The power system is an interconnected electric network, which has generating plant and loads that are connected through transmission and distribution networks. It is a complicated network and it has many objectives to be solved. The reliable result of the objectives is obtained using optimal power flow. Optimized solution for the objective functions is attained by satisfying the power flow equations and constraints of the entire power system network. Various control variables are also influenced to achieve an optimal solution. Many conventional techniques are applied to solve the optimal power flow problem. They are quadratic programming [1] , interior programming [2] , linear programming [3] , gradient method [4] and newton’s method [5] . The drawback of these methods is that it is a local solver only. The solutions from these classical methods are not the most reasonable for nonlinear, discrete and continuous functions with constraints.

In order to overcome the drawbacks of classical methods, many computational methods are used to solve the optimal power flow problem. Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) [6] inspires the school of fishes and a flock of birds and trapped in local optima. Genetic algorithm [7] [8] solves the optimal power flow problem using a random selection of starting values of voltage angles, but it has no control over global and local investigation. Evolutionary programming [9] algorithm solves the problem by enhancing the gradient of the function, and it has the problem of long computational time. Tabu search [10] solves the optimal power flow problem which is more composite for classical method. These manuscripts give the optimal solution for individual objective. Conversely the real world problem needs a concurrent optimal solution for all the objectives.

Multiobjective optimal power flow problem is solved by differential evolution, for active and reactive power dispatch [11] and fuel cost, voltage profile, and voltage stability enhancement [12] . The drawback of this technique is that the convergence time is more. Enhanced genetic algorithm [13] solves the problem with the combination of new developed quadratic load flow and its demerit is that it gets trapped in local optima. Self adaptive evolutionary programming [14] combines the evolutionary programming and random search technique and it has the problem of long computational time. As particle swarm optimization is improved [15] , the particles avoid being trapped in local optima. Harmony search algorithm [16] inspires the analogy with music improvisation which has solved the problem with slow convergence. These techniques solve the problem with the long computation time and being trapped in local optima.

In the weighted sum method [17] , different objectives are formatted into a single function. In this method, the demerit is to run the problem with multiple time to desire the optimal solution. Voltage security costs [18] are optimized using a penalty method which has the drawback of deciding the suitable penalty. The importance of each objective is not preserved while merging all the objective function into a single objective function. In order to maintain the significance of each objective pareto optimal method is adopted.

In the PSO algorithm, if the particles are small, local minimum problem will occur and the outcome could be evaluated in multiple runs. If the particles are too large, the global solution is obtained in each run and it reduces the speed of the algorithm. In order to overcome these difficulties and to increase the efficiency of PSO in this paper, a new hybrid technique technique is proposed by combining the particle swarm optimization and ant colony optimization with chemical communication signal.

In this paper cost, loss and Voltage Stability Index (VSI) objectives are analyzed using enhanced PSO with the multiobjective optimal power flow by pareto optimal me- thod. The multiobjective optimization of these objectives is practiced through three cases. In the first case, all the objective functions are simulated individually. In the second case, two objectives are considered simultaneously for optimization such as cost-loss, cost-VSI, loss-VSI and in the third case three objectives are considered concurrently as cost-loss-VSI. These objectives are optimized using the proposed technique with the IEEE 30 and IEEE 118-bus test system. A short introduction of an optimal power flow system has been presented in this section. This paper is planned as a tag on the section. In Section 2, the optimal power flow problem is formulated and discussed. Section 3 explains the central concepts of PSO, Ant colony Optimization (ACO) and Hybrid Swarm Optimization. Section 4 presents the simulated results with discussions of PSO, ACO and hybrid PSO. The conclusion is dealt in the Section 5.

In this paper the cost, transmission loss, voltage stability index are optimized, which is satisfying equality and voltage, generator, shunt VAR and transformer constraints.

The proposed system has been tested to IEEE 30-bus test system. The 30-bus IEEE test system has 41 transmission lines, six generators and four transformers (T6-9, T6-10, T4-12 and T27-28). The transformer taps are set between 0.9 to 1.1. The proposed algorithm has the particles of 30.

Case 1: Single objective optimization.

The proposed algorithms analyzed with the various values of acceleration factors (c₁ and c₂) individually. This analysis assists to achieve the suitable value of the acceleration factor for the further process. This optimal power flow problem was simulated with the acceleration factor (c₁) varied from 1 to 3, using hybrid algorithm. The best value is obtained at c₁ > 2.5. Table 1 shows the best values of the cost, loss and VSI for c₁ = 2.5 are $801.7/hr, 5.21 MW and 0.14 p.u. respectively. The hybrid algorithm also simulated with the various values of the acceleration factor (c₂). The best value is obtained at c₂ > 2. Table 2 shows the best values of the cost, loss and VSI for c₂ = 2 are, $801.72/hr, 5.24 MW and 0.13 p.u. respectively.

Table 3 shows the single objective optimized values with the control variables using the algorithms of PSO, ACO and Hybrid algorithm respectively. It shows that, the reliable generation cost of PSO, ACO and Hybrid are $802.15/hr, $804.86/hr and $801.54/hr respectively. Figure 1 displays the generation cost convergence characteristics of a single objective optimization of IEEE 30 test bus system using PSO, ACO and Hybrid algorithm. Figure 2 indicates the reduction of transmission loss using PSO, ACO and Hybrid algorithms is 5.974 MW, 9.42 MW and 5.208 MW respectively. Figure 3 indicates the voltage stability of PSO, ACO and Hybrid algorithms are 0.1307 p.u., 0.142 p.u. and 0.13 p.u. respectively. These results show that, hybrid algorithm results are distributed.

The accuracy of the proposed system is measured using the mean and standard deviation. Table 4 indicates the mean and standard values of the PSO, ACO and Hybrid algorithms. It is obvious that the proposed hybrid algorithm can achieve better result in the best solution search. The convergence time for the cost optimization using a hybrid technique is 1.05 s, which is a faster than the PSO and ACO methods (1.24 s and 1.12 s

respectively). The convergence time taken for the hybrid technique is less. The accuracy and speed of convergence of hybrid are more than the ACO and PSO. Because the hybrid algorithm overcome the drawback in local search such as stagnation and premature convergence by the local experience of the ant and it processed in parallel. This enhances the chance of locating the finest solution in rapidity. The global search increased by the divergence of the pheromone tracks and also with the chemical communication signal. This leads the particle move the quickly to reach the solution. The global utilization, speed up the search and it support to acquire the best solution.

This optimal power flow problem was worked out using P4, 3 GHz. To evaluate the difficulty of the proposed system, the IEEE 14 bus is chosen to solve this OPF problem. The convergence time for this optimization in IEEE 14 bus system of hybrid method is 0.63 s. The convergence time for the hybrid technique is for IEEE 30 bus test system is 1.05 s The convergence speed of the IEEE 30 bus system is twice the times of IEEE 14 bus test system. This will persuade to carry on the proposed technique in higher buses.

Case 2: Two objective optimization.

In a real world, the problems involve simultaneous optimization of several objective functions. These functions are non commensurable and conflicting objective functions. It gives rise to a set of optimal solutions, instead of one optimal solution. The reason for the optimality of many solutions is that no one can be considered to be better than any other with respect to all objective functions. Table 5 shows the optimized values of two

objective optimization such as cost-loss, cost-VSI and loss-VSI using PSO, ACO and Hybrid algorithm. It is not easy to pinpoint the correct concert solution from a single run for the corresponding objective. So, to get the appropriate solution 30 numbers of pare to solution sets are obtained from 30 generations.

In the cost-loss minimization, objectives contrasts to each other. The cost-loss divergence optimization, the cost and loss for the PSO, ACO and Hybrid techniques are $825.15/hr, $831.72/hr, $821.72/hr and 5.376 MW, 5.375 MW, 5.043 MW respectively. The reduction of cost and loss in hybrid is 1.12% and 11%higher than PSO and ACO techniques. Figure 4 indicates the compromised solution of cost and loss are $821.72/hr and 5.43 MW obtained using hybrid algorithm. It shows that, the cost-loss multiobjec- tive optimization, the hybrid solution is best in cost and less reduction.

To avoid the stability problem in the system, the VSI should be maintained below critical limit. In addition to the VSI, cost also to be reduced. The cost-VSI conflict optimization, the cost and VSI for the PSO, ACO and Hybrid techniques are $809.54/hr, $815.65/hr, $802.5/hr and 0.1094 p.u, 0.1096 p.u., 0.1092 p.u, respectively. The reduction of cost and VSI of hybrid technique is 1.63% and 0.36% respectively. Figure 5 shows that the best compromised solution of cost and VSI are $802.5/hr and 0.1092 p.u, obtained using hybrid algorithm. The execution time of the hybrid technique for the cost-VSI divergence optimization is 1.5297 s, which is a faster than the PSO and ACO methods (1.598 s and 1.679 s respectively).

In the loss-VSI case, the loss is minimized with the voltage stability, which is maintained below critical limit. The loss-VSI contrast optimization, the loss and VSI for the PSO, ACO and Hybrid techniques are 5.2574 MW, 5.117 MW, 5.113 MW and 0.1047 p.u, 0.1052 p.u., 0.1007 p.u, respectively. It shows that the reduction of loss in the ACO technique is less than the PSO technique Figure 6 indicates the divergence of hybrid is

more than the ACO and PSO. The best compromised solution of loss and VSI are 5.113 MW and 0.1007 p.u, obtained using SPPSO algorithm. This result indicates the hybrid optimized result from the loss-VSI multiobjective optimization is better compared to the PSO and ACO techniques.

From the two objective optimization the reduction of cost is more in cost-VSI than the cost-loss optimization. The loss is optimized more in cost-loss multiobjective than the loss-VSI. Optimizing two objectives will give the dissimilar result for the same objective function. It initiates the objectives which are considered for the optimal power flow should be optimized simultaneously.

Case 3: Three objective optimization.

Table 6 indicates the optimal values of the three objectives such as cost-loss-VSI, using PSO, ACO and Hybrid algorithms. The cost of the three objective optimization using PSO, ACO and Hybrid algorithms are $814.76/hr, $815.6/hr and $805.5/hr respectively. In this, the cost reduced in the hybrid 1% more than the ACO and PSO techniques. The loss of the three objective optimization of the PSO, ACO and Hybrid techniques are 9.924 MW, 9.98 MW and 6.321 MW respectively. The loss reduction of hybrid technique is 57% higher than the PSO and ACO. The VSI of the PSO, ACO and Hybrid for the multi objective optimization are 0.1407 p.u, 0.1482 p.u and 0.1127 p.u respectively. The hybrid algorithm results, 24% more reduction in VSI than the PSO and ACO techniques. Table 6 shows, the hybrid technique results the better accuracy compare to the PSO and ACO algorithm for multiobjective optimization problem.

In order to confirm the performance of the proposed algorithm in large systems, hybrid algorithm applied in IEEE 118 test bus system. The particles are increased to 50. To get the appropriate solution, 30 numbers of pareto solution sets are obtained from 30 generations. Table 7 indicates the optimal solutions for the cost, loss and VSI optimized with a single objective, two objectives and three objective function using a hybrid

algorithm for IEEE 118 test bus system. It indicates the values of cost, loss and VSI of the single objective optimization are less when compared to the multiobjective optimization. It states that while considering more objective function, the optimized value and execution time are increased concurrently. Because of nonlinearity in large system the front is less consistent comparing to the smaller system.

In this paper optimal power flow problem has three objectives with constraints, and it works out in the multiobjective optimization approach. This multiobjective problem is solved by single objective, two-objective optimization such as cost-loss, cost-voltage stability index, loss-voltage stability index, and three-objective optimization of cost-loss- voltage stability index using PSO, ACO and hybrid techniques. Hybrid swarm intelligence is used to avoid the stagnation of global and local search and get the best solution by fuzzy approach. The simulation results show that the hybrid swarm optimization provides better results and faster convergence compared to the ant colony optimization and particle swarm optimization. The proposed technique gives better results with less convergence time and it will help to choose the sensible solution to the multiobjective optimization problem in IEEE 30 & IEEE 118 test bus system.

Rajalashmi, K. and Prabha, S.U. (2016) Hybrid Swarm Algori- thm for Multiobjective Optimal Power Flow Problem. Circuits and Systems, 7, 3589- 3603. http://dx.doi.org/10.4236/cs.2016.711304