Telecom sectors generally operate at negative voltages to reduce the effect of corrosion caused in the metallic wire due to electrochemical reaction while communicating signals. To feed those lines and to have an effective digital data transmission, a power electronic converter referred as Modified Negative Luo Converter (MNLC) is proposed in this paper. MNLC is a high gain converter in which the output voltage increases in geometric progression. This paper portrays a novel concept of a 50 Hz pulse data transmission through
RLCG (Resistance-inductance-capacitance with a shunt conductance) transmission line using MNLC. Signal frequency of 50 Hz to be transmitted is anded with a high frequency pulse that charges and discharges MNLC and produces the boosted negative output voltage. The boosted output is again transmitted through the RLCG transmission line from which 50 Hz data pulse is retrieved at the output of the transmission line by comparing with a comparator signal. This sort of MNLC aided data transmission not only introduces less loss in its transmitted data but also overcomes various health hazards of conventional radio frequency (RF) communication. This technique also proves that any data bit stream can be transmitted and retrieved using the proposed high gain DC-DC converter. The simulation model of the proposed system is implemented in MATLAB for various switching frequencies with its prototype of the converter developed and the results are verified.
Pulse Data Transmission MNLC RLCG Line Switching Frequency High Gain Converter1. Introduction
The usage of −48V DC in the telecom sectors exists in current scenario and the telecom stations always require voltage in the range between −45 V and −55 V for safe operation. This negative voltage also helps in preventing corrosion of the metallic copper when operated under wet conditions. The sulphation of the battery which leads to failure is also eliminated by the usage of negative signal, since the build of lead sulphate only leads to battery failure. When the metallic leads used for communication are at negative potential with respect to ground, the metal ions go form the ground to the wire instead of the situation where positive voltage would cause quick corrosion. Thus the electrochemical reaction causing corrosion is highly avoided by maintaining the negative potential feeding the telecom lines. In this, the negative output voltage is produced using MNLC and it also focuses on effective pulse data transmission which plays a vital role in telecoms.
Radio frequency waves possess the longest wavelength in the electromagnetic spectrum. They also have a uniform frequency and amplitude at all time instants [1] . So, data can be transmitted effectively by placing at the RF wave using frequency and amplitude modulation techniques. The same data can be retrieved at the receiver by using antennas and the tuner [2] . Though the data can be retrieved in an effective way, RF cannot transmit a lot of data simultaneously and also causes lots of health disorders. To overcome this, data transmission is achieved effectively in this paper using MNLC in a safer way than RF communication [3] .
MNLC is a modified superlift converter in which the output voltage increases in geometric progression with six times the gain compared to the conventional NOSLC whose gain value is three. Here the data pulse transmission concept is implemented with the switching pulse of MNLC. The pulse activates the process of on and off of the MNLC circuit that produces a very high output voltage. Ultimately data pulse retrieval is obtained only from the boosted voltage.
Section 2 deals with the explanation of overview of the proposed system, and Section 3 portrays the operation of MNLC with its modes and analysis followed by its simulation results. The modeling of RLCG transmission line has been dealt in Section 4. Section 5 explains the concept of interface of MNLC with the transmission line followed by the simulation results of data transmission for various switching frequencies. Section 6 depicts the hardware model of MNLC implemented in open loop followed by conclusion in Section 7.
2. Proposed System
The block diagram of the proposed system is given in Figure 1. The data pulse transmission concept is explained here. A 50 Hz data pulse is transmitted through MNLC interfaced with RLCG transmission line. This is effectively carried out by adding the transmitting pulse with the required switching frequency of 25 kHz. The anded high frequency pulse produced as a result, acts as an energizing pulse of the switch. This switches on and off the MNLC and produces the boosted negative output voltage. The boosted output is transmitted through the RLCG transmission line from which 50 Hz pulse is retrieved by comparing with the comparator signal.
The RLCG parameters have been modeled for coverage of 1000 meters and discussed in the forth coming section. RLCG is a combination of RLC circuit with a shunt conductance ‘G’. The transmitted voltage through the RLCG line is the boosted output from MNLC. The enhanced output from MNLC transmits the required data effectively.
3. MNLC and Its Operational Modes3.1. Operation of MNLC
Figure 2 shows the elementary circuit of MNLC [4] . It consists of DC supply voltage Vin, capacitors C1 and C2, inductor L1 and L2 switch S, diodes D1, D2 and D3 and the load resistance R. The working principle is explained with the switch “S” on and off as two modes of operation as shown in Figure 3, Figure 4.
During mode-I, the switch S is turned ON between the period 0 and ΔT as shown in Figure 3. When the switch is closed, the source voltage causes the current to flow through the inductor L1 and capacitor C1. Since capacitor C1 and has zero impedance to current, the capacitor C1 charges faster than inductor thus forward biasing the diode D1. Thus charge gets stored in inductor L1, L2 and Capacitor C1, also during this period, the load current is maintained constant by the discharging capacitor C2. Thus the energy stored in the capacitor C2 during the previous cycle is transferred to the load.
During mode-2, the switch S is turned off between the period ΔT and T as shown in Figure 4. In this mode, when the switch is open, the energy that is stored in the inductor L1, L2 and the capacitor C1 discharges across the nodal points of the capacitor C2 thus boosting the output voltage. The load current is supplied by the inductor.
Block diagram of the proposed system
Circuit diagram of MNLC
Mode 1 diagram of MNLC
3.2. Analysis of MNLC
The equations governing mode-I are as follows,
Mode 2 diagram of MNLC
can also be represented as,
Here is the voltage across the capacitor
The current through the inductor is given by,
k is the duty ratio and T is the on-period cycle.
The voltage across the capacitor is the load or the output voltage and it is given as,
The current through the capacitor during on is given by,
From Mode II:
During mode-II, the current through the inductor is given by,
Here is the output voltage and is the off-period cycle.
The current through the inductor is given by,
Equating (3) & (6),
From the above, the gain equation is obtained as,
The output voltage is given by,
The values of, , and are derived from the following analysis equations of MNLC.
Variation ratio of the output voltage is given by,
By substituting the values for frequency, resistance and k as 50 kHz, 100 Ω and 67%, the value of is found as 30 μF and is also found using the equation for and the value is 10 μF.
, are estimated using the following relation and found to be 0.01 mH.
Using the above design equations, the component parameters are computed as shown in Table 1 [5] .
3.3. Simulation Results
The MNLC is simulated using the above design values and the results are depicted in the following figures.
MNLC is simulated for an input voltage of 20 V as shown in Figure 5. The output voltage obtained is −121 V which is shown in Figure 6. It also depicts that the output voltage is six times the input and so the gain value is six which is drastically high compared to the conventional NOSLC. The charging elements include C1, the input side capacitor and the load capacitor C2. The voltage across the capacitor C1 is shown as 19V in Figure 7. The output current is shown as −1.25 amps in Figure 8. Figure 9 represents the voltage across the diode D3 as 140 V and Figure 10 shows the voltage across the diode D2 as 130 V.
4. Modelling of Transmission Line
The modeling of transmission cable through which the negative voltage is transmitted to influence effective data transmission is explained in this section. The transmission line comprises of a RLCG circuit and it has been modelled for distance coverage of 1000 meters.
Design values of MNLC
SL. No
Parameter
Values
1.
Vin (Input voltage)
20 V
2.
fs (switching frequency)
50 kHz
3.
k (Duty ratio)
0.67
4.
R (Resistive load)
100 Ω
5.
Expected V0 (Output voltage)
−121.1 V
6.
L1, L2 (Inductors)
0.01 mH
Input voltage of MNLC 20 V
Output voltage of MNLC −121 V
Voltage across the capacitor C<sub>1</sub> 19 V
Output current of MNLC −1.25 A
Voltage across the diode D<sub>3</sub> 140 V
Analysis of RLCG Section
The transmission line has four parameters namely resistance (R), inductance (L), capacitance (C) and a shunt conductance which is named as RLCG circuit. The capacity of the power transmission is maintained only by the series inductance of the RLCG circuit. The shunt capacitance causes a charging current to flow in the line and plays a significant role in medium and long lines. These parameters are uniformly distributed throughout but can be made as a lumped circuit for analysis.
Having all this assumption, the equations for series resistance, inductance and capacitance of RLCG circuit is given in the following analysis.
Voltage across the diode D<sub>2</sub> 130 V
1. Resistance in RLCG circuit (R)
The dc resistance is given by:
ρ = resistivity of conductor―Ω・m.
l = length in m.
a = cross-sectional area―m2.
The distribution of current is uniform only for dc and becomes non-uniform when it comes for ac. With the increase of frequency, the non-uniformity also increases. The resistance of metals increases with increase in temperature. It increases linearly and the resistance at temperature “t” is given by,
Rt = resistance at t˚ centigrade.
R0 = resistance at 0˚ centigrade.
∆t = difference in temperature.
2. Inductance in RLCG circuit (L)
The inductance can be derived for a single phase two wire line. A single phase line consisting of two solid conductors of radii “r1” and “r2” are kept at a distance “D”. The inductance in each conductor is due to internal and external flux linkages.
The inductance of first conductor due to external flux linkage is given by,
The inductance of second conductor due to external flux linkage is given by
The total inductance of the circuit is
i.e. (18)
Or the above equation can be written as,
Thus the inductance is modelled in RLCG line using the above equation.
3. Capacitance in RLCG circuit (C)
Considering the same two solid conductors, the capacitance value is calculated. The two conductors are named as “c1” and “c2”. The potential difference between the two conductors is given as. The capacitance per unit length is generally given by,
q is the charge on the conductor per meter.
is given by,
ξ is the permittivity of the medium and D is the distance and r1 and r2 are the radii of the conductors.
Substituting (21) in (20), the capacitance obtained is
Thus the capacitance value is also obtained.
Using the design equations, the transmission line parameters are tabulated in Table 2.
5. MNLC with Transmission Line
A. RLCG LINE with Negative DC Input Voltage
In this section, initially a negative DC voltage Vin is fed as an input to the RLCG transmission line and its results are verified. Then the transmission line is interfaced with the proposed MNLC and the data pulse retrieval is effectively shown.
Figure 11 shows the transmission line fed with negative DC input signal. The DC input of 50 V is given to the RLCG line and the output voltage is measured. For an input of −50 V, the output of −5.38 V is obtained from the transmission line which is shown in the Figure 12 and Figure 13.
Parameters of RLCG line
Sl. No
Parameters
Value
1
R
0.83 Ω/m
2
L
5.8 μH/m
3
C
0.485 nF/m
RLCG line fed with negative DC input
Negative DC input to RLCG line fed with negative DC input
Output voltage of RLCG transmission line
B. Interface of MNLC with RLCG Transmission Line
The interface of MNLC with transmission line is shown below in Figure 14. The data to be transmitted is given as 50 Hz signal of 50% Duty ratio. It is anded with the required 25 KHz switching frequency signal [6] . The anded pulse switches on and off the MNLC. Now the MNLC is switched on and off with the anded pulse of duty ratio 50% from which the data pulse is retrieved at the output of a transmission line. During on, MNLC is charged due to the availability of passive components L and C. This charge should be discharged to the load which happens during off state of the switch. The entire energy is transferred to the load during this off state. The signal of 50 Hz which makes the charging and discharging of MNLC is retrieved at the terminating line of transmission. This circuit shows a retrieval of 50 Hz pulse at the output side of a transmission line. A series of data pulse stream transmission can also be achieved with this simple DC-DC circuit.
B.1. Simulation Waveforms of MNLC Interface with RLCG Transmission Line
The MNLC interface with RLCG transmission line is simulated using various switching frequencies like 25 kHz, 1 kHz and 500 Hz whose outputs are shown below.
a. With 25 kHz
In this, the switching frequency of 25 kHz is chosen for MNLC. The data to be transmitted is the same 50 Hz signal which is already portrayed in the previous section. Both the signals are anded and provided as a switching pulse to MNLC. The output voltage of MNLC is a very high boosted output with less ripple. This again is transmitted through the RLCG transmission line. The output obtained from the line is a low value output because of the losses introduced in the transmission line due to the passive components. This voltage is compared with a comparator signal and the pulse of 50 Hz is retrieved at the transmission line. Thus the following figures depict the simulated outputs. Figure 15 shows the anded 50 Hz with 25 kHz pulse of MNLC. The magnitude of 50 V is given as an input voltage to MNLC as shown in Figure 16. The output voltage of MNLC is found to be −325 V as shown in Figure 17 which is again fed as an input to the transmission line that acts as a load to the converter. The output voltage of transmission line is found to be −37 V which is shown in the Figure 18 [7] . This is again compared with a comparator signal to retrieve the 50 Hz pulse at the output.
Thus the Figure 19(a) and Figure 19(b) shows the pulse to be transmitted and the pulse transmitted at the output [8] . Since the transmitted voltage reaches its steady state between the time duration 4.986 s and 4.99 s, the pulse retrieval is shown with the same duration. Thus effective pulse transmission is achieved using this MNLC which highly prove to be economical in the form of circuit design.
Interface of MNLC with RLCG transmission line
Input pulse given to MNLC-ANDED pulse
Input voltage of MNLC given as 50 V
Output voltage of MNLC
Output voltage of transmission line
(a) Pulse data to be transmitted; (b) Transmitted data.
b. With 1 KHz
The pulse retrieval at the output of a RLC transmission line is shown here for a frequency of 1 KHz [9] . The input pulse of 1 KHz is given to MNLC which is shown in the Figure 20. The input voltage of 50 V is given as an input to MNLC as shown in the Figure 21. The output voltage of MNLC is −850 V as shown in the Figure 22. Figure 23 shows the output voltage across the transmission whose value falls to −110 V due to impedance losses in RLC line. The pulse retrieved at the output by comparing with a comparator signal is shown in the Figure 24(b) along with the transmitting pulse in Figure 24(a).
Input pulse of MNLC at 1 KHz
Input voltage of 50 V fed to MNLC at 1 KHz
Output voltage of MNLC at 1 KHz
Output voltage of MNLC at 1 KHz
C. With 500 Hz
The input voltage of MNLC is 50V which is shown in the Figure 25. The output voltage of ?700 V is shown in the Figure 26. Figure 27 shows the output voltage of −80 V across the transmission line [10] and Figure 28(a) and Figure 28(b) shows the pulse to be transmitted and the pulse retrieved at the output of transmission line.
(a) Pulse data to be transmitted; (b) Transmitted data.
Input voltage of 50 V fed to MNLC
Output voltage of MNLC at 500 Hz
Output voltage of transmission line
(a) Pulse data to be transmitted; (b) Transmitted output.
Comparative analysis of transmitted data pulse ?25 kHz, 1 kHz, 500 Hz
Hardware model of MNLC
Figure 29 shows the data pulse is retrieved at the same period between 4.981 s and 4.991 s for all the three switching frequencies of 25 kHz, 1 kHz and 500 Hz. Thus the stability of the output is shown between the duration 4.981 s and 4.991 s and the pulse duration is maintained for the same.
Bridge rectifier output of 17.46 V
Regulator output of 5 V
Regulator output of 12 V
Switching pulse of 67% duty ratio
Pulse output from the driver
6. Hardware Implementation of MNLC
This section portrays the prototype developed for MNLC and shows the boosted output voltage. This voltage is transmitted through the RLCG line and the respective output from the line is measured. It is again compared with a comparator signal for retrieving the data pulse transmitted. This is how the transmitted voltage aids in the retrieval of pulse. For an input of 6 V, Figure 30 shows an output of −36.1 V that depicts six times the input voltage produced. Thus a high gain converter with its simplified topology aids in data transmission.
Figure 31 depicts the bridge rectifier output of 17.46 V from which the regulated output of 5 V and 12 V is produced from the regulator IC 7805 and 7812 which is shown in Figure 32 and Figure 33. The generated pulse of 67% duty ratio from PIC microcontroller is shown in Figure 34 and the driver pulse to drive the MOSFET switch of the converter from IR2101 with increased amplitude is shown in Figure 35.
7. Conclusion
The pulse data transmission using RLCG impedance line with the aid of MNLC is effectively achieved here. The health hazards of RF are overcome in this paper by introducing a simple lift converter which effectively charges and discharges to the load thereby influencing the process of data transmission on a ground level. The pulse data retrieval at the output is obtained by comparing the output signal from MNLC with a reference signal. Thus any data pattern can be transmitted and received using this kind of simple and efficient method which becomes highly helpful in telecom sectors.
Cite this paper
V. Chamundeeswari,Dr. R. Seyezhai, (2016) An Approach towards Pulse Data Transmission Using Modified Negative Luo Converter (MNLC) for Telecoms. Circuits and Systems,07,2712-2728. doi: 10.4236/cs.2016.79234
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