2006) Chaos, Solitons &amp; Fractals, 27, 843-849. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.chaos.2005.06.002</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="scirp.71642-ref90"><label>90</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple">El Naschie, M.S. (2005) Chaos, Solitons &amp; Fractals, 26, 1-6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.chaos.2005.02.031</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="scirp.71642-ref91"><label>91</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple">El Naschie, M.S. (2006) Chaos, Solitons &amp; Fractals, 30, 636-641. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.chaos.2006.04.044</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="scirp.71642-ref92"><label>92</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple">El Naschie, M.S. (2005) Chaos, Solitons &amp; Fractals, 25, 509-514. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.chaos.2005.02.016</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="scirp.71642-ref93"><label>93</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple">El Naschie, M.S. (2006) Chaos, Solitons &amp; Fractals, 29, 816-822. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.chaos.2006.01.013</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="scirp.71642-ref94"><label>94</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple">El Naschie, M.S. (2007) Chaos, Solitons &amp; Fractals, 31, 537-547. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.chaos.2006.07.001</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="scirp.71642-ref95"><label>95</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple">El Naschie, M.S. (2007) International Journal of Nonlinear Sciences and Numerical Simulation, 8, 445-450. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/IJNSNS.2007.8.3.445</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="scirp.71642-ref96"><label>96</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple">El Naschie, M.S. (2005 Chaos, Solitons &amp; Fractals, 26, 665-670. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.chaos.2005.01.018</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="scirp.71642-ref97"><label>97</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple">El Naschie, M.S. (2007) Chaos, Solitons &amp; Fractals, 32, 427-430. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.chaos.2006.09.016</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="scirp.71642-ref98"><label>98</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple">El Naschie, M.S. (2006) Chaos, Solitons &amp; Fractals, 30, 1025-1033. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.chaos.2006.05.088</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="scirp.71642-ref99"><label>99</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple">El Naschie, M.S. (2006) Chaos, Solitons &amp; Fractals, 29, 845-853. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.chaos.2006.01.073</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="scirp.71642-ref100"><label>100</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple">El Naschie, M.S. (2005) International Journal of Nonlinear Sciences and Numerical Simulation, 6, 331-333. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/IJNSNS.2005.6.3.331</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="scirp.71642-ref101"><label>101</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple">El Naschie, M.S. (2005) Chaos, Solitons &amp; Fractals, 26, 303-311. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.chaos.2005.03.004</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="scirp.71642-ref102"><label>102</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple">El Naschie, M.S. (2005) Chaos, Solitons &amp; Fractals, 26, 291-294. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.chaos.2005.03.003</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="scirp.71642-ref103"><label>103</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple">El Naschie, M.S. (2007) Chaos, Solitons &amp; Fractals, 32, 370-374. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.chaos.2006.09.018</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="scirp.71642-ref104"><label>104</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple">El Naschie, M.S. (2006) Chaos, Solitons &amp; Fractals, 30, 525-531. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.chaos.2005.04.123</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="scirp.71642-ref105"><label>105</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple">El Naschie, M.S. (2006) Chaos, Solitons &amp; Fractals, 29, 803-807. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.chaos.2006.01.012</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="scirp.71642-ref106"><label>106</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple">El Naschie, M.S. (2005) Chaos, Solitons &amp; Fractals, 25, 521-524. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.chaos.2005.01.022</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="scirp.71642-ref107"><label>107</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple">El Naschie, M.S. (2008) Chaos, Solitons &amp; Fractals, 35, 7-12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.chaos.2007.06.023</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="scirp.71642-ref108"><label>108</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple">El Naschie, M.S. (2008) Chaos, Solitons &amp; Fractals, 35, 67-70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.chaos.2007.05.013</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="scirp.71642-ref109"><label>109</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple">Krauss, L.M. (2001) Quintessence. Published by Vintage.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="scirp.71642-ref110"><label>110</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple">El Naschie, M.S. (2015) International Journal of High Energy Physics, 2, 13-21. http://dx.doi.org/10.11648/j.ijhep.20150201.12</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="scirp.71642-ref111"><label>111</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple">Mills, R. (1994) Space, Time and Quantra. W. H. Freeman, New York.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="scirp.71642-ref112"><label>112</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple">El Naschie, M.S. (2015) International Journal of Innovation in Science and Mathematics, 3, 254-265.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="scirp.71642-ref113"><label>113</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple">El Naschie, M.S. (2016) Journal of Quantum Information Science, 6, 57-61. http://dx.doi.org/10.4236/jqis.2016.62007</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="scirp.71642-ref114"><label>114</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple">Kragh, H. (1996) Cosmology and Controversy. Princeton University Press, Princeton, NJ.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="scirp.71642-ref115"><label>115</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple">Mumford, D., Series, C. and Wright, D. (2002) Indra’s Pearls. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="scirp.71642-ref116"><label>116</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple">Rogers, B., Pennathur, S. and Adams, J. (2008) Nanotechnology. CRC Press, Boca Raton.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="scirp.71642-ref117"><label>117</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple">El Naschie, M.S. (2015) Problems of Nonlinear Analysis in Engineering Systems, 2, 1-16.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="scirp.71642-ref118"><label>118</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple">Hsu, J.-P. and Hsu, L. (2006) A Broad View of Relativity. World Scientific, Singapore.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="scirp.71642-ref119"><label>119</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple">El Naschie, M.S. (2015) American Journal of Nano Research and Applications, 3, 1-5.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="scirp.71642-ref120"><label>120</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple">El Naschie, M.S. (2016) Natural Science, 8, 152-159. http://dx.doi.org/10.4236/ns.2016.83018</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="scirp.71642-ref121"><label>121</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple">El Naschie, M.S. (2016) Journal of Modern Physics, 7, 729-736. http://dx.doi.org/10.4236/jmp.2016.78069</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="scirp.71642-ref122"><label>122</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple">El Naschie, M.S. (2016) International Journal of Astronomy and Astrophysics, 6, 135-144. http://dx.doi.org/10.4236/ijaa.2016.62011</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="scirp.71642-ref123"><label>123</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple">El Naschie, M.S. (2016) American Journal of Computational Mathematics, 6, 185-199. http://dx.doi.org/10.4236/ajcm.2016.63020</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="scirp.71642-ref124"><label>124</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple">El Naschie, M.S. (2015) American Journal of astronomy and Astrophysics, 3, 77-86. http://dx.doi.org/10.11648/j.ajaa.20150305.11</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="scirp.71642-ref125"><label>125</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple">Babchin, A.J. and El Naschie, M.S. (2015) World Journal of Condensed Matter Physics, 6, 1-6. http://dx.doi.org/10.4236/wjcmp.2016.61001</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="scirp.71642-ref126"><label>126</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple">El Naschie, M.S. (2016) Advances in Pure Mathematics, 6, 446-454. http://dx.doi.org/10.4236/apm.2016.66032</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="scirp.71642-ref127"><label>127</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple">Ho, M.E.N. and Giuseppe Vitiello, M.W. (2015) Global Journal of Science Frontier Research, 15, 61-80.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="scirp.71642-ref128"><label>128</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple">El Naschie, M.S. (2016) International Journal of Astronomy and Astrophysics, 6, 56-81. http://dx.doi.org/10.4236/ijaa.2016.61005</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="scirp.71642-ref129"><label>129</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple">Auffray, J.P. and El Naschie, M.S. (2016) Journal of Modern Physics, 7, 156-161. http://dx.doi.org/10.4236/jmp.2016.71017</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="scirp.71642-ref130"><label>130</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple">El Naschie, M.S. (2016) Journal of Modern Physics, 7, 1420-1428. http://dx.doi.org/10.4236/jmp.2016.712129</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="scirp.71642-ref131"><label>131</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple">El Naschie, M.S. (2016) Journal of Applied Mathematics and Physics, 4, 979-987. http://dx.doi.org/10.4236/jamp.2016.46105</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="scirp.71642-ref132"><label>132</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple">Brownstein, J.R. and Moffat, J.W. (2007) Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, 382, 29-47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2966.2007.12275.x</mixed-citation></ref></ref-list></back></article>