In order to find alternative to synthetic pesticides, plants are increasingly used by farmers to protect stocks against crop pests. Thus, phytochemical and biological tests are performed on three organic extracts (cyclohexan, chloroform and methanol) of
Tapinanthus bangwensis
. The data were analyzed by the General Linear Model procedure using the software Minitab 16. These results showed that the methanol extract giv
es a better insecticidal activity on
Sitophilus zeamais
. RIZA software was used to calculate the LC50 of each extract. The cyclohexane extract gives an LC50 of 2.66 mg/ml after 18 days of treatment, while the chloroform extract and methanol respectively give LC50 of 4.49 mg/ml and 6.99 mg/ml after 19 and 20 days of treatment.
The post-harvest losses have been one of the most important challenges of the African food problem. Between harvest and consumption, over 30% of production is lost; this proportion is higher in Sahel region due to the long period of storage [1] . This problem concerns all food grown in the Sahel including maize.
In Senegal, the revival of the maize sector was initiated in 2003 in a large government program whose purpose was to improve the production due to a slight decrease between 1991 and 2000 [2] . Thus the production reached a high level that is never obtained again, nearly 510,236 t, according to the Agricultural Services and Forecasting and Statistics Services [3] .
Maize production, after a fall of 43% in 2010, from 329,000 t to 186,000 t, would again be down of 33% in 2011 with 124,000 t [4] . The maize sector, therefore, is facing not only production difficulties but also post- harvest storage. In 2003 a budget of 60 billion FCFA was scheduled (at 45,000 FCFA per farm) to cover storage needs at the producer level to reduce post-harvest losses, not counting the additional investments that processors should commit to meet their needs for processing and storage [5] . These storage problems are related to several factors, among which may be mentioned the attack of insect pests of maize stock, especially Sitophilus zeamais. To fight against these maize weevils the most commonly method is the use of synthetic insecticides (organophosphates and organochlorines). However, the use of synthetic pesticides poses problems of environment contamination, resistance of pest populations, and harmful effects on non-target organisms [6] . For thirty years, chemists, physiologists, biochemists, toxicologists and specialists of Plant Protection unite their efforts in the search for new molecules from plants to fight effectively against predators, with a minimum of environmental damage [6] .
The objective of this work was to identify the different chemical groups present and to evaluate the biological activity of three extracts (cyclohexan, chloroform and methanol) of Tapinanthus bangwensis (Engl. & Krause) on Sitophilus zeamais, an insect pest of maize stock. This plant, met in the department of Mbour, is used by the populations to protect their harvests. It is a parasitic plant which attends indifferently all the species of trees, but seems to be fond of the trees of gardens.
2. Material and Methods2.1. Material2.1.1. Technical Material
For this study, classical material made it possible to have access to the plants and to et al. make samplings while referring of work of Nguessan [7] . Drying was made in the shade and safe from the light before using an electric crushing for pulverization. An electronic balance is used to carry out the various weighings. A rotary evaporator, regulated with less 50˚C to avoid the artifacts, is used for evaporations. This equipment also comprised spatulas, for the taking away of the powders of drug, of the absorbent cotton used like filter, a hood of protection against the powders ejected during the pulverization of drugs, a rod of trituration and grips besides the glassmaking. For thin layer chromatography (CCM), of the plates out of Silica glass are used for support, of the tanks and the pipettes Pasteur, a lamp UV (ultraviolet) for the observation of the spots. For the biological tests, limp of Petri of diameter 90 mm and of the pipettes Pasteur of brand LABMATE Software were used.
2.1.2. Plant Material
Vegetable material consisted of sheets and barks of stem of Tapinanthus bangwensis.
2.1.3. Solvents
For extraction, the identification tests, laboratory tests and TLC, we used different types of solvents:
- Ethyl acetate PA-ACS-ISO; Mininum assay (G.C.): 99.5%; Identity: IR p/t.; Density at 20/4: 0.9000 - 0.902;
- Acetic acid PA-ACS-ISO; Mininum assay (G.C.): 99.5%; Identity: IR p/t.; Density at 20/4: 1, 05;
- Cyclohexane (Reag. USP, Ph.Eur.) PA-ACS; Mininum assay (G.C.): 99.0%; Identity: IR p/t.; Density at 20/20: 0.659 - 0.663;
- Chloroform (Reag. USP, Ph. Eur.) PA-ACS-ISO; Mininum assay (G.C.): 99.5%; Identity: IR p/t.; Density at 20/4:1, 48;
- Dichmoromethan stabilized with amylene PA-ACS-ISO; Mininum assay (G.C.): 99.5%; Identity: IR pt.; Density at 20/4: 1.323 - 1.325;
- Methanol (Reag. USP, Ph. Eur.) PA-ACS-ISO; Mininum assay (G.C.): 99.5%; Identity: IR p/t.; Density at 20/4: 0.791 - 0.792.
2.1.4. Biological Material
The biological material consisted of maize bought at a market and Sitophilus zeamais obtained by mass rearing.
2.2. Methods2.2.1. Harvesting, Drying, Extraction and Mass Rearing
- Harvesting, drying
The specimens were collected in the rural community of Keur Balla, located in the department of Mbour in the region of Thiès between the latitudes 14˚02' and 15˚27' North and longitudes 16˚09' and 17˚12' West. Thus, with the help of an old traditional healer, we collected leaves of Tapinanthus bangwensis. The plant material was dried in the shade with light for two weeks.
- Extraction
Technique used for extractions is the maceration during 24 hours with solvents of gradient of increasing polarity (Cyclohexane, Administers chloroform to and Methanol). The extract obtained is concentrated with assistance of a rotary evaporator during 15 minutes before being dried with the room temperature (25˚C) and safe from sun during 24 to 48 hours
- Rearing of Sitophilus zeamais
We got infested maize in the laboratory with which we operated sorting, recovered insects and we launched rearing. The rearing was done in boxes about 500 ml volume. Inside each box, from 20 to 25 insects were put and hydrophilic cotton impregnated with water to create the necessary conditions of humidity for a good reproduction of the insects. We operated in the shade at room temperature (about 25˚C).
After 28 days, we observed emergences. Insecticidal activity tests were performed on insects of first generation that is to say, which were aged between 0 and 24 hours.
2.2.2. Reagents
For the identification and the description of the various chemical groups present in each extract, several types of reagents and witnesses were used while taking as a starting point the work by Bekro et al. [8] . For the identification and testing of different present chemical groups in each sample, several types of reagents and controls were used. For tannins, we used as control tannic acid and ferric chloride at 20% as revelator. Flavonoids and polyphenols were determined using Vitexin as control and Aluminium Chloride as reagent. The alkaloids were revealed through the reagent of Draggendorf using Cinchonin as control.
The reagent of Draggendorf is prepared starting from a solution made up of 0.85 g of basic nitrate of bismuth and 10 g of tartaric acid in 40 ml of water (solution A) and a solution containing 16 g of KI in 40 ml of water (solution B). Extemporaneously to mix 5 ml of A, 5 ml of B, 100 ml of water and 20 g of tartaric acid.
2.2.3. Phytochemical Screening
The highlighting of different families of chemical compounds in Tapinanthus bangwensis is made by Thin Layer Chromatography (TLC) and by staining tests and precipitation. For the identification of different chemical groups by thin layer chromatography (TLC), we relied on the course of Bassene [8] on lipid extraction. For the identification of tannins, we used as eluent a mixture of ethyl acetate, methanol and water in the proportions of 40 ml, 5 ml and 8 ml respectively. For this purpose, we used as the stationary phase glass plates covered of silica gel. The brown color of spots indicates the presence of tannin in the extracts. For flavonoids, the eluent used was a mixture of ethyl acetate and water (15%). The stationary phase was glass plates covered with cellulose. The revelation was made with Aluminum Chloride and observation under UV at 254 nm. The yellow coloring indicates the presence of flavonoids. Alongside the identification of flavonoids, may be that of the polyphenols with a UV exposure without direct use of reagents. Thus, there may be several luminescences with various colorations. To find saponins, we paid in a test tube, 10 ml of aqueous total extract. The tube was agitated for 15 s and allowed to stand for 15 minutes. Height persistent foam than 1 cm indicated the presence of saponins [9] .
2.2.4. Biological Tests
The biological tests are carried out in Petri dishes of 90 mm diameter. In each box, it had 20 g of maize and 25 insects aged from 0 to 24. From each dry extract, we prepared five solutions of different doses (100 mg/ml, 50 mg/ml, 25 mg/ml, 12. 5 mg/ml and 6. 25 mg/ml). The solution 5 was obtained by taking 1 g of dry extract dissolved in 10 ml of solvent. The solution 4 was obtained by pipetting 5 ml of the solution 5 supplemented with 10 ml of solvent. With the same method, we got the solution 3 from the solution 4, 2 from 3 and 1 from 2. The tests were performed by spraying 500 ml of each solution in the petri dishes with a Pasteur pipette. The test was repeated five times. The whole was then exposed to air for 20 minutes to evaporate the solvent. Insects were then introduced into each box.
2.2.5. Statistical Analysis
The measured variables are the number of dead insects, the number of surviving insects and the number of emerged insects. The calculated mortality was obtained by applying the formula of Aboth (1925): Mc = (Mo- Mt)/(100-Mt)*100 (where Mo = mortality in the treated groups, Mt = mortality in the control and Mc = calculated mortality). The variable number of dead insects, number of surviving insects and the number of emerged insects are subjected to analysis of variance model with three fixed factors (extracts, doses and time). The variable mortality was transformed to arcsin (x = mortality rate, n = population size, n = 1999) to standardize and stabilize the population variance. The General Linear Model method in Minitab 16 was used for statistical analysis of the data. The variables number of surviving insects and number of emerged insects have been undergone square root transformation to normalize the population and stabilize the variance.
3. Results3.1. Extraction Results
From 64.154 g of powder of the plant (Tapinanthus bangwensis), we completed three cyclohexane, chloroform and methanol extracts. The results of the extractions were confined in the following Table 1.
3.2. Phytochemical Study
The table of phytochemical tests showed the presence of alkaloids in cyclohexane and chloroform extracts of the plant. Flavonoids were present in the methanol extract. The three cyclohexane, methanol and chloroform extracts, containall polyphenols. As for tannins, they were identified only with chloroform and methanol extracts. The research of saponins is positive in the aqueous extract of Tapinanthus bangwensis (Table 2).
The analysis of variance relating to the insecticidal effect of extracts of Tapinanthus bangwensis on Sitophilus zeamais revealed that the effect on mortality of the extract and that of the time was very highly significant (P < 0.001). Moreover, the effect of dose and the interaction of dose*extract were not significant (P > 0.05), this implies that the insecticide effect observed depended on the nature of the extract on the one hand and time other.
Results of extractions
Extracts
Aspect
Mass (g)
Yield
Cyclohexane
Powder
2.097
3.27%
Chloroform
Powder
1.414
2.20%
Methanolic
Pasty
6.742
10.51%
Results of phytochemical tests
Extracts
Alkaloids
Flavonoids
Polyphenols
Tannins
Saponins
Cyclohexane
+
−
+
−
−
Chloroform
+
−
+
+
−
Methanolic
−
+
+
+
−
Aqueous
−
−
−
−
+
+: presence; −: absence.
For the emergence, we noted that the factors extract, dose and time had a significant influence (P < 0.001) (Table 3). The Figure 1 and Figure 2 showed the mortality curve as a function of the extracts, the dose and time. The methanol extract protected well the treated medium. The evolution curve of treatment versus time showed that mortality was higher on days 1, 5 and 9; this implied that extracts Tapinanthus bangwensis had a short-term effect (Figure 1).
The Figures 3-6 showed the evolution of the emergence curve in function of extracts, applied doses and time. The cyclohexan extract provided good protection of the treated medium at doses 1 and 5 as well as the methanol extract. The chloroform extract also had a protective effect of the medium treated at doses 1 and 4 (Figures 7-10).
Result of variance analysis of observed parameters
Source of variation
DF
Mortality
Emergence
F
P
F
P
Extract
2
31.03
0.000
21.19
0.000
Dose
4
0.16
0.961
2.91
0.022
Extract-dose
8
0.31
0.962
1.75
0.086
Time
17
126.67
0.000
0.000
Total
549
Plate revealing tannins
Plate revealing polyphenols
Plate revealing flavonoids
Plate revealing alkaloids
Curve of mortality in function of doses, extracts and time. EC: cyclohexane extract. EH: chloroform extract. EM: methanolic extract. dose 1: 6.25 g/l. dose 2: 12.5 g/l. dose 3: 25 g/l. dose 4: 50 g/l. dose 5: 100 g/l
Interaction between extract, dose and time on mortality
Curve of emergence with cyclohexan extract in function of dose and time
Curve of emergence with methanol extract in function of dose and time
Curve of emergence with chloroform extract in function of dose and time
Interaction between extract and dose on insect’s emergence
4. Discussion
The effect of the methanol extract of Tapinanthus bangwensis is more significant on Sitophilus zeamais (maize weevil). Moreover, the results of phytochemical screening showed that the methanol extract contains tannin, polyphenols and flavonoids. The ubiquitous polyphenols in nature provocate a disturbance of the natural traction of insect. It can be fast the first day for quercetin or later on the fourth day for narangine, syringaldehyde or vanillic acid. It is accompanied in some cases (caffeic and ferulic acid, vanillin, luteolin 7-glucoside) a knock down effect. After eight days the insects are in a coma or dead state. The toxicity of polyphenolsis positively correlated with the attractive power of compound [10] . The tannins have a direct toxic effect on some insect species [11] . Tannins influence on growth, development and fecundity of several insect pests [12] . The reduction in growth caused by tannins has major disadvantages for the insect with a lower number of eggs and smaller eggs. This would affect the survival and health of individuals in the subsequent generation [13] . Thus, aromatic plants and their allelochemicals molecules exert a dual activity:
On adults by rapid toxic inhalation (monoterpenes) on the one hand and action which contributes to the insecticidal activity of the aromatic plant of a lower intensity but is exercised in the period (polyphenols);
On the different phases of the reproductive cycle: inhibition of fertility and larvicidal and ovocide activity at neonatal and later stages.
The insecticidal activity observed with the extracts with the Cyclohexan and the Chloroform of Tapinanthus bangwensis can be due to the presence of active ingredients similar to Viscotoxine. Kerharo and Adam [14] show that Tapinanthus bangwensis contains of Viscotoxin which is a toxic active ingredient.
The Angiosperms contain alkaloids which are secondary metabolites made up by the secondary nitrogen atoms, tertiary or quaternary in their structures [15] . They are active and play a significant role in the physiology of the plants or the organizations. The alkaloids have repulsive properties in the connection of the devastating insects [16] .
Several studies showed that species of the family of Capparidaceae showed the insecticidal effect of the organic extracts on the devastating insects of stock of harvest. Among this work, it can quote those of Gueye et al. [17] which showed the insecticidal activity of Boscia senegalensis on Caryedon serratus (groundnut beetle). Many work also showed that the organic extracts of plant give insecticidal effects on the devastating in sects of stored food products. The toxicity of the extracts with organic solvents of Afrostyrax lepidophilus, Trichilia gilgiana, Drypetes gossweileri and Zanhagolungensis with regard to Sitophilus zeamaïs, Tribolium castaneum and Rhyzopertha dominica is shown by work of Aba Toumnou 22 [18] .
5. Conclusion
The biological tests of the three extracts of Tapinanthus bangwensis on Sitophilus zeamais show that methanol offers better insecticidal activity extract. This result is also corroborated by the phytochemical study of the different extracts. Thus, this extract will be subject to bio-guided fractionation to isolate the active principle(s).
Cite this paper
El Hadji Gorgui Diouf,Moussoukhoye Diop,Aboubacary Sene,Abdoulaye Samb, (2016) Phytochemical Screening and Insecticidal Activity of Three Extracts of Tapinanthus bangwensis (Engl. Krause) on Sitophilus zeamais (Maize Weevil). Open Access Library Journal,03,1-10. doi: 10.4236/oalib.1102962
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