<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?><!DOCTYPE article  PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD Journal Publishing DTD v3.0 20080202//EN" "http://dtd.nlm.nih.gov/publishing/3.0/journalpublishing3.dtd"><article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" dtd-version="3.0" xml:lang="en" article-type="research article"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">AM</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title>Applied Mathematics</journal-title></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="epub">2152-7385</issn><publisher><publisher-name>Scientific Research Publishing</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.4236/am.2016.714136</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">AM-70078</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Articles</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="Discipline-v2"><subject>Physics&amp;Mathematics</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>
 
 
  γ and β Approximations via General Ordered Topological Spaces
 
</article-title></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Mohamed</surname><given-names>Abo-Elhamayel</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sub>1</sub></xref></contrib></contrib-group><aff id="aff1"><label>1</label><addr-line>Mathematics Department, Faculty of Science, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt</addr-line></aff><author-notes><corresp id="cor1">* E-mail:</corresp></author-notes><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>17</day><month>08</month><year>2016</year></pub-date><volume>07</volume><issue>14</issue><fpage>1580</fpage><lpage>1588</lpage><history><date date-type="received"><day>9</day>	<month>May</month>	<year>2016</year></date><date date-type="rev-recd"><day>accepted</day>	<month>22</month>	<year>August</year>	</date><date date-type="accepted"><day>25</day>	<month>August</month>	<year>2016</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement>&#169; Copyright  2014 by authors and Scientific Research Publishing Inc. </copyright-statement><copyright-year>2014</copyright-year><license><license-p>This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution International License (CC BY). http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/</license-p></license></permissions><abstract><p>
 
 
  In this paper, we introduce the concepts of 
  g
   and 
  b
   approximations via general ordered topological approximation spaces. Also, increasing (decreasing) 
  g
  , 
  b
   boundary, positive and negative regions are given in general ordered topological approximation spaces (GOTAS, for short). Some important properties of them were investigated. From this study, we can say that studying any properties of rough set concepts via GOTAS is a generalization of Pawlak approximation spaces and general approximation spaces.
 
</p></abstract><kwd-group><kwd>Rough Sets</kwd><kwd> Approximations</kwd><kwd> Ordered Topological Spaces</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><body><sec id="s1"><title>1. Introduction</title><p>Rough set theory was first proposed by Pawlak for dealing with vagueness and granularity in information systems. Various generalizations of Pawlak s rough set have been made by replacing equivalence relations with kinds of binary relations and many results about generalized rough set with the universe being finite were obtained [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="scirp.70078-ref1">1</xref>] - [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="scirp.70078-ref7">7</xref>] . An interesting and natural research topic in rough set theory is studying it via topology [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="scirp.70078-ref8">8</xref>] [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="scirp.70078-ref9">9</xref>] . Neighborhood systems were first applied in generalizing rough sets in 1998 by T. Y. Lin as a generalization of topological connections with rough sets. Lin also introduced the concept of granular computing as a form of topological generalizations [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="scirp.70078-ref10">10</xref>] - [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="scirp.70078-ref13">13</xref>] . In this paper, we give the concept of g, b via topological ordered spaces and studied their properties which may be viewed as a generalization of previous studies in general approximation spaces, as if we take the partially ordered relation as an equal relation, we obtain the concepts in general approximation spaces [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="scirp.70078-ref14">14</xref>] .</p></sec><sec id="s2"><title>2. Preliminaries</title><p>In this section, we give an account of the basic definitions and preliminaries to be used in the paper.</p><p>Definition 2.1 [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="scirp.70078-ref15">15</xref>] . A subset A of U, where <inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/11-7403190x6.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula> is a partially ordered set is said to be increasing (resp. decreasing) if for all <inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/11-7403190x7.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula> and <inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/11-7403190x8.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula> such that <inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/11-7403190x9.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula> (resp.<inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/11-7403190x10.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula>) imply<inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/11-7403190x11.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula>.</p><p>Definition 2.2 [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="scirp.70078-ref15">15</xref>] . A triple <inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/11-7403190x12.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula> is said to be a topological ordered space, where <inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/11-7403190x13.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula> is a topological space and <inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/11-7403190x14.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula> is a partial order relation on U.</p><p>Definition 2.3 [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="scirp.70078-ref16">16</xref>] . Information system is a pair <inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/11-7403190x15.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula> where U is a non-empty finite set of objects and <inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/11-7403190x16.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula> is a non-empty finite set of attributes.</p><p>Definition 2.4 [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="scirp.70078-ref17">17</xref>] . A non-empty set U equipped with a general relation <inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/11-7403190x17.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula> which generates a topology <inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/11-7403190x18.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula> on U and a partially order relation <inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/11-7403190x19.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula> written as <inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/11-7403190x20.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula> is said to be general ordered topological approximation space (for short, GOTAS).</p><p>Definition 2.5 [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="scirp.70078-ref18">18</xref>] . Let <inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/11-7403190x21.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula> be a GOTAS and<inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/11-7403190x21.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/11-7403190x22.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula>. We define:</p><p>(1)<inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/11-7403190x23.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula>, <inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/11-7403190x23.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/11-7403190x24.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula>is the greatest increasing open subset of A.</p><p>(2)<inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/11-7403190x25.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula>, <inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/11-7403190x25.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/11-7403190x26.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula>is the greatest decreasing open subset of A.</p><p>(3)<inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/11-7403190x27.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula>, <inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/11-7403190x27.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/11-7403190x28.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula>is the smallest increasing closed superset of A.</p><p>(4)<inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/11-7403190x29.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula>, <inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/11-7403190x29.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/11-7403190x30.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula>is the smallest decreasing closed superset of A.</p><p>(5) <inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/11-7403190x31.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula>(resp.<inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/11-7403190x31.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/11-7403190x32.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula>) and <inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/11-7403190x31.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/11-7403190x32.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/11-7403190x33.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula> )resp.<inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/11-7403190x31.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/11-7403190x32.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/11-7403190x33.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/11-7403190x34.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula>) is R-increasing (resp. decreasing) accuracy.</p><p>Definition 2.6 [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="scirp.70078-ref17">17</xref>] . Let <inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/11-7403190x35.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula> be a GOTAS and<inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/11-7403190x35.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/11-7403190x36.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula>. We define:</p><p>(1)<inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/11-7403190x37.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula>, <inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/11-7403190x37.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/11-7403190x38.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula>is called R-increasing semi lower.</p><p>(2)<inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/11-7403190x39.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula>, <inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/11-7403190x39.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/11-7403190x40.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula>is called R- increasing semi upper.</p><p>(3)<inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/11-7403190x41.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula>, <inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/11-7403190x41.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/11-7403190x42.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula>is called R-decreasing semi lower.</p><p>(4)<inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/11-7403190x43.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula>, <inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/11-7403190x43.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/11-7403190x44.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula>is called R-decreasing semi upper.</p><p>A is R- increasing (resp. decreasing) semi exact if <inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/11-7403190x45.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula> (resp.<inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/11-7403190x45.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/11-7403190x46.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula>), otherwise A is R- increasing (resp. decreasing) semi rough.</p><p>Proposition 2.7 [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="scirp.70078-ref18">18</xref>] . Let <inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/11-7403190x47.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula> be a GOTAS and<inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/11-7403190x47.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/11-7403190x48.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula>. Then</p><p>(1)<inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/11-7403190x49.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula>.</p><p>(2)<inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/11-7403190x50.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula>.</p></sec><sec id="s3"><title>3. New Approximations and Their Properties</title><p>In this section, we introduce some definitions and propositions about near approximations, near boundary regions via GOTAS which is essential for a present study.</p><p>Definition 3.1. Let <inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/11-7403190x51.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula> be a GOTAS and<inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/11-7403190x51.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/11-7403190x52.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula>. We define:</p><p>(1)<inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/11-7403190x53.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula>, <inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/11-7403190x53.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/11-7403190x54.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula>is called R-increasing <inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/11-7403190x53.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/11-7403190x54.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/11-7403190x55.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula> lower.</p><p>(2)<inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/11-7403190x56.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula>, <inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/11-7403190x56.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/11-7403190x57.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula>is called R-increasing <inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/11-7403190x56.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/11-7403190x57.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/11-7403190x58.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula> upper.</p><p>(3)<inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/11-7403190x59.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula>, <inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/11-7403190x59.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/11-7403190x60.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula>is called R-decreasing <inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/11-7403190x59.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/11-7403190x60.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/11-7403190x61.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula> lower.</p><p>(4)<inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/11-7403190x62.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula>, <inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/11-7403190x62.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/11-7403190x63.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula>is called R-decreasing <inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/11-7403190x62.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/11-7403190x63.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/11-7403190x64.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula> upper.</p><p>A is R-increasing (resp. R-decreasing) <inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/11-7403190x65.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula>exact if <inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/11-7403190x65.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/11-7403190x66.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula> (resp.<inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/11-7403190x65.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/11-7403190x66.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/11-7403190x67.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula>) otherwise A is R-increasing (resp. R-decreasing) <inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/11-7403190x65.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/11-7403190x66.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/11-7403190x67.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/11-7403190x68.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula>rough.</p><p>Proposition 3.2. Let <inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/11-7403190x69.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula> be a GOTAS and<inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/11-7403190x69.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/11-7403190x70.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula>. Then</p><p>(1) <inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/11-7403190x71.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula>(<inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/11-7403190x71.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/11-7403190x72.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula>).</p><p>(2) <inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/11-7403190x73.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula>(<inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/11-7403190x73.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/11-7403190x74.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula>).</p><p>(3) <inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/11-7403190x75.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula>(<inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/11-7403190x75.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/11-7403190x76.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula>).</p><p>Proof.</p><p>(1) Omitted.</p><disp-formula id="scirp.70078-formula228"><graphic  xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/11-7403190x77.png"  xlink:type="simple"/></disp-formula><disp-formula id="scirp.70078-formula229"><graphic  xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/11-7403190x78.png"  xlink:type="simple"/></disp-formula><p>One can prove the case between parentheses.</p><p>Proposition 3.3. Let <inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/11-7403190x79.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula> be a GOTAS and<inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/11-7403190x79.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/11-7403190x80.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula>. Then</p><p>(1) <inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/11-7403190x81.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula>(<inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/11-7403190x81.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/11-7403190x82.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula>).</p><p>(2) <inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/11-7403190x83.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula>(<inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/11-7403190x83.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/11-7403190x84.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula>).</p><p>(3) <inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/11-7403190x85.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula>(<inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/11-7403190x85.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/11-7403190x86.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula>).</p><p>Proof.</p><p>(1) Easy.</p><disp-formula id="scirp.70078-formula230"><graphic  xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/11-7403190x87.png"  xlink:type="simple"/></disp-formula><disp-formula id="scirp.70078-formula231"><graphic  xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/11-7403190x88.png"  xlink:type="simple"/></disp-formula><p>One can prove the case between parentheses.</p><p>Proposition 3.4. Let <inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/11-7403190x89.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula> be a GOTAS and<inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/11-7403190x89.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/11-7403190x90.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula>. If A is R-increasing (resp. decreasing) exact then A is R-increasing (resp. decreasing) <inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/11-7403190x89.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/11-7403190x90.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/11-7403190x91.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula>exact.</p><p>Proof.</p><p>Let A be R-increasing exact. Then<inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/11-7403190x92.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula>, thus <inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/11-7403190x92.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/11-7403190x93.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula> and<inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/11-7403190x92.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/11-7403190x93.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/11-7403190x94.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula>. Therefore<inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/11-7403190x92.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/11-7403190x93.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/11-7403190x94.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/11-7403190x95.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula>.</p><p>One can prove the case between parentheses.</p><p>R-increasing (resp. decreasing) exact <inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/11-7403190x96.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula> R-increasing (resp. decreasing) <inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/11-7403190x96.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/11-7403190x97.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula>exact.</p><p>Proposition 3.5. Let <inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/11-7403190x98.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula> be a GOTAS and<inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/11-7403190x98.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/11-7403190x99.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula>. Then<inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/11-7403190x98.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/11-7403190x99.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/11-7403190x100.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula>.</p><p>Proof.</p><p>Since <inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/11-7403190x101.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula> and<inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/11-7403190x101.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/11-7403190x102.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula>, then<inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/11-7403190x101.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/11-7403190x102.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/11-7403190x103.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula>. There-</p><p>fore,<inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/11-7403190x104.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula>. Thus<inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/11-7403190x104.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/11-7403190x105.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula>.</p><p>One can prove the case between parentheses.</p><p>Proposition 3.6. Let <inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/11-7403190x106.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula> be a GOTAS and<inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/11-7403190x106.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/11-7403190x107.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula>. Then<inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/11-7403190x106.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/11-7403190x107.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/11-7403190x108.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula>.</p><p>Proof. Since <inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/11-7403190x109.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula> and<inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/11-7403190x109.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/11-7403190x110.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula>, then<inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/11-7403190x109.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/11-7403190x110.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/11-7403190x111.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula>. Thus</p><p><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/11-7403190x112.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula>.</p><p>Therefore<inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/11-7403190x113.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula>. Hence<inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/11-7403190x113.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/11-7403190x114.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula>.</p><p>Proposition 3.7. Let <inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/11-7403190x115.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula> be a GOTAS and<inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/11-7403190x115.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/11-7403190x116.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula>. Then<inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/11-7403190x115.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/11-7403190x116.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/11-7403190x117.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula>.</p><p>Proof. Let<inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/11-7403190x118.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula>. Then <inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/11-7403190x118.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/11-7403190x119.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula> and<inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/11-7403190x118.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/11-7403190x119.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/11-7403190x120.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula>. Therefore <inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/11-7403190x118.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/11-7403190x119.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/11-7403190x120.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/11-7403190x121.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula> and</p><p><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/11-7403190x122.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula>.</p><p>Thus<inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/11-7403190x123.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula>. Hence<inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/11-7403190x123.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/11-7403190x124.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula>.</p><p>One can prove the case between parentheses.</p><p>Proposition 3.8. Let <inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/11-7403190x125.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula> be a GOTAS and<inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/11-7403190x125.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/11-7403190x126.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula>. Then<inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/11-7403190x125.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/11-7403190x126.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/11-7403190x127.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula>.</p><p>Proof.</p><p>Let<inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/11-7403190x128.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula>. Then <inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/11-7403190x128.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/11-7403190x129.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula> and<inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/11-7403190x128.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/11-7403190x129.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/11-7403190x130.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula>. Therefore <inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/11-7403190x128.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/11-7403190x129.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/11-7403190x130.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/11-7403190x131.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula> and</p><p><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/11-7403190x132.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula>or<inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/11-7403190x132.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/11-7403190x133.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula>.</p><p>Thus<inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/11-7403190x134.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula>. Hence<inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/11-7403190x134.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/11-7403190x135.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula>.</p><p>One can prove the case between parentheses.</p><p>Proposition 3.9. Let <inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/11-7403190x136.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula> be a GOTAS and<inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/11-7403190x136.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/11-7403190x137.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula>. Then<inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/11-7403190x136.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/11-7403190x137.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/11-7403190x138.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula>.</p><p>Proof.</p><p>Let<inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/11-7403190x139.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula>. Then <inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/11-7403190x139.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/11-7403190x140.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula> and<inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/11-7403190x139.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/11-7403190x140.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/11-7403190x141.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula>. Therefore</p><p><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/11-7403190x142.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula>.</p><p>Thus<inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/11-7403190x143.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula>.</p><p>Proposition 3.10. Let <inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/11-7403190x144.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula> be a GOTAS and<inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/11-7403190x144.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/11-7403190x145.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula>. Then</p><p><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/11-7403190x146.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula>.</p><p>Proof. Omitted.</p><p>Definition 3.11. Let <inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/11-7403190x147.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula> be a GOTAS and<inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/11-7403190x147.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/11-7403190x148.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula>. We define:</p><p>(1)<inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/11-7403190x149.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula>, <inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/11-7403190x149.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/11-7403190x150.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula>is called R-increasing <inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/11-7403190x149.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/11-7403190x150.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/11-7403190x151.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula> lower.</p><p>(2)<inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/11-7403190x152.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula>, <inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/11-7403190x152.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/11-7403190x153.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula>is called R-increasing <inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/11-7403190x152.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/11-7403190x153.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/11-7403190x154.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula> upper.</p><p>(3)<inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/11-7403190x155.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula>, <inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/11-7403190x155.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/11-7403190x156.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula>is called R-decreasing <inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/11-7403190x155.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/11-7403190x156.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/11-7403190x157.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula> lower.</p><p>(4)<inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/11-7403190x158.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula>, <inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/11-7403190x158.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/11-7403190x159.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula>is called R-decreasing <inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/11-7403190x158.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/11-7403190x159.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/11-7403190x160.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula> upper.</p><p>A is R-increasing (decreasing) <inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/11-7403190x161.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula>exact if <inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/11-7403190x161.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/11-7403190x162.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula> (resp.<inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/11-7403190x161.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/11-7403190x162.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/11-7403190x163.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula>), otherwise A is R-increasing (decreasing) <inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/11-7403190x161.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/11-7403190x162.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/11-7403190x163.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/11-7403190x164.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula>rough.</p><p>Proposition 3.12. Let <inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/11-7403190x165.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula> be a GOTAS and<inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/11-7403190x165.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/11-7403190x166.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula>. Then</p><p>(1) <inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/11-7403190x167.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula>(<inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/11-7403190x167.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/11-7403190x168.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula>).</p><p>(2) <inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/11-7403190x169.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula>(<inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/11-7403190x169.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/11-7403190x170.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula>).</p><p>(3) <inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/11-7403190x171.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula>(<inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/11-7403190x171.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/11-7403190x172.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula>).</p><p>Proof.</p><p>(1) Omitted.</p><disp-formula id="scirp.70078-formula232"><graphic  xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/11-7403190x173.png"  xlink:type="simple"/></disp-formula><disp-formula id="scirp.70078-formula233"><graphic  xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/11-7403190x174.png"  xlink:type="simple"/></disp-formula><p>One can prove the case between parentheses.</p><p>Proposition 3.13. Let <inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/11-7403190x175.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula> be a GOTAS and<inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/11-7403190x175.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/11-7403190x176.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula>. Then</p><p>(1) <inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/11-7403190x177.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula>(<inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/11-7403190x177.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/11-7403190x178.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula>).</p><p>(2) <inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/11-7403190x179.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula>(<inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/11-7403190x179.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/11-7403190x180.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula>).</p><p>(3) <inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/11-7403190x181.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula>(<inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/11-7403190x181.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/11-7403190x182.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula>).</p><p>Proof.</p><p>(1) Easy.</p><disp-formula id="scirp.70078-formula234"><graphic  xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/11-7403190x183.png"  xlink:type="simple"/></disp-formula><disp-formula id="scirp.70078-formula235"><graphic  xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/11-7403190x184.png"  xlink:type="simple"/></disp-formula><p>One can prove the case between parentheses.</p><p>Proposition 3.14. Let <inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/11-7403190x185.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula> be a GOTAS and<inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/11-7403190x185.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/11-7403190x186.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula>. If A is R-increasing (resp. decreasing) exact then A is b-increasing (resp. decreasing) exact.</p><p>Proof.</p><p>Let A be R-increasing exact. Then<inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/11-7403190x187.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula>. Therefore<inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/11-7403190x187.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/11-7403190x188.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula>,<inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/11-7403190x187.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/11-7403190x188.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/11-7403190x189.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula>. Thus<inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/11-7403190x187.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/11-7403190x188.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/11-7403190x189.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/11-7403190x190.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula>. Hence A is R-increasing <inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/11-7403190x187.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/11-7403190x188.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/11-7403190x189.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/11-7403190x190.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/11-7403190x191.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula> exact.</p><p>One can prove the case between parentheses.</p><p>Proposition 3.15. Let <inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/11-7403190x192.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula> be a GOTAS and<inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/11-7403190x192.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/11-7403190x193.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula>. Then</p><p><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/11-7403190x194.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula>.</p><p>Proof.</p><p>Since <inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/11-7403190x195.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula> and<inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/11-7403190x195.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/11-7403190x196.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula>. Then</p><p><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/11-7403190x197.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula>.</p><p>Therefore<inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/11-7403190x198.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula>. Thus<inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/11-7403190x198.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/11-7403190x199.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula>.</p><p>One can prove the case between parentheses.</p><p>Proposition 3.16. Let <inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/11-7403190x200.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula> be a GOTAS and<inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/11-7403190x200.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/11-7403190x201.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula>. Then</p><p><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/11-7403190x202.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula>.</p><p>Proof. Since <inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/11-7403190x203.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula> and<inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/11-7403190x203.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/11-7403190x204.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula>. Then<inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/11-7403190x203.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/11-7403190x204.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/11-7403190x205.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula>. Thus</p><p><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/11-7403190x206.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula>.</p><p>Therefore<inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/11-7403190x207.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula>. Hence<inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/11-7403190x207.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/11-7403190x208.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula>.</p><p>Definition 3.17. Let <inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/11-7403190x209.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula> be a GOTAS and<inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/11-7403190x209.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/11-7403190x210.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula>. Then</p><p>(1) <inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/11-7403190x211.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula>(resp.<inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/11-7403190x211.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/11-7403190x212.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula>), is increasing (resp. decreasing) j boundary region.</p><p>(2) <inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/11-7403190x213.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula>(resp.<inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/11-7403190x213.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/11-7403190x214.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula>), is increasing (resp. decreasing) j positive region.</p><p>(3) <inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/11-7403190x215.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula>( resp.<inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/11-7403190x215.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/11-7403190x216.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula>), is increasing (resp. decreasing) j negative region. Where <inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/11-7403190x215.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/11-7403190x216.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/11-7403190x217.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula> the near lower approximations s.t.<inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/11-7403190x215.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/11-7403190x216.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/11-7403190x217.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/11-7403190x218.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula>.</p><p>Proposition 3.18. Let <inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/11-7403190x219.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula> be a GOTAS and<inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/11-7403190x219.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/11-7403190x220.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula>. Then</p><p>(1) <inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/11-7403190x221.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula>(<inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/11-7403190x221.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/11-7403190x222.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula>).</p><p>(2) <inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/11-7403190x223.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula>(<inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/11-7403190x223.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/11-7403190x224.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula>).</p><p>Proof.</p><disp-formula id="scirp.70078-formula236"><graphic  xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/11-7403190x225.png"  xlink:type="simple"/></disp-formula><disp-formula id="scirp.70078-formula237"><graphic  xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/11-7403190x226.png"  xlink:type="simple"/></disp-formula><p>One can prove the case between parentheses.</p><p>Proposition 3.19. Let <inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/11-7403190x227.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula> be a GOTAS and<inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/11-7403190x227.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/11-7403190x228.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula>. Then</p><p>(1) <inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/11-7403190x229.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula>(<inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/11-7403190x229.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/11-7403190x230.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula>).</p><p>(2) <inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/11-7403190x231.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula>(<inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/11-7403190x231.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/11-7403190x232.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula>).</p><p>Proof.</p><disp-formula id="scirp.70078-formula238"><graphic  xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/11-7403190x233.png"  xlink:type="simple"/></disp-formula><disp-formula id="scirp.70078-formula239"><graphic  xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/11-7403190x234.png"  xlink:type="simple"/></disp-formula><p>One can prove the case between parentheses.</p><p>Proposition 3.20. Let <inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/11-7403190x235.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula> be a GOTAS and<inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/11-7403190x235.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/11-7403190x236.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula>. Then</p><p><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/11-7403190x237.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula>.</p><p>Proof.</p><p>Let<inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/11-7403190x238.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula>. Then<inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/11-7403190x238.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/11-7403190x239.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula>. Therefore<inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/11-7403190x238.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/11-7403190x239.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/11-7403190x240.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula>. Thus</p><disp-formula id="scirp.70078-formula240"><graphic  xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/11-7403190x241.png"  xlink:type="simple"/></disp-formula><p>and thus<inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/11-7403190x242.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula>.</p><p>Hence</p><p><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/11-7403190x243.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula> (1).</p><p>Since<inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/11-7403190x244.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula>, then<inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/11-7403190x244.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/11-7403190x245.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula>. Therefore<inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/11-7403190x244.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/11-7403190x245.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/11-7403190x246.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula>.</p><p>Thus<inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/11-7403190x247.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula>, and thus<inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/11-7403190x247.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/11-7403190x248.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula>. Hence</p><disp-formula id="scirp.70078-formula241"><label>(2)</label><graphic position="anchor" xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/11-7403190x249.png"  xlink:type="simple"/></disp-formula><p>From (1) and (2) we have,</p><p><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/11-7403190x250.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula>.</p><p>One can prove the case between parentheses.</p><p>Proposition 3.21. Let <inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/11-7403190x251.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula> be a GOTAS and<inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/11-7403190x251.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/11-7403190x252.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula>. Then</p><p><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/11-7403190x253.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula>.</p><p>Proof.</p><p>Let<inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/11-7403190x254.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula>. Then<inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/11-7403190x254.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/11-7403190x255.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula>. Therefore <inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/11-7403190x254.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/11-7403190x255.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/11-7403190x256.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula> or<inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/11-7403190x254.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/11-7403190x255.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/11-7403190x256.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/11-7403190x257.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula>. Thus</p><p><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/11-7403190x258.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula>or<inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/11-7403190x258.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/11-7403190x259.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula>. So<inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/11-7403190x258.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/11-7403190x259.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/11-7403190x260.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula>, and so<inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/11-7403190x258.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/11-7403190x259.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/11-7403190x260.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/11-7403190x261.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula>.</p><p>Thus<inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/11-7403190x262.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula>. Hence</p><disp-formula id="scirp.70078-formula242"><label>. (1)</label><graphic position="anchor" xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/11-7403190x263.png"  xlink:type="simple"/></disp-formula><p>Since<inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/11-7403190x264.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula>, <inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/11-7403190x264.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/11-7403190x265.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula>or<inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/11-7403190x264.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/11-7403190x265.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/11-7403190x266.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula>, then<inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/11-7403190x264.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/11-7403190x265.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/11-7403190x266.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/11-7403190x267.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula>. Therefore</p><disp-formula id="scirp.70078-formula243"><label>(2)</label><graphic position="anchor" xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/11-7403190x268.png"  xlink:type="simple"/></disp-formula><p>From (1) and (2) we have,<inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/11-7403190x269.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula>.</p><p>One can prove the case between parentheses.</p><p>Definition 3.22. Let <inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/11-7403190x270.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula> be a GOTAS and A is a non-empty finite subset of U. Then the increasing (decreasing) j accuracy of a finite non-empty subset A of U is given by:</p><p><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/11-7403190x271.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula>,<inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/11-7403190x271.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/11-7403190x272.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula>.</p><p>Proposition 3.23. Let <inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/11-7403190x273.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula> be a GOTAS and <inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/11-7403190x273.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/11-7403190x274.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula> non-empty finite subset of<inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/11-7403190x273.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/11-7403190x274.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/11-7403190x275.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula>. Then we have</p><p><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/11-7403190x276.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula>, for all<inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/11-7403190x276.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/11-7403190x277.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula>, where <inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/11-7403190x276.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/11-7403190x277.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/11-7403190x278.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula></p><p>Proof. Omitted.</p><p>In the following example we illustrate most of the properties that have been proved in the previous propositions.</p><p>Example 3.24. Let<inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/11-7403190x279.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula>, <inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/11-7403190x279.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/11-7403190x280.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula>, <inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/11-7403190x279.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/11-7403190x280.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/11-7403190x281.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula>,</p><p><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/11-7403190x282.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula>and <inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/11-7403190x282.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/11-7403190x283.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula></p><p>For<inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/11-7403190x284.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula>, we have:</p><p><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/11-7403190x285.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula>, <inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/11-7403190x285.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/11-7403190x286.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula>, <inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/11-7403190x285.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/11-7403190x286.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/11-7403190x287.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula>,<inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/11-7403190x285.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/11-7403190x286.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/11-7403190x287.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/11-7403190x288.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula>.</p><p><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/11-7403190x292.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/11-7403190x292.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/11-7403190x291.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/11-7403190x292.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/11-7403190x291.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/11-7403190x290.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/11-7403190x292.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/11-7403190x291.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/11-7403190x290.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/11-7403190x289.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula>.</p><p><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/11-7403190x296.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/11-7403190x296.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/11-7403190x295.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/11-7403190x296.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/11-7403190x295.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/11-7403190x294.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/11-7403190x296.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/11-7403190x295.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/11-7403190x294.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/11-7403190x293.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula>.</p><p><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/11-7403190x297.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula>, <inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/11-7403190x297.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/11-7403190x298.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula>, <inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/11-7403190x297.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/11-7403190x298.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/11-7403190x300.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/11-7403190x297.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/11-7403190x298.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/11-7403190x300.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/11-7403190x299.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula></p><p>Proposition 3.25. Let <inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/11-7403190x301.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula> be a GOTAS and<inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/11-7403190x301.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/11-7403190x302.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula>. Then we have</p><disp-formula id="scirp.70078-formula244"><graphic  xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/11-7403190x303.png"  xlink:type="simple"/></disp-formula><p>Proof. Omitted.</p><p>Remark 3.26.<inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/11-7403190x304.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula>.</p><p>Remark 3.27.<inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/11-7403190x305.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula>.</p><p>Proposition 3.28. Let <inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/11-7403190x306.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula> be a GOTAS and <inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/11-7403190x306.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/11-7403190x307.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula> be a non-empty finite subset of<inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/11-7403190x306.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/11-7403190x307.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/11-7403190x308.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula>. Then<inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/11-7403190x306.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/11-7403190x307.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/11-7403190x308.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/11-7403190x309.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula> (<inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/11-7403190x306.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/11-7403190x307.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/11-7403190x308.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/11-7403190x309.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/11-7403190x310.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula>).</p><p>Proof. Omitted.</p><p>Proposition 3.28. Let <inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/11-7403190x311.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula> be a GOTAS and<inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/11-7403190x311.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/11-7403190x312.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula>. Then <inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/11-7403190x311.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/11-7403190x312.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/11-7403190x313.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula></p><p>Proof. Let<inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/11-7403190x314.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula>. Then <inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/11-7403190x314.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/11-7403190x315.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula> and</p><p><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/11-7403190x316.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula>.</p><p>Therefore <inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/11-7403190x317.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula> and [<inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/11-7403190x317.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/11-7403190x318.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula>or<inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/11-7403190x317.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/11-7403190x318.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/11-7403190x319.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula>]. Thus <inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/11-7403190x317.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/11-7403190x318.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/11-7403190x319.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/11-7403190x320.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula> and <inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/11-7403190x317.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/11-7403190x318.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/11-7403190x319.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/11-7403190x320.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/11-7403190x321.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula> and</p><p>thus <inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/11-7403190x322.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula> and<inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/11-7403190x322.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/11-7403190x323.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula>. Hence<inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/11-7403190x322.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/11-7403190x323.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/11-7403190x324.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula>. Therefore<inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/11-7403190x322.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/11-7403190x323.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/11-7403190x324.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/11-7403190x325.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula>.</p><p>One can prove the case between parentheses.</p></sec><sec id="s4"><title>4. Conclusion</title><p>In this paper, we generalize rough set theory in the framework of topological spaces. Our results in this paper became the results about of<inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/11-7403190x326.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula>, <inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/11-7403190x326.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/11-7403190x327.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula>approximation in [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="scirp.70078-ref2">2</xref>] in the case of <inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/11-7403190x326.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/11-7403190x327.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/11-7403190x328.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula> is the equal relation. Also, the new approximation which we give became as Pawlak s approximation in the case of <inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/11-7403190x326.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/11-7403190x327.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/11-7403190x328.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/11-7403190x329.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula> is the equal relation and R is the equivalence relation. This theory brings in all these techniques to information analysis and knowledge processing.</p></sec><sec id="s5"><title>Cite this paper</title><p>Mohamed Abo-Elhamayel, (2016) γ and β Approximations via General Ordered Topological Spaces. 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