Objective: To evaluate the effects of “strength-velocity” training on the evolution of some cardiorespiratory parameters in postpubertal judoists of the Congolese national elite.
Methods: The survey, exploratory, experimental and longitudinal, was about 14 boys, belonging to seven categories of weight of the International Federation of Judo. These judoists, at the level belonged to stages 3, 4 and 5 of the classification to Tanner, of pubertal maturation. Their median age was 16 years (range: 15 - 17 years). All topics have been submitted to “strength-velocity” training, focused around exercises bound to the development of the power and automatisms, from plyometric and isometric training. Three assessments have been realized in the beginning, to mid-training (3 months) and at the end of the program (6 months). The measured values were cardiorespiratory parameters.
Results: The heart rate to the doorstep was decreased significantly (p = 0.048), so VO
2 max (p = 0.046), FVC (p = 0.0244) and ratio VEMS/FVC (p = 0.046) as function of pubertal stage. In contrast, increase was not significant for VEMS (p = 0.205) and absolute VO
2 to doorstep (p = 0.097). No significant effect of pubertal state on respiratory frequency was found. On the other hand, strength-velocity training improved cardiorespiratory data. To the recovery of the “strength-velocity test”, the decrease of the VO
2 took place more quickly that the one of the VE, the VCO2 and the HR, variations linked to the category of topic weight.
Conclusion: Among high level Congolese postpubertal judoists, the cardiorespiratory modifications induce faculty to the realization of a good performance and pursue objectives of health. However, it is necessary to be heedful as for situations to put in place in sittings at the time of such of “strength-velocity” training.
Judo Postpuberty Strength-Velocity Training Cardiorespiratory Modifications1. Introduction
Complex problems are linked to the research of the performance for an athlete. Today, in spite of the improvement of the techniques, the infrastructures and the organization, the accession on the most level cannot be considered without a network of systems and models of all kinds which took part in the optimization of performance. Detection and formation of elite sportsman, early nowadays [1] , are regarded as inter alia fundamental factors of the success around whose physiological follow-up medical-training [2] organizes. The increasingly perfect knowledge of the physiological capacities brought into play in the high level sporting preparation makes it possible to better define the adaptations to the training, to specify its effects, and to control its progression. Recent studies on power (strength-velocity) indicate that the men parameters involving in the muscle mechanics during this training program are: the number (myosin-actin cross-bridges in parallel (maximal force), the composition of myosin heavy chains, the activity of myofibrillar ATPases (maximal velocity of shortening), and the concentrations of H+ and Pi (muscle fatigue) [3] - [6] . These studies also show that training induces the following physiological adaptations: fiber hypertrophy, transformation from to IIb fibers towards IIa fibers, an increase in resistance to fatigue, notably cardiorespiratory modifications. If studies are available for the majority of the sports, few works exist on the fighting sports of the judo [5] . However, the judo is a technical and strategic fighting sport causing significant energy expenditure, and the trainers must integrate inter alia the unit cardiorespiratory adaptations in the preparation of athletes.
It is in this direction that the practice of the judo caused some studies on the importance of the request of the physiological adaptations [7] . The practice of the high level judo, sport comprising seven categories of weight, requires training from 25 to 30 hours weekly and a severe control of the weight. However, this can have physiological consequences at the subject not mast [8] . It is in this context that at the child and the teenager, very few studies were devoted on the cardiorespiratory adaptations. Moreover, the listed data are contradictory [9] . Indeed, the majority of the studies, cross-sectional, do not make it possible to account for the variations of maturation in children of different categories of age [10] . However, the design “cross-sectional” and not “longitudinal” doesn’t allow the dynamic evaluation of the parameters of interest in time. However, the process of training in power (strength-velocity) which rests the practice of the modern judo was adopted as from the post-puberty period.
In comparison with our lived sportsman as a trainer of judo and the observations on the way in which the Congolese trainers build their strategy in the preparation of African Championships of Judo of 2016, we put ourselves the question of following research: does the mode of training Strength-Velocity (S-V) contribute to the junior judoists (15 - 17 years) to modify the cardiorespiratory capacities of the old judoists by taking account of puberty maturation in progress? From this question, the aim of this study is to contribute to a better knowledge of cardiorespiratory factors of the performance at the time of training in S-V in the Congolese high level judoists in puberty period. The aim of this study is to evaluate the effects of training in S-V on the cardiorespiratory adaptations in the Congolese judoists aged 15 to 17 years old. The specific objectives were to evaluate respiratory and ventilatory state [expiratory volume (EV), total ventilatory (VT), oxygen volume uptake (VO2), ratio VO2/HR (pulse of O2), maximal oxygen uptake (VO2 max), volume of dioxide carbone (VCO2), respiratory quotient (RQ), forced vital capacity (FVC), volume expired per minute (VEMS), ratio VEMS/ FVC, respiratory frequency (FR)] noted before, mid and after the training program.
2. Material and Methods2.1. Type and Tally of the Study
The study, experimental and longitudinal, was conducted at Makelekele’ Sporting and University Center of SUCM, from March 19th to August 19th 2016, in Brazzaville, capital of the Republic of Congo. These 6 months corresponds in the physical and sporting activities to the period of preselection and precompetition to the high level [11] .
2.2. Sampling
The population source was made up of the Congolese judoists old from 15 to 17 years (junior category). The population target was summarized with the judoists of the aforementioned category of age, selected for the training of the national team of judo within the framework of the African Games 2015. According to the criteria of selection retained by the national trainers and while being based on the rules enacted by the International Federation of Judo (I.F.J) on the composition of the teams, 21 judoists were recruited. All these subjects, were subjected to a medical examination including/un- derstanding cardiovascular examinations (blood pressure, electrocardiography, echocardiography), pulmonary radiography, respiratory (respiratory frequency, FR) and ventilatory (VO2, VCO2, VE, VT, VO2 max) examinations, biochemical examinations [plasma volume (PV), numeration formulate blood (NFB), total number of erythrocytes, total number of plates, rate of hemoglobin, rate of hematocrite, average globular volume) and a biochemical assessment (glycemia, lactatemia, magnesemia). A team of judo comprises seven (07) judoists, each one of them belonging to the 7 categories of weight retained by the International Federation of Judo (I.F.J). With the data obtained from the examination, the subjects which presented factors of cardiorespiratory risks for the practice of the training in power were excluded. Thus, on the basis of criterion of selection of the national trainers, 28 judoists, constituted the starting sample during the period of study which corresponded to the precompetitive preparation of quoted tournaments. The Figure 1 is also explained by the official composition of a team of judo, namely a judoist by category of weight, each one of them having a lining. Because of work per pair, of the obligation to engage a reserve judoist by category and to increase the volume of training, a team of 7 other judokas was made up. So, the sampling of selected subjects was equal to 35. They were all of male sex. Thus, the experimentation related to 35 judoists. They were divided into three groups: group 1, 7 titular judoists; group 2, 7 judoists of the reserves teams and group 3, 21 judoists reinforcing groups 1 and 2 in order to increase the volume of work. However, only the subjects of groups 1 and 2 (N = 14) constituted the final sample. The anthropometric characteristics of the subjects of the whole group are presented in Table 1.
Ventilatory mode during recovery at the end of the program. The combination of volume running (V<sub>T</sub> and of the period (T<sub>tot</sub> = 60/FR) allows the construction of isolines of ventilatory flows (oblique, VE) expressed in LBTPS・min<sup>−1</sup>. The clear symbols represent the judoists of 80 kg to more than 100 kg, the closed symbols those of less than 80 kg. The rhombuses represent the starting values (rest), the triangles the actual values at the end of the exercise. The evolution of the ventilatory mode, V<sub>T</sub> during recovery is indicated by the 30 second old rounds (1<sup>st</sup> point after the triangle) to 10 minutes (the last point)
Anthropometric characteristics of the whole of the subjects
X ± S (n = 14)
Range
Height (cm)
176.1 ± 3.1
165 - 187
Weight (kg)
54.0 ± 8.5
59 - 104
BMI (kg/m2)
19.6 ± 2.2
18.9 - 29.7
BMI: Body Mass Index.
The distribution of the judoists in groups 1 and 2 was carried out by the trainers, by taking account of their gauge (in particular size). The median age of the subjects of groups 1 and 2 was 16 years (range: 15 - 17 years). Bone maturity was determined from the left hand and wrist by x-ray photos measuring the RUS score developed by Tanner et al. [12] . So, these subjects were examined by a pediatric and an endocrinologist. Three (3) puberty classes were found.
2.3. Variables
The studied variables were heart rate [noted before, mid (3 months) and after at the time of the last randori carried out at the end of a training sequence], intensities of exercises (IW), forced vital capacity (FVC) before the program, maximum expiratory volume per second (VEMS) before training program, ratio VEMS/FVC before training program, the respiratory frequency (FR) before training program, oxygen uptake (VO2) [noted before, mid (3 months), after training program and during the recovery period (t = 0 s; t = 1.30 min; t = 4.30 min; t = 7 min and 10 min)], volume of carbon dioxide (VCO2) [noted before, mid (3 months) and after training program], respiratory quotient (RQ) equal to VCO2/VO2 [evaluated before, mid (3 months) and after the training program], total volume (VT) [noted before, mid (3 months), after training program and during the recovery period: t = 0 s; t = 1.30 min; t = 4.30 min; t = 7 min and 10 min], ventilation minute (VE) [noted before, mid (3 months), after training program and during the recovery period: t = 0 s; t = 1.30 min; t = 4.30 min; t = 7 min and 10 min], and maximum oxygen uptake (VO2 max) [noted before, mid (3 months), after training program and during the recovery period: t = 0 s; t = 1.30 min; t = 4.30 min; t = 7 min and 10 min]. The experimental study was based on the statement of the variables above mentioned. All the protocols were realized according to the recommendations by the French Sport Medicine Society for the physical capacity [13] .
2.4. Determination of the Respiratory and Ventilatory Variables
For this purpose, all subjects underwent an incremental exercise test on cycloergometer Ergoline 600S. The frequency of cycling was fixed at 50 revolutions per minute. No alterations were made in the ratio of flywheel to pedal revolutions from that of the standard Ergoline cycloergometer. The test was carried out at the Laboratory of Exercise Physiology and Biomechanics of the Higher Institute of Physical Education and Sports, Marien NGOUABI University (Brazzaville, Congo). The test proceeded between 8:00 and 10:00, after a sleep of average duration 9 hours approximately. The temperature within the Laboratory comprised between 22˚C - 24˚C, relative humidity of the ambient air to 76%. One day before the test, the subjects were familiarized with the cycloergometric test. During the muscular exercise, the subjects breathed through a valve of low resistance (dead space of 90 ml) and pipes of large diameter (3.5 cm). The flows were measured using a standard pneumotachograph no. 3 Fleish (Godard, Stahan, Holland) placed on the inspiratory circuit and connected to a pressure pick-up (MP45, Validyne, Engeneering Corp., CA, the USA), in order to avoid the problems involved in the water vapor. Volumes were obtained by integration of the flows. A fast analyzer of O2 polarophic (OM11, Sensormedics Corp., CA, the USA) and a fast analyzer (with infra-reds) of CO2 (Diamond 6000, Cosma, France), gauged on a gas bottle let us spread out before and after each test, allowed to measure the fraction expired of O2 (FEO2) after collection of expired gases in a mixing tube. From the flows of the FEO2 and FECO2 an automated system connected to a computer made it possible to obtain on the basis of 10 respiratory cycles, in BTPS (body temperature and satured pressure) conditions ventilation minute (VE), and in STPD (standard temperature and dry pressure) conditions for peak oxygen uptake (VO2 max), according to the equation of Haldane. The test was carried out in an intense way until exhaustion. The criteria suggested to define the VO2 max at the teenagers were as follows: a plate of the VO2 [14] , a respiratory quotient lower than 1.15, and an increase in the HR close to the maximum value bordering the maximum HR (HR max) defined by [14] :
The values of IW were evaluated according to the recommendations by the French Sport Medicine Society for the physical capacity [15] . The forced vital capacity (FVC), maximum expiratory volume per second and the ratio VEMS/FVC were measured thanks to a portable spirometer (Autospira Pal, Minato, Japan).
Experimental work itself was conducted from January 21st to July 17th 2012 in Sporting and of Makelekele’s University Center (CSUM). The program of training comprised 192 training sequences, divided into 2 meetings per day and this during 4 days per week. Three specific types of drive were used: tandoku-renshyu (training as a recluse), sotai-renshyu (free training without resistance of the partner, with entries in various directions, accompanied by the falls) and sotai-renshyu (with obstacles for the entries).
2.5. Statistical Analysis
Because of the lower number of subjects, the test of the Kolmogoroff-Smirnov was carried out in order to be ensured of the normality of the distribution of each variable. The various quantitative data were expressed by their mean accompanied by standard deviation. The test t paired of Student (for weak samples) was used for compare two means. The analysis of variance (ANOVA), on a way and 3 factors, was used for comparing more than 2 means in total randomization, followed a posteriori by test’s Bonferonni-Dunn. For comparing 3 percentages, test S of Sokal [16] was used. All statistical analyses were performed with Mathcad, version 9.2 at department of statistics of Brazzaville Faculty of Sciences. P-value ≤ 0.05 defined statistical significance.
2.6. Operational Definitions
The judo, Olympic discipline, is a physical and sporting activity of gripping having for goal to fight an adversary according to a codified whole of techniques of projection, seizure on the ground, strangulations and arm’s keys [11] . A junior judoist is defined as a judoka aged between 15 - 17 years old [1] . The training in strength-velocity is linked to training with a supra-maximum intensity (higher than 80% of the aerobic maximum power), leading quickly to physical exhaustion [3] . The respiratory values were referred to the recommendations enacted by American Thoracic Society [17] .
2.7. Ethical Considerations
This study obtained the agreement of the ethics committee of the Medical Company of Congo (SMC) and that of the Congolese Olympic National Committee and Sporting (CNOSC), in accord with the Helsinki II Declaration on ethical standards of the Committee on Human Experimentations.
3. Results
The mean values of body weight and BMI of two groups are presented in Table 2. Values of weight of all groups after training program were significantly lower (p < 0.05) than those noted before program: 54.0 ± 2.0 kg versus 50.5 ± 0.8 kg. Higher values of BMI were similar in judoists of two groups; however, these values of whole group increased during training program: 19.4 ± 1.1 kg/m2 versus 19.7 ± 0.5 kg/m2, no significant difference was observed. Table 3 included evolution of data of HR and IW throughout program.
Compared mean values of anthropometric characteristics of the judoists of groups 1 and 2
Before program
Mid-program
After program
p-value
Weight
Group 1 (n = 7)
53.2 ± 2.4
51.7 ± 9.5
50.6 ± 1.2
0.043
Group 2 (n = 7)
54.8 ± 1.6
52.9 ± 9.3
54.4 ± 4.6
0.037
BMI
Group 1 (n = 7)
19.1 ± 1.5
18.5 ± 1.8
19.4 ± 0.6
0.65
Group 2 (n = 7)
19.6 ± 0.8
18.9 ± 1.9
19.9 ± 0.4
0.72
BMI: Body Mass Index.
Mean values and standard deviations of cardiovascular parameters during training program
BP
MP
AP
F
p-value
HR (b/min)
54.1 ± 1.5
51.9 ± 0.7
51.2 ± 0.3
F = 32.556
0.011
HRee (b/min)
215.9 ± 0.4
228.6 ± 0.1
220.0 ± 0.2
F = 223.452
0.004
IW (%)
97.5 ± 0.6
99.6 ± 0.3
76.7 ± 0.2
S0 = 0.275
0.012
HR: Heart Rate; HRee: Heart Rate of end of exercise; IW: Intensity Exercise; BP: Before Program; MP: Mid-Program; AP: After Program.
The values of HR and IW increased significantly (p < 0.05) as the training was carried out, after a rise at mid- program for HR, followed by effort after program: 161.8 ± 0.9 b/min versus 168.8 ± 0.2 b/min for HR. However, they dropped particularly for HR at rest. Yet, HR was inversely related to bone maturity scores (RUS) higher than 200 (r = 0.32, p < 0.05). In addition, the amounts of HRee and IW variations were respectively +1.9% and −3.4%. Evolution data for VO2, VO2 max, ratio VEMS/FCV and RF are shown in Table 4. These data showed that the VO2 absolute threshold, HR threshold and VO2 max increased according to the puberty stage. On the other hand, it was about a reduction for the VO2 threshold (in %). No significant differences were observe between variations of VO2 threshold (in %), VO2 (ml/kg/min) and VO2 threshold. Moreover, FR was found to be decrease. In addition, evolution of FVC, VEMS and ratio VEMS/FVC (%) was related to puberty stage. Their variations were found to be significant. Values of FCV and ratio VEMS/FCV increased significantly, according to the puberty stage. However, a decrease was found for RF. The kinetics of respiratory and ventilator data measured during the program are shown in Table 5. As for the modifications of data of these parameters, VO2 varied more quickly between before and after program, followed VE, VCO2 and HR. Influence of chronological age during development on the kinetics of recovery of respiratory variables is presented in Table 6. It appears that whatever the chronological age considered, recovery was carried out in two phases: a first rapid, a second slow. Whereas, the judoists aged 17 years had a first phase significantly faster (τ1) and shorter (τΔ), except VO2 that of judoists aged 15 years with a second phase τ2 faster. As seen, the evolution of VO2 was faster than VCO2 in first phase, when compared to observations in ventilatory phase 2.
Evolution of the maximum consumption of oxygen, the oxygen uptake to the threshold and the heart rate to the threshold, the forced vital capacity (FVC), of maximum expiratory volume a second (VEMS), ratio VEMS/FVC and the respiratory frequency (RF) according to the puberty age
SP3 (n = 4)
SP4 (n = 6)
SP5 (n = 4)
F
p-value
VO2 threshold (l/min)
1.5 ± 0.2
1.6 ± 0.1
1.8 ± 0.1
F = 6.000
0.046
VO2 threshold (ml/kg/min)
26.5 ± 1.3
27.4 ± 1.7
28.7 ± 1.2
F = 2.273
0.131
VO2 threshold (%)
56.2 ± 2.6
56.6 ± 2.6
59.5 ± 3.1
S0 = 0.011
0.097
HR threshold (b/min)
143.1 ± 4.5
145.6 ± 4.0
153.6 ± 6.0
F = 5.496
0.048
VO2 max threshold (l/min)
2.60 ± 0.15
2.90 ± 0.14
3.00 ± 0.12
F = 9.000
0.041
VO2 max threshold (ml/kg/min)
50.2 ± 1.5
51.2 ± 1.4
51.4 ± 1.5
F = 0.857
0.163
FVC (l)
2.23 ± 0.13
2.61 ± 0.20
3.17 ± 0.15
F = 30.000
0.024
VEMS (l)
1.9 ± 0.4
2.0 ± 0.2
2.0 ± 0.7
F = 0.474
0.205
VEMS/FVC (%)
60.80 ± 6.14
63.10 ± 6.42
76.60 ± 5.15
S0 = 0.274
0.084
RF (C/min)
30.3 ± 0.5
28.1 ± 1.3
27.2 ± 0.2
F = 12.625
0.033
SP: Puberty Stage; VO2: Oxygen Uptake; HR: Heart Rate; VO2 max: Maximum Consumption of Oxygen; FVC: Forced Vital Capacity; VEMS: Maximum Expiratory Volume per Second; RF: Respiratory Frequency.
Mean values and standard deviations relating to the kinetics of logVE, logVO<sub>2</sub>, logVCO<sub>2</sub>, logHR and logQR throughout program
BP
MP
AP
F
p-value
logVE
4.99 ± 0.10
2.87 ± 0.03
0.48 ± 0.01
F = 17765.0
0.025
logVO2
0.16 ± 0.01
−1.87 ± 0.02
−3.20 ± 0.04
F = 32510.0
0.011
logVCO2
1.10 ± 0.01
−1.03 ± 0.01
−3.62 ± 0.02
F = 151760.0
0.029
logHR
4.7 ± 0.2
3.3 ± 0.1
2.2 ± 0.1
F = 1099.0
0.022
logQR
0.41 ± 0.11
0.16 ± 0.006
−0.12 ± 0.05
F = 958.00
0.037
BP: Before Program; MP: Mid-Program; AP: After Program; VE: Ventilation Minute; VO2: Oxygen Uptake; VCO2: Production of Carbon Dioxide; HR: Heart Rate, QR: Respiratory Quotient.
Characteristics of the kinetics of recovery of VE, HR, VO<sub>2</sub> and VCO<sub>2</sub> according to the category of weight
<66 kg (n = 4)
66 - 80 kg (n = 6)
>80 kg (n = 4)
F
p-value
VE
τ1 (min)
2.11 ± 0.09
1.73 ± 0.04
1.42 ± 0.04
F = 80.0
0.021
τ2 (min)
6.99 ± 2.39
6.45 ± 1.06
5.20 ± 0.57
F = 2.154
0.164
TΔ (min)
3.24 ± 0.21
2.31 ± 0.18
1.84 ± 0.26
F = 33.0
0.032
Ttot(min)
35.46 ± 11.23
32.04 ± 5.07
25.81 ± 2.89
F = 3.227
0.043
VO2
τ1 (min)
1.03 ± 0.04
1.11 ± 0.01
1.19 ± 0.03
F = 40.0
0.028
τ2 (min)
5.68 ± 0.68
5.75 ± 0.43
5.96 ± 0.78
F = 0.242
0.213
TΔ (min)
1.03 ± 0.21
1.78 ± 0.83
2.13 ± 0.19
F = 2.615
0.072
Ttot(min)
27.21 ± 3.34
28.29 ± 2.81
29.61 ± 3.79
F = 0.494
0.085
VCO2
τ1 (min)
1.79 ± 0.06
1.59 ± 0.04
1.38 ± 0.07
F = 50.0
0.003
τ2 (min)
3.67 ± 0.06
4.88 ± 0.57
5.28 ± 0.80
F = 5.512
0.044
TΔ (min)
3.09 ± 0.04
2.27 ± 0.13
2.65 ± 0.25
F = 24.667
0.026
Ttot(min)
20.01 ± 0.32
25.47 ± 2.76
26.99 ± 3.94
F = 4.406
0.038
HR
τ1 (min)
2.69 ± 0.35
2.41 ± 0.18
2.23 ± 0.07
F = 5.667
0.041
τ2 (min)
15.83 ± 4.46
27.53 ± 7.06
45.90 ± 14.60
F = 8.104
0.035
TΔ (min)
4.35 ± 0.66
3.11 ± 0.40
2.67 ± 0.24
F = 16.400
0.027
Ttot(min)
77 ± 21
127 ± 32
214 ± 67
F = 8.271
0.038
VE: Ventilation Minute; VO2: Oxygen Uptake; VCO2: Production of CO2; τ: Time-constants expressed in minute; τ1 and τ2 indicate respectively phases 1 and 2 of recovery; TΔ is time, in minute, to which the change of the phases of recovery intervenes; Ttot is total time of recovery (Ttot = 4.61τ2 + TΔ).
The ventilatory mode during recovery after of the training program for judoists of group 1 is shown in Figure 1. For the judoists of more than 80 kg, the reduction in VE during recovery was dependent primarily on a reduction in VT whereas the evolution proved to be mixed for less than 80 kg (reduction in VT and the frequency respiratory, FR).
4. Discussion
The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of a training program “strength-veloci- ty” on the cardiorespiratory adaptations in the Congolese judoists aged to 15 - 17 years. The data obtained show initially that if one reported the respiratory and ventilatory values according to the puberty stage, HR threshold, VO2 max, VEMS and ratio VEMS/ FVC increase according to puberty stage from SP3 to SP5. On the other hand, a decrease is noted for the respiratory frequency (RF). In addition, a regular decrease of basal HR, VO2, VE, VCO2 and HR max is observed during the training program. This study also reveals a significant decrease of HR after the training program. As regards the cardiorespiratory answers to the phase of recovery, a reduction in VT and VE is noted in the judoists of more than 80 kg, whereas the evolution proved to be mixed at less than 90 kg. The study calls nevertheless several limitations. Concerning the first limitation, it is established that the training in judo comprises efforts of the static type as well as those of dynamic type. It also requires exercises of the anaerobic type (contractions with opposition, sprint, jump) that those of aerobic type. In addition, it appears exercises of flexibility (gymnastic) and agility (acrobatics on the ground), as well as the body-building. Thus, numerous authors qualify the judo of “multiple sport” [18] . Others classify judo among the sports with particular cardiac requirement, characterized by a limited progression by physical contingencies or the fact that the respiratory mechanical function is opposed and blocked [3] . This is why, it would have been necessary to describe the modifications of the function ventricular left (FVL) by the means of measurements of dimensions of the cardiac cavities, for better appreciating the repercussions of the “strength-velocity” training program over the variations of the HR like it suggested Fagard [19] and Snoeckx [20] . This limitation of the study is associated the expensive cost of the echocardiographic-Doppler examinations in Brazzaville (80 USD). As report data of United Nations of Development Program, Congo has a human development index (HDI) of 1.30; witch ranks 137th in the world ranking in relation to sustainable development by 2011 [21] . The second limitation is linked to no blood examinations for the determination of a probable malaria status at our subjects. Indeed, the towns of Brazzaville and Pointe-Noire are located in zones of endemic malaria, with respective frequencies of 78.8% and 81.5% [22] . In so far as a consequence first of the malaria is anemia [23] and where anemia is likely to reduce the transport of oxygen [24] , it is probable that a chronic malaria can reduce the aerobic performance. Our subjects can thus be feeble when they are affected by the malaria. Moreover, the study of Bongbele et al. [25] on the blood transport capacity in Congolese sportsmen high level, apparently healthy, raises that this anemia is hemolytic by nature [26] , but perhaps also ferriprive. Moreover, Schmidt et al. [23] showed that the blood capacity of transport of O2 depends, inter alia, of the infested percentage of erythrocytes. Moreover, so some of our subjects could be not infested, it is possible that those suffered from other parasitizes or of deficiencies has minimum being able to explain an anemia. It is also probable that they were also implodes, but in sufficiently tiny proportions to make a drop thick wrongfully negative [27] . However, several studies showed that the reduction of the rate of haemoglobin induced by the metabolic disturbances caused by the malaria causes limitation of VO2 max by the means of a fall of the affinity of haemoglobin [27] . It would be then suitable to determine total number of erythrocytes, haemoglobin concentration, mean erythrocytary volume, hematocrite and blood capacity of transport of oxygen. The third limitation milked with the respiratory results. In a general way, those of group 1 were to be interpreted with values of reference recorded in the “healthy” judoists of group 2 who have the same anthropometric characteristics as the judoists of group 1 and, if necessary, to belong to the same ethnic group. However, the principal forces of this study hold in several points. First of all, no study, to our knowledge, brings back results associated with the effects of training in “strength-ve- locity” on the cardiorespiratory adaptations in high level black judoists involved in full growth. Moreover, no data were available in sub-Saharan Black African countries which take account of the puberty stage in the respiratory adaptations at the high level sporting teenagers. Consequently, the limitations quoted above do not deteriorate of anything the relevance and the reliability of our data.
This study revealed a significant decrease of HR at rest, reaching after the training program value of 51.2 ± 0.7 b/min. Fauchard et al. [28] reported mean value of HR equal to 53.5 ± 6.4 b/min in French judoists aged 11 to 17 years old, of which technico-tactic sequences are made up of short intermittent exercises (5 to 10 s), vertical or horizontal jumps, sprints or the races with 100% of VO2 max. Kingue et al. [29] , in 14 male Cameroonians judoists, aged 16.8 ± 1.2 years old, note value of basal HR to 56.75 ± 5.60 b/min. These judoists were members of the Cameroonians team of judo in the category of light, selected for the championships of judo of Dakar (Senegal) of July 2008. Our values are also comparable with those presented by Gavarry et al. [30] for Belgian judoists of comparable age: 53.1 ± 0.4 b/min. On the other hand, they are definitely lower than those brought back by Stratton [31] , 66.4 ± 2.0 b/min. The differences observed are associated nature of the drives and the sporting calendars (participation in the various competitions). However, the basal HR to our athletes is lower than that of the sedentaries. This observation is well established at the majority of the sportsmen [32] , of the parasympathetic fact not only of one hypertonicity but also of a sympathetic nervous hypotonia. Our results make it possible to appreciate the effect of the various training sessions on the cardiac cost and confirm that the judo became sport demands on short-term anaerobic power and ability to recovery during twenty last decades.
The temporal analysis of the various ventilatory and respiratory variables indicates also a significant reduction in the VE, VT, VO2, VCO2 and RQ throughout the period of experimentation. For example, the evolution of the VO2 given starting from a nonlinear regression, obeyed the following model of mono type exponential [33] : VO2 (t) = A0 + A1 [1 − exp − (t − TD/τ)], where A0 correspond to the value of basal VO2, A1 with the amplitude between A0 and the asymptomatic value of the function. TD and τ represent respectively during of time and time-constant expressed in seconds.
However, classically there is no ventilatory limitation during the exercise. Nevertheless, the concept of a systematic increase in the alveolo-arterial difference, D(A − a)O2, during the exercise tests is old [34] . The appearance of a hypoxemy in our juniors’ judoists represents probably only the simple increase of this phenomenon which it is essential to include/understand. The role of an inequality of ratio ventilation/perfusion was highlighted by Rittel and Watterlo [35] , Seliger et al. [36] ; but this factor as well as possible explains only 25% of the increase in D(A − a)O2. A haemodynamic cause is then also possible, taking into account the very significant cardiac flows developed by our judoists; what is accompanied by a rise in the pressure in the pulmonary artery.
In addition, in our study, the values of the VO2 were slightly higher than compared to the others, but not significantly. The cardiovascular responses appeared also significant with mid-program. At this period, the judoists are with a high percentage of the VO2 max. These results had also suggested by Müller Deck [37] in ground techniques of judo, which notes a peak of VO2 of 2.8 ± 0.5 l/min. However, the study does not make it possible to in general highlight an effect of work provided on the kinetics of oxygen. Moreover, according to the individual characteristics, it seems that metabolic adaptation to the exercise is influenced by puberty maturation. The results on this subject achieve the unanimity [38] [39] . Several explanations of this observation were proposed: a deficiency on the level of the phosphofructokinase [40] , an earlier use of aerobic system [41] , a faster oxidation of the pyruvate in young subjects compared to adult subjects [42] and a weaker sympathico-adrenergic activity in children and teenagers. The category of weight also plays a role, though this observation is not objectified in this work. Indeed, according to Thomas et al. [38] , the VO2 varies according to importance of the request of the muscular groups. The same report is raised for the VE, VT, RF and the RQ. Like the VO2, ventilation and its components, VT, RF and the RQ evolves in a similar way. Indeed, the energy adaptation depends, in a general way, that of the cardiorespiratory parameters which come into play to bring oxygen necessary to muscular work. Our values of VO2 max are similar to those obtained in other longitudinal studies in the junior Mauritians [43] and Senegalese judoists [43] : 58.2 ± 2.0 ml/kg/min and 56.4 ± 1.3 ml/kg/min, showing thus that our teenagers are well involved judoists.
Concerning evolution of the cardiorespiratory parameters during recovery, it is in conformity with what is usually described [44] . For example, VO2 decrease according to biexponential law in our judoists and turns over indeed to the control values into 5 to 10 minutes according to subjects’. It should be noted that notable difference between theoretical time of recovery (Ttot) and necessary time observed to recover 96% to 98% of VO2 or VE is dependent on multiexponential form of recovery and its mathematical solving. Finally, the speed of elimination of CO2 also depends on the chemosensibility of the subjects and their ventilatory capacity. However, the metabolic factors responsible for evolution of VO2 during recovery are discussed [45] [46] .
5. Conclusion
The “strength-velocity” training program in Congolese judoists aged 15 - 17 years has effects on the respiratory and ventilatory adaptations, not noxious to level of health of young sportsman. Nevertheless, more rigorous medical follow-up proves to be necessary to improve the insufficiencies of the methods of training observed by the technical experts of the national team.
Cite this paper
Moulongo, J.G.A., Massamba, A., Kayembe Ntumba, J.M., Lepira Bompeka, F., Lotoko Lisule, F. and Packa-Tchissambou, B. (2016) Effects of Judo Strength-Velocity Training during Pre- competition on Cardiorespiratory Responses in Congolese Judoists Aged 15 - 17 Years Old. Journal of Biosciences and Medicines, 4, 50-64. http://dx.doi.org/10.4236/jbm.2016.410006
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