In this paper new technique is developed to monitor the health status of the PV panels in the array. For finding the health status short circuit current is measured continuously over a fixed time period. This technique can classify the health status into four categories such as Healthy, Low Fault, Medium Fault and High Fault. By this classification faulty operation can be rectified and power generation may be improved. In case of high faults, PV panels can be protected. The cost requirement for the implementation is very low. The proposed technique is implemented in MATLAB Simulation and hardware. The array considered in this paper is
2 × 2 Series Parallel
.
Photovoltaic (PV) Array Health Monitoring Fault Arduino Microcontroller1. Introduction
The increasing power requirements for almost all application areas and disadvantages of the conventional energy sources like pollution, limited amount, etc. in today’s world have attracted the attentions of the solar PV and meeting the power requirements using solar energy as one of the mentioned renewable energy sources has been considered by many researchers. The photovoltaic (PV) generation system is increasing rapidly and showing an industrial growth of approximately 45% per year worldwide [1] [2] . This has resulted in an increased demand for knowledge of PV devices and system performances. The development of smart grid concept has acted as a catalyst for wide-spread penetration of PV systems. PV systems are expected to play a major role in smart grids as a distributed generation (DG) or as a power plant. PV systems are well-known as an important factor in reducing greenhouse gases and in securing the availability of energy in the future [3] [4] .
Photovoltaic (PV) power generators convert the energy of solar radiation directly to electrical energy without any moving parts. PV power generators can be classified into stand-alone and grid-connected generators. In stand-alone systems, the energy storage has big influence on the design of the systems. In grid-connected systems, the grid acts as an energy storage into which the PV power generator can inject power whenever power is available. The electrical grids have specific voltage levels. They are much higher than the maximum voltage of single silicon based PV cell [5] - [7] . In order to interface PV power generators with the grid, the PV cells are connected in series to form PV modules. Solar photovoltaic (PV) energy has been widely utilized in small-sized applications. It is also the most promising candidate for research and development for large-scale uses as the fabrication of less-costly photovoltaic devices becomes a reality. Applications of PV systems include water pumping, domestic and street lighting, electric vehicles, hybrid systems, military and space applications, refrigeration and vaccine storage, power plants, etc., all in either stand-alone or grid-connected configurations [8] - [10] . A PV system is generally composed of PV modules and balance of system (BOS) components. The BOS components include the array structure, passive or active trackers, connectors, ac and dc wiring, over current protections, disconnects, interconnects, inverters, charge controllers, MPPT controllers, energy storage devices, and system controllers. Storage devices are necessary in many PV installations, not only in stand-alone systems but also in grid-connected PV systems with critical loads, such as in the telecommunication, medical, and industrial control systems, to which a continuous and high-quality power must be ensured.
Although a variety of energy storage methods are under consideration, the majority of PV systems today use battery storage. The most commonly used batteries are lead acid ones because of their good availability and cost effectiveness; the nickel (Ni-Cd or Ni-HD) types are gaining increased acceptance for portable applications and in environments with extreme temperature variations, particularly cold [11] [12] . Batteries have to be properly managed to obtain maximum life since life reduction due to misuse can sharply increase costs and strongly affects the reliability of the whole PV system. In typical stand-alone PV systems suitable ampere-hour counting algorithms can improve battery cycle life, lower maintenance costs, and reduce PV system life-cycle costs.
However relatively high installation costs, lack of economically efficient energy storage devices and relatively low efficiencies have formed the disadvantages of this huge energy source. However, for an efficient use of solar energy, having a precise knowledge of the amount of power yield of each individual photovoltaic generator under different conditions carries a great importance during system design procedures. The output characteristics of solar cells strongly depend on the changing environmental conditions (e.g. irradiance, temperature etc.) and the cell/module interconnection types.
A critical element for a large spreading of the PV technology is the low value of the cell efficiency. This value ranges from 5% to 17% for commercial PV-cell until 25% for laboratory applications in conditioned environment. This low value of the efficiency is strongly affected by the temperature. In fact, the optimal performances of the PV-cell are reached only if the operating temperature of the PV-cell is just equal to the NOCT (Nominal Operating Cell Temperature) defined by the rating [13] [14] . A 10˚C increase of the cell temperature causes about 4% power loss (so called light), while a 18˚C increase determines about 10% power loss (so called strong). These values of power losses cannot be accepted in system having so low efficiency values.
2. Problems Definition
The power output of the PV panel varies directly proportional to the irradiation and inversely proportional to the temperature. The output power increases with decrease in temperature and decreases with increase in temperature. During the temperature increase, current increases and voltage decreases and the net power decreases. Some faults in the PV panel can vary the temperature of the panel and some others can’t. So, fault identification by temperature analysis alone as well as by short circuit analysis alone is not efficient, since the current varies with temperature rise.
3. Proposed Method
Define abbreviations and acronyms the first time they are used in the text, even after they have been defined in the abstract. Abbreviations such as IEEE, SI, MKS, CGS, sc, dc, and rms do not have to be defined. Do not use abbreviations in the title or heads unless they are unavoidable.
In the proposed method fault levels are identified by using both temperature and short circuit current values. For every 30 minutes, from morning 6.00 am to evening 6.00 pm temperature and short circuit current values are measured for each panel. The measured temperature and current values are compared with the reference and also within the same array groups. For measuring the temperature LM35 is used and for measuring the current, ACS712 module is used.
The specifications of the PV panel used in work are
Voc = 21.9 V
Isc = 0.59 A
Vm = 18.25
Im = 0.55 A
Pmax = 10 W
3.1. Modeling of PV Panels in MATLAB Simulink
For the proposed system, 2 × 2 solar PV module is used. Each module is of 10 W power rating and under Standard Testing Condition (STC), that is 1000 W/m2 of irradiance at 25˚C, it has the open circuit voltage (Voc) of 21.96 V and the short circuit current (Isc) of 0.59 A. The PV array is composed of PV modules connected in series and parallel in order to obtain the desired voltage and current. The two PV modules in each leg are connected in series and the two legs are connected in parallel. The maximum output current and voltage of the PV are 1.1 A and 36.5 V respectively. By knowing these values, the mathematical model of a PV module is framed by using below equations.
where, Voc and Isc are the open circuit voltage and short circuit current of the PV module respectively. Vm and Im are the maximum output voltage and current from the PV module respectively. (1), (2), (3) and (4) are equations used for the modeling of PV module in MATLAB/SIMULINK.
3.2. Characteristics of PV’s
Photovoltaic’s have nonlinear characteristics, where the performance and output power are directly affected with the change of the operating conditions (temperature and solar irradiance). Under STC, the proposed model produces the maximum power of 40 W which is clearly shown in the PV curve Figure 1. Table 1 is used to find the temperature variation index. In the proposed work new Short Circuit Current Variation Index (SCCVI) is introduced to find the health status.
Msc = Maximum short circuit current out of all panels in the array
Tp = Total panels in the array
Tsc = Total short circuit current of all the panels
PV and IV curve of proposed model at STC
Temperature Variation Index (TVI)
Mt = Maximum temperature out of all panels in the array
Tp = Total panels in the array
Tt = Total temperature of all the panels
First TVI is calculated, if TVI is greater than 0.1 then health status will be high fault, if it is lesser than 0.1 then SCCVI is calculated and health status is found using Table 2. Table 3 shows the health status when TVI < 0.1. Figure 2 shows the simulink diagram
Temperature variation index
TVI
Health Status
TVI < 0.1
Check the SCCVI
0.1 < TVI < 1.0
High Fault
Short circuit current variation index
SCCVI
Health Status
0
Healthy
SCCVI < 0.1
Low Fault
0.1 < SCCVI < 0.2
Medium Fault
0.2 < SCCVI < 1.0
High Fault
Health status when TVI < 0.1
Panel Number
Isc (A)
Health Status
P1
0.59
Healthy
P2
0.59
P3
0.59
P4
0.59
P1
0.59
Low Fault
P2
0.39
P3
0.59
P4
0.59
P1
0.59
Medium Fault
P2
0.39
P3
0.29
P4
0.59
P1
0.59
High Fault
P2
0.19
P3
0.29
P4
0.19
P1
0.49
High Fault
P2
0.10
P3
0.25
P4
0.20
Simulink diagram of the PV system
of the PV system. Figure 3 shows the block diagram of the proposed System. Figure 4 shows the block diagram of the reconfigured system with IGBT control switch. Figure 5 shows the experimental setup of the proposed system.
Various faults are created by varying the irradiation and temperature of each panel and the corresponding powers are tabulated in Table 4. Figure 6 shows the comparison of results between existing and proposed. In the proposed system after identifying the faulty conditions (low/medium) by using the reconfigured system, the power loss is minimized by turn on the RCS. Similarly, the proposed system can be reconfigured as Series Parallel, Total Cross Tied, Honey Comb, Bridge Link and Su Du Ku. In simulation, partial shading fault is created by varying the irradiation of the panels in the array.
Block diagram of the proposed system
Block diagram of the reconfigured system with IGBT control switch
Experimental setup
Comparison of power generation of proposed reconfigured system
Type of fault
Before reconfiguration output power (W)
After reconfiguration output power (W)
Simulation
Hardware
Simulation
Hardware
Low
32.1
32.6
37.1
37.1
Medium
17.3
17.5
27.3
27.6
Low
30.2
30.6
34.1
35.1
Medium
14.8
15.5
23.2
24.4
Low
27.7
28.5
32.1
33.2
Medium
12.6
13.1
21.1
20.3
Medium
16.8
16.5
24.2
25.4
Low
29.7
28.6
31.2
32.3
Medium
11.6
12.3
20.1
19.8
Comparison of results
In practical setup, partial shading fault is created by hiding the panels in the array by cardboard sheet. The obtained practical results are on par with the simulation results.
4. Conclusions
This paper clearly explains the proposed health monitoring system for 2 × 2 PV array. The method finds the health status once in every 30 minutes from morning 6.00 am to evening 6.00 pm. The main advantages of the proposed method are
・ Accurate fault detection
・ Classifying the faulty
・ Energy extraction improvement
・ Extendable for any type of arrays
The reconfigured control switch can be implemented to maximize the power generation under the faulty conditions for the proposed system.
Cite this paper
Pounraj, P., Prince Winston, D., Cynthia Christabel, S. and Ramaraj, R. (2016) A Continuous Health Monitoring System for Photovoltaic Array Using Arduino Microcontroller. Circuits and Systems, 7, 3494-3503. http://dx.doi.org/10.4236/cs.2016.711297
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