During the World War I (1914-1918) considerable development of aeronautics occurred, although most of the results of the planning had not time to come to daylight before the Armistice. An important example is the NC-4 flying boat, designed by Glenn Curtiss and manufactured by Curtiss Aero plane and Motor Company, to become an alternative to the Allied shipping that was being threatened by submarine warfare. To fulfill the U.S. Navy requirements this fixed-wing aircraft was designed to be capable of flying between the United States and Europe on its own power, but the demonstration of the transatlantic flight capability only happened after the war was over. This expedition commanded by Albert C. Read consisted on four identical NC Flying Boats (NC-1; NC-2; NC-3 and NC-4) began on the 8 May 1919 at the Naval Air Station Rockaway (New York), then stopping Newfoundland (Terra Nova), and continuing on the 16 May 1919 to the Azores Islands (Portugal). Due to rough weather only the NC-4 with a crew of six people took off again and landed at Lisbon, Portugal, on the 27 May 1919. This became the first fixed wing aircraft to cross the ocean, covering a distance of 4,000 km in 22 hours of flight time at an average cruising speed of 180 km/h, and total installed propulsion power of 1,600 hp. This flight however did not use any kind of astronomical navigation. As a matter of fact it is was decided to dispose 60 ships every 60 miles along the route, and to use directional TSF in the case that the weather conditions did not allow to catch sight of the projectors [1] . Only two weeks later, the second successful transatlantic flight was achieved the British John Alcock and Arthur Brown using TSF. A distance of 3,040 km between Newfoundland and Ireland was flown non-stop in 16 hours using a modified Vickers Vimy IV twin-engine bomber powered by two Rolls Royce Eagle Engines, each of 360 hp. A few days after the flight both Brown and Alcock were honored with a reception at royal residence Winsor Castle during which King George V knighted them and invested them with their insignia as Knight Commanders of the Order of the British Empire. They also won the £10,000 Daily Mail Competition [2] ; competition consisted as follows: “The Proprietors of the Daily Mail have offered the sum of £10,000 to be awarded to the aviator who shall first cross the Atlantic in an aero plane in flight from any point in the United States, Canada, or Newfoundland to any point in Great Britain or Ireland, in 72 consecutive hours. The flight may be made either way across the Atlantic” (in; Flight-Official Organ of the Royal Aero Club of the United Kingdom (1918) No. 517, Vol. X, 21 November 1918, p. 1316; the Albert C. Read flight was not eligible for the Daily Mail prize since it took more than 72 consecutive hours and also because more than one aircraft was used in the attempt. In spite of the Arthur Brown aerial navigation skills only a few observations were made revealing that both pilots had only a limited confidence in the results. Both flights referred above were conducted with the help of external means of navigation.

Only a few days after the first transatlantic flight of the American NC-4 flying boat arrival to Lisbon, during an official visit of the President of Brazil to Lisbon, the Portuguese and Brazilian governments agreed to prepare a joint aerial crossing of the South Atlantic between Lisbon and Rio de Janeiro as a way of strengthen the ties of friendship between the two countries reflecting the affinities of language, thoughts and feelings. This initiative consisted on a ~8,300 km flight with the most difficult leg taking place between Africa and Brazil. On the African side the Cape Verde Islands would be a natural option since general administration was from Portugal. Between Africa and Brazil there was a landing possibility at the Fernando Noronha Islands (Brazilian territory), however at that time it was believed that due to the lack of precision of the aeronautical navigation devices it would be almost impossible to find such a small island (less than 10 km of maximum extension) after 2,330 km of flight distance over the ocean. So, the first decision of Lieutenant Commander Sacadura Cabral, the aviator that had made the proposal to the Portuguese Government, was in favor to a nonstop flight from Praia city (Cape Verde) to the Brazilian coast. This leg would require an aircraft with a range longer than 1,500 nm [1] .

All travel preparations and arrangements were finalized on 29 March 1922 and the beginning of the First Flight from Europe to the South Atlantic was scheduled for the next forthcoming day of good weather conditions, at Lisbon. Sacadura Cabral would be the pilot (front cabin seat) and Gago Coutinho would be the navigator (rear cabin seat) (Figure 3) onboard the “Lusitânia” (Figure 4). During the flight, as well as Coutinho could talk to Cabral, the two aviators communicate with each other by two written procedures: the “Diário de Bordo” [Logbook] and the “Livro de Recados” [Notes Book]; these two processes completed each other. Usually the second was mostly used for fast readings [6] .

1^st flight stage: Lisbon Þ Las Palmas (Canary Islands): At 7 h 00 m (local time) the seaplane is ready to take-off from Lisbon en route to Las Palmas (Canary Islands).

With front wind the engine is set to rotate at 1,800 rpm; after a run of 15 seconds the seaplane takes-off without difficulty transporting 220 gallons of gasoline and 15 gallons of oil. Navigators lose sight of land at 7 h 22 m and the government needle marks a route 218; the flight remain stable at an altitude of 200 meters and with a speed of 68

mph. At 8 h 30 m the Notebook refers wind from NW at 10 mph; at 9 h 00 m Notebook refers wind passing from NNW. At 9 h 13 m navigators spot a cargo ship; at 10 h 45 m observations reveal that the wind comes from the NE at 8 mph. At 12 h 00 m the observed location has the coordinates: latitude 31˚27'N; longitude 13˚44'W. Navigators flew 484 miles with an estimated consumption of 20 gallons per hour of gasoline; this consumption is above the expectations and worries both navigators (11% higher than expected). At 13 h 27 m calculations show a total flight of 530 miles; the engine continues working well (1,700 rpm) and the radiator temperature is 65˚C; pressure and oil temperature values recorded were normal, however, the engine was discharging oil that was spreading everywhere including the faces and glasses of both navigators as well as the sextant, making observations become imperfect, in spite of the good weather. The Selvagem Grande island, Madeira was spotted at 14 h 15 m and at 14 h 57 m navigators saw the northern tip of Tenerife; at 15 h 02 m Gran Canaria Island; Cabral rises to an altitude of 2,000 meters and the island approaches. Lastly, at 15 h 37 m they had alighted in Las Palmas (Harbor de la Luz), although a stronger undulation caused the rupture of two cables that connected the wings to the floats. The Portuguese ship “5 de Outubro” was expecting the aviators inside the harbor, and it was arranged a place to make the necessary repairs and revisions. Navigators examined the Island and found that the best place to take-off from Canary Island to Cape Verde with the seaplane fuel loaded was in fact the Baía de Gando Gando Bay nearly 15 miles south to Harbor de la Luz [1] .

2^nd flight stage: Las Palmas (Canary Islands) Þ Baía de Gando (Canary Islands): On 2 April at 11 h 13 m the preparation for take-off started and it was found that the floats had some water inside. The aircraft initiated the trip to Gando to refueling. During the trip no discharge of oil occurred, but Sacadura Cabral noticed a pitching moment nose-up of the aircraft. After refueling with 240 gallons of gasoline, the tail float plunged too much in the water. Some modifications into the floats were attempted, but on the 3 April, before departure it was found that the problem remains the same. The major concern was that at Praia city (Cape Verde) before the longest leg (to Fernando de Noronha) there was no possibility of taking the seaplane out of water to drain the floats. So the crossing of the Atlantic that had originally been designed to be the leg Praia (Cape Verde) Þ Fernando Noronha (Brazil) would not be feasible, especially also with the fuel consumption that the aircraft demonstrated during the flight Lisbon Þ Las Palmas. With these events, the course of the journey was changed from Gando Þ Praia City, to Gando Þ São Vicente [Saint Vincent] (Cape Verde). At São Vicente it would be possible to use an existing inclined plane (from Government) in order to take the seaplane out of water and to drain the floats. The extra stopover at São Vicente will allow navigators to maintain the leg Praia Þ Fernando Noronha only if floats could be drained and fuel consumption could be decreased [1] .

3^rd flight stage: Baía de Gando (Canary Islands) Þ São Vicente Island (Cape Verde): On 5 April at 7 h 35 m and after a regular ran the seaplane took-off with 240 gallons of gasoline on board. Shortly after take-off the government needle began to turn without stopping, making its use impossible. After brief hesitation navigators decided to continue their path exclusively guided by the direction of the waves and by the shadows of the seaplane’s masts (when there was sunny weather); 1 h 50 m after, the needle began to mark the course regularly and correctly. At 13 h 00 m their location was: latitude 22˚38'N; longitude: 20˚22'W; this results revealed the pilots nearly 430 miles en route to Saint Vincent; the speed was now 90 mph. At 13 h 30 m navigators found that there were still 110 gallons of gasoline. Flight was calm until the conclusion of this stage; at 18 h 18 m the seaplane arrives at the Matiota beach (São Vicente). The aircraft was moved to the workshop where the technicians started immediately to do the necessary improvements and confirmed the navigator’s results-the fuel consumption was remains on 20 gallons per hour; such confirmation led navigators to think on the following problem: the flight from Praia to Fernando Noronha would be dependent on the winds (330 gallons with a 20 gallons per hour consumption give-16.5 hours of flight time; to reach Fernando Noronha in these conditions, the seaplane will have to guarantee a mean velocity of 80 mph to succeed). So, the only possible solution found was to make an extra stopover near Penedos [Rocks of S. Peter and St. Paul] and try to do the refueling there. The ship “República” would wait there for the arrival of the “Lusitania” [1] .

4^th flight stage: São Vicente Island (Cape Verde) Þ São Tiago (Cape Verde): On 17 of April it was conducted the flight from Saint Vicent Island to Saint James Island [Praia city] which happened with no major problems in 2 h 15 m [1] .

5^th flight stage: São Tiago (Cape Verde) Þ Penedos [Rocks of St. Peter & S. t Paul (Brazil): On 18 April Sacadura Cabral had to do three attempts to take-off due to the sea and wind conditions; two hours after departure the pilot realize that there were only 195 gallons of fuel left, meaning that they had less than 10 hours of flight time left. Instead of turning back to Cape Verde, Gago Coutinho and Sacadura Cabral decided to continue ahead and expecting a change to a more favorable wind. At 12 h 00 m the location point confers; latitude 7˚41'N; longitude 26˚26'W; these data revealed navigators had managed to achieve an average speed of 80 mph. At 16 h 00 m the main fuel tanks were empty and only 24 gallons existed at the gravity tank. From their observations sextant they located geographically the Penedos Rocks of S. Peter and St. Paul] but the problem was still remaining and consisted in having or not enough fuel. At 17 h 00 m they come in sight of Penedos and at the very same time of the ship “República” at about 8 miles to NW from Penedos. Notwithstanding their arrival with hardly any fuel left, one of the aircraft floaters was destroyed by the crest of a wave and the hydroplane tilted and sank soon thereafter (Figure 5). There was still sufficient time to a cutter from “República” to arrive and the pilots were saved together with some books, the Gago Coutinho precision sextant, the chronograph and other onboard devices. Figure 6 illustrates the aerial navigation route followed from São Tiago Island (Cape Verde) to Rocks of St. Peter & St. Paul (Brazil) on 18 April 1922. Thereat, the “República” proceeded to Fernando Noronha and the orders of the Portuguese government to the navigators, were to wait for the arrival of a new aircraft and then to proceed with the mission. Against the airmen’s hopes, however, this second seaplane named “Portugal”

ended up in Fernando Noronha, because of weather related complications in the unloading attempts at St. Peter & St. Paul’s Rocks and the fact that the ship’s passengers could not wait for favorable weather for more than two days. It was decided, therefore, to fly back from Fernando Noronha to St. Peter & St. Paul’s Rocks where the “Lusitânia” sank and then again to proceed to Fernando Noronha and onwards to Recife [1] .

6^th flight stage: Fernando Noronha Islands (Brazil) Þ Penedos Rocks of St. Peter & S.t Paul (Brazil): On 11 May the navigators resume flight stages with the new seaplane “Portugal” in a stage that began in the opposite direction related to the general plan of Journey. Five hours after take-off, the aviators sighted St. Peter & St. Paul’s Rocks from about 15 miles, however heavy rain make them decide to skip this 15 miles distance and turn back towards their refueling ship “República” located in route at azimuth 25 NE, 70 miles from Fernando Noronha. About 1 h 50 m later the engine stopped due to fuel carburation hiccups, leading to a forced sea landing. Sacadura Cabral managed to restart the engine for some 55 minutes but, before they could take-off, the engine stopped never to restart again. As the floaters began to sink slowly, one of the airmen sat on the engine to reduce the rear weight on the floaters. Meanwhile, the “República” had realized something had gone wrong and sent radio messages to all ships nearby announcing a probable incident. About 1 h 20 m later, when Coutinho and Cabral’s hopes were vanishing under fatigue and sleepiness, a distant light in the dark emerged to which they responded with two gun shots. They were rescued by the freighter “Paris City” on its way from Cardiff to Rio de Janeiro [1] .

7^th flight stage: Fernando Noronha Islands (Brazil) Þ Recife (Brazil): During the night of 2 June the Portuguese ship “Carvalho de Araújo” arrived to Fernando Noronha carrying onboard a third seaplane Fairey 17 named “Santa Cruz” (Figure 7), so that navigators could continue its journey. On June 5 Sacadura Cabral conducted the “Santa Cruz” in flight along 4 h 32 m without incidents, from Fernando Noronha to Recife. It was thus completed the crossing of the South Atlantic [1] .

8^th flight stage: Recife (Brazil) Þ Baía [Salvador, Bahia]: On 8 June navigators onboard the seaplane “Santa Cruz” made a quiet and calm flight of 5 h 30 m from Re- cife to Baía, with an average speed of 67 mph. The weather was splendid. The navigator’s

reception in this city was delirious [1] .

9^th flight stage: Baía [Salvador, Bahia] Þ Porto Seguro: Due to adverse weather conditions, Coutinho and Cabral remained five days at Baía; on 13 June they made a quiet flight stage lasting 4 h 03m till Porto Seguro. During take- off maneuver two of the cables connecting wings to floats broke making the seaplane less resistant during the flight; even so their decision was to continue the flight stage, a mixture of anxiety and crazy for wanting to end the Journey as soon as possible. The flight stage route flew over important historical locations in the Portuguese discovery of Brazil: São Jorge dos Ilhéus, Olivença, Belmonte, Santo António, Santa Cruz and finally Porto Seguro. On 14 June the seaplane was properly repaired [1] .

10^th flight stage: Porto Seguro Þ Vitória: On 15 June a new flight stage was held comprising 260 nm from Porto Seguro en route to Vitória: once again, this flight stage route flew over important historical locations in the Portuguese discovery of Brazil: Caravelas, Porto Alegre and finally Porto Seguro. The ship “Carvalho de Araújo” was expecting the navigators at the harbor of Vitória. The seaplane was tied to “Carvalho de Araújo” bow [1] .

11^th flight stage: Vitória Þ Rio de Janeiro: The last flight stage of this journey was held on 17 June 1922, comprising a 250 nm flight between Vitória and Rio de Janeiro. During the flight, after passing over the Cape of São Tomé, navigators caught a rain and fog zone; sometimes Sacadura Cabral was forced to descend the seaplane below 50 meters of altitude in order of not to lose the coastline. The entire flight stage was carried out under a thick fog. At 17 h 01 m navigators spotted one of the islets at the entrance to the Baía de Guanabara [Guanabara Bay] but the dense fog made him lose this reference; minutes later and with less dense fog, navigators discovered that they were flying over the Bay of Guanabara, quite near the city of Rio de Janeiro. Sacadura decides to circle the city and after that resolve land the seaplane in front of the Ilha das Enxadas, where were the hangars of the Aviação Marítima Brasileira Brazilian Maritime Aviation. It was thus completed the journey that became known as the First Flight from Europe to the South Atlantic [1] . Since seaplane finish it’s sliding in water, the engine was turned off and were immediately hoisted the flags of Portugal and Brazil and were fired 21 shots with flare gun [6] [14] (Figure 8). Figure 9 presents a Portuguese propaganda of the Aerial Journey. Table 2 presents an all stage flights resume of the First Flight from Europe to the South Atlantic. This 3^rd seaplane received his “Santa Cruz” baptismal name by the wife of Epitácio Pessoa [15] , the President of Brazil. Figure 10 illustrates Gago Coutinho (left) and Sacadura Cabral (right) with the President of Brazil Epitácio Pessoa (center).

The Portuguese airmen had just completed the First Flight from Europe to the South Atlantic; for first time in the history of aviation, it was turned possible flying over the Atlantic Ocean, exclusively supported on internal means of navigation devices. Although

their journey had lasted 79 days, the actual flight time was just 62 hours and 26 minutes. Sacadura Cabral and Gago Coutinho were received as heroes by huge crowds at several Brazilian cities: Rio de Janeiro, São Paulo, Santos, Belo Horizonte, Pará and Maranhão.

The aviation pioneer Santos Dumont became a personal friend of both Portuguese navigators (Figure 11). In a letter he wrote about both: “A imensa travessia aérea Lisboa-Rio de janeiro veio mais uma vez confirmar a audácia lendária Portuguêsa e nos mostrar também os grandes talentos científicos da nova geração Portuguesa. Salvé! Gago Coutinho e Sacadura Cabral”; “[The immense Lisbon-Rio de Janeiro Air Crossing has once again confirmed the legendary Portuguese audacity and also show to us, the great scientific talents of the new Portuguese generation. Hail! Gago Coutinho and Sacadura Cabral]” (Figure 12).

The opinion of Santos Dumont concerning the First Flight from Europe to the South

Atlantic was also recorded by a French jornalist in 1922, as follows: “Le raid de Coutinho et Sacadura fut mathématiquement realisé. L’entreprise n’avait rien de commun avec les tentatives précédentes. Il ne s’agissait pas de tenter le hasard ou la chance, mai d’accomplir une travessée, tout comme le ferait un courrier, avec des escales fixes, ravitaillement, etc. Les Portugais accomplirent merveilleusement la tache qu’ils s’etaient tracés. Ils ne s’ecartèrent pas uns seul instant de leur route, ne louvoyerent pas une mille, suivirent scrupuleusement leur itinéraire et leur horaire”; “[The journey performed by Coutinho and Sacadura was mathematically conducted. The Portuguese assignment had nothing in common with the previous attempts (both Atlantic Crossing, performed on 1919). They were not challenging (their life’s) by chance or luck; instead they performed the journey as if they were travelling on a ship, with established fuel supplies and predetermined stopovers. The Portuguese accomplished wonderfully he task they were drawn. They did not turn aside their course for a single moment, not even for one mile; they resume their flight by scrupulously following their route and time schedule]” [6] .

On August 1922 Santos Dumont visits Lisbon and gives a Press interview concerning to the First Flight from Europe to the South Atlantic and the scientific navigation devices: “Foi uma admirável prova de audácia e de espírito desportivo: Entretanto, ela vale porque resolveu um grande problema da aeronáutica. Depois disso, entendo que estão resolvidas todas as questões científicas aeronáuticas. Não há mais dúvidas nem receios, nem mais problemas. O que pode subsistir são os acidentes de motor, mas esses serão eternos e dar-se-ão em todas as circunstâncias”; “[It was an admirable proof of courage and sportsmanship: however, its great value is because it was solved a big problem of aeronautics. After that, I understand that all aeronautical scientific issues are solved. There are no doubts or fears, no more problems. What can subsist are engine failures, but these are eternal and shall happen along all circumstances]” [6] . Gago Coutinho and Sacadura Cabral received several Portuguese and Foreign Honoristic Insignias. Figure 13 illustrated the Award Ceremonies of the: (above, left): “Grand Cross of the Ordem Militar da Torre, Espada, Valor, Lealdade e Mérito”; (above, right): the “Grand Cross of the Ordem Militar de Santiago da Espada”; (bottom, right): the “Commander Cross of the Legion d’Honneur” at France; (bottom, left) illustrates the Honoris Causa of both airmen, at Faculdade de Engenharia do Porto [Faculty of Engineering of Oporto].

The First Flight from Europe to the South Atlantic was performed by two Portuguese navigators; this Journey was conceived as well for the first time with exclusive use of astronomic navigation when flying out of sight of land was described. The navigation methods and instruments were tested during short flights, and then applied with quite success to the flight between Lisbon (Portugal) and Recife (Brazil) in 1922. For the first time in the history of the aviation the crossing of the South Atlantic had been achieved and using an instrument that enabled an aero plane position to be determined by as- tronomic navigation when flying out of sight of land.

The present work was performed in the scope of the activities of the AeroG-Aeronau- tics and Astronautics Research Center (http://aeronautics.ubi.pt). The financial support of the Portuguese Ministry of Science through the Science and Technology Foundation (FCT) is gratefully acknowledged.

Silva, A.R.R., Barata, J.M.M., Morgado, C.M.P. and Neves, F.M.S.P. (2016) First Flight from Europe to the South Atlantic. Open Journal of Applied Sciences, 6, 696-713. http://dx.doi.org/10.4236/ojapps.2016.610064