The study endeavors to provide statistical inference for a (1 + 1) cascade system for exponential distribution under joint effect of stress-strength attenuation factors. Estimators of reliability function are obtained using Maximum Likelihood Estimator (MLE) and Uniformly Minimum Variance Unbiased Estimator (UMVUE) of the parameters. Asymptotic distribution of the parameters is also obtained. Comparison between estimators is made using data obtained through simulation experiment.
Cascade System Strength Attenuation Factor Reliability Modelling Life Testing Experiment Estimators of Reliability Function1. Introduction
As the complexity of a system increases, its reliability decreases unless compensatory measures are taken. System reliability can be increased by increasing the reliability of its associated components, but sometimes this cannot be achieved beyond certain limits. An alternative way to increase the reliability in such situation is to have redundant configuration of components in the system.
Cascade system is one such special type of standby system. Cascade redundancy is a hierarchical standby redundancy, where an array of components (finite in number) are arranged in the order of activation. Here, the first component is active and the remaining components are at standby. The brunt of attack, in the first instance is borne by the active component. If it survives the attack, the system also survives with no loss and is ready to face the next attack. However, if the active component fails then the next component in the array has to face and withstand the “cushioned” attack on it. The stress acting on the subsequent active component will be “k” times the stress of the previous failed components, where “k” denotes stress attenuation factor.
Research works on reliability modelling and assessment related to cascade model as studied in the literature are quite exhaustive, Pandit and Sriwastav (1975) have featured relevance of geometric distribution in the study of behavior of a cascade system [1] . Raghavachar, Rao and Ramacharyulu (1983) presented a closed form solution of stress attenuated reliability function for n-cascade system when both stress and strength follow identical distributions [2] . Maheshwari, Rekha, Rao and Raghavachar (1993) studied stress attenuated reliability for n-cascade system whose stress and strength follow normal and exponential distributions respectively [3] . Rekha and Shyam Sunder (1997) have also highlighted a similar cascade system where stress and strength follow gamma and exponential distributions respectively. They showed that for higher parametric values and lower attenuation factors a high degree of reliability could be attained [4] . Rekha and ChechuRaju (1999) endeavored to present a closed form solution of stress attenuated reliability function for n-cascade system with exponential stress and standby strengths following Rayleigh and exponential distributions [5] . Shyam Sunder (2012) has studied stress attenuation for cascade system when both stress and strength follow Rayleigh distribution [6] . In most of the works mentioned in the literature on cascade model, study is carried out by considering the influence of stress attenuation factor only. This observation has motivated the present study of attempting to design reliability model for a cascade system under joint effect of stress as well as strength attenuation factors. Further, reliability assessment (estimation of reliability function) is carried using the standard methods [7] - [10] .
2. Estimation of Reliability for a (1 + 1) Cascade Model2.1. Stress-Strength Cascade Model
Let denote the strengths of n-components in the order of activation and let be the corresponding stresses acting on them. In a n-cascade system after every failure the stress gets modified by a factor “k” (stress attenuation factor) such that here, and we assume that the strength gets modified by a factor “m” (strength attenuation factor) such that here,.
The reliability function of the system with ‘n’ components is defined as,
where,
for
Cascade model with more number of standby components is not recommended as the strength goes on depleting with the order of standby which leads to dead investment. In view of this fact, we have considered estimation of reliability for a (1 + 1) cascade model.
2.2. Reliability Function for a (1 + 1) Cascade Model
To determine reliability function for the model under study, let us consider the strength of the two components (basic and standby) to be and respectively, where are independently and identically distributed (i.i.d) exponential random variables with parameter “”. Let and be the stress acting on the two components respectively, where are i.i.d exponential random variables with parameter ‘’. To obtain the expression for reliability function, consider,
Using results of (1) and (2), we obtain reliability function for the proposed (1 + 1) cascade model as,
2.3. Life Testing Experiment
To obtain the estimators of “”, suppose “n” systems whose reliability function is defined as in expression (3) are put on life testing experiment. Here,
are observed and are i.i.d exponential random variables with parameters “” and “” respectively. Also, the data of stress are obtained separately from simulation of conditions of the operating environment and are i.i.d exponential random variables with parameter “” and “”
respectively. The joint probability density function of the random variables and is given by,
where,
The log-likelihood function of Equation (4) is obtained as,
2.4. Estimators of Reliability Function (MLE & UMVUE)
Differentiating the log-likelihood function given in Equation (5) partially with respect to, and equating it to zero, we get,
Solving Equations ((6) and (7)) simultaneously, we get the Maximum Likelihood Estimator (MLE) of and as,
Similarly, differentiating the log-likelihood function given in Equation (5) with respect to, and equating it to zero, we get,
Solving Equations ((10) and (11)) simultaneously, we get the MLE of and as,
Using the invariance property of MLE, the MLE of reliability function ‘’ is obtained by substituting the MLEs of in Equation (3) and is given by,
Here, denotes the estimator of reliability function obtained through MLE of the parameters. Further, estimator of the reliability function “” attained through the Uniformly Minimum Variance Unbiased Estimator (UMVUE) of the parameters is obtained as follows.
We know that, , implies
Also, , implies
On similar grounds we have,
Similarly, , implies
Substituting [result as mentioned in Equation (15)], we get,
Also, , implies
On similar grounds we have,
Substituting the UMVUEs of in Equation (3), we get estimator of the reliability function “” obtained through the UMVUE of the parameters.
2.5. Asymptotic Distribution
To obtain the asymptotic distribution of, let us denote the Fisher Information Matrix of as.
where,
Thus, we have the Fisher Information Matrix as,
From the asymptotic properties of MLE under regularity conditions and multivariate central limit theorem we have,
is inverse of Fisher Information Matrix “”
where,
3. Simulation Experiment
For the system, the random variables (with respect to strength) and random variables (with respect to stress) are generated independently as follows:
Step 1: Initialize for the 1st and 2nd component of the system. Uniform random numbers is generated from. Further, expo-
nential random variable is obtained for the 1st component of the system. Another uniform random numbers is generated from. Further, exponential random variable is obtained for the 2nd component of the system.
Step 2: The whole procedure in Step 1 is repeated for number of systems and the statistics are obtained.
Step 3: Initialize for the 1st and 2nd component of the system. Uniform random numbers are generated from. Further, ex-
ponential random variable is obtained for the 1st component of the system. Another uniform random numbers are generated from. Further, exponential random variable is obtained for the 2nd component of the system.
Step 4: The whole procedure in Step 3 is repeated for number of systems and the statistics are obtained.
Step 5: With the help of the statistics and the MLE of parameters of the model are obtained. Using these MLEs in the expression of reliability function, the MLE of reliability function is obtained.
Step 6: With the help of the statistics and the UMVUE of parameters are obtained. Using these UMVUEs in the expression of reliability function, estimator of the reliability function based on UMVUE of the parameters is obtained.
Table 1 and Table 2 give the results of the above simulation experiment for different values of and n.
4. Conclusion
From the above results (as shown in Table 1 and Table 2), we observe that reliability of
the system improves for larger values of strength attenuation factor (m) and for lower values of stress attenuation factor (k). Here, we also observed the estimates of reliability improves for larger value of the sample size “n”. This indicates that reliability of a system can be enhanced by strengthening the inbuilt mechanism of the system, which ultimately withstands the effects of the external environment in which it operates.
Further, on comparing the efficiencies of MLE of reliability function with reliability estimator obtained using UMVUEs of the parameters, we observed reliability estimator obtained from the UMVUEs of the perform better than the MLE of reliability function in terms of Mean Square Error (MSE) for the given data set. This emphasizes the need to strengthen the processes such that they are least affected by effects of the variation factors which intern boost the reliability of the operating system.
Cite this paper
Mutkekar, R.R. and Munoli, S.B. (2016) Estimation of Reliability for Stress-Strength Cascade Model. Open Journal of Statistics, 6, 873-881. http://dx.doi.org/10.4236/ojs.2016.65072
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