<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?><!DOCTYPE article  PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD Journal Publishing DTD v3.0 20080202//EN" "http://dtd.nlm.nih.gov/publishing/3.0/journalpublishing3.dtd"><article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" dtd-version="3.0" xml:lang="en" article-type="research article"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">APM</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title>Advances in Pure Mathematics</journal-title></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="epub">2160-0368</issn><publisher><publisher-name>Scientific Research Publishing</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.4236/apm.2016.68043</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">APM-68947</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Articles</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="Discipline-v2"><subject>Physics&amp;Mathematics</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>
 
 
  Indeterminate Forms
 
</article-title></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Dagnachew</surname><given-names>Jenber</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sub>1</sub></xref></contrib></contrib-group><aff id="aff1"><label>1</label><addr-line>University of Addis Ababa Science and Technology, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia</addr-line></aff><author-notes><corresp id="cor1">* E-mail:</corresp></author-notes><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>05</day><month>07</month><year>2016</year></pub-date><volume>06</volume><issue>08</issue><fpage>546</fpage><lpage>554</lpage><history><date date-type="received"><day>4</day>	<month>April</month>	<year>2016</year></date><date date-type="rev-recd"><day>accepted</day>	<month>22</month>	<year>July</year>	</date><date date-type="accepted"><day>25</day>	<month>July</month>	<year>2016</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement>&#169; Copyright  2014 by authors and Scientific Research Publishing Inc. </copyright-statement><copyright-year>2014</copyright-year><license><license-p>This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution International License (CC BY). http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/</license-p></license></permissions><abstract><p><html>
 <head></head>
 
  In this paper, I’m going to discuss on why are 
  <inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="dit_a7cfae8a-9a9a-46e6-9c2b-146e7273495a.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula>, 
  <inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="dit_ad92f0e7-6133-4733-b759-7e13cf8c2881.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula> , 
  <img src="Edit_20bbe016-e82d-487b-a1d6-ae3d4f433c86.bmp" alt="" />,
  <img src="Edit_6d57e6f1-3634-4559-8688-2bf01cf0c9f6.bmp" alt="" />, 0
  <sup>0</sup>, 
  <img src="Edit_1c70eddb-6b58-4e9f-9029-3ece7e27903e.bmp" alt="" />, and 
  <img src="Edit_163e066f-25e9-4fc9-a26b-4ffb13acfc5b.bmp" alt="" />indeterminate form using simple calculus and algebra.
 
</html></p></abstract><kwd-group><kwd>Integration</kwd><kwd> Differentiation</kwd><kwd> Simple Algebra</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><body><sec id="s1"><title>1. Introduction</title><p>There are so many things that they are undetermined/indeterminate. Our universe is too complex to model mathe- matically because most of them are undetermined/indeterminate, but we have mathematical model for indeter- minate things itself called indeterminate forms. For example, the weight and height of human beings is indeter- minate because we can’t say the weight or height of human being is this much.</p><p>Everything we don’t know is infinitely many times more than everything we know. From something we know we can creat something we don’t know and that gonna be something we know and using this something we know we can creat another something we don’t know and it will continue and never ending. For example, let the only thing we know is hydrogen and oxgen but if we combine two hydrogen and one oxgen we can creat another thing, say water and by combining alot of water together we can creat another thing, say river, lake, ocean etc and also if we add something in to the river or lake or ocean we may creat another living things that we haven’t seen them before and we can continue in such away that creating something we don’t know from something we know.</p><p>Someone may ask the main question, “What is the thing before something ?”. In other words, where is our universe comes from? Is our universe comes from something or from nothing? If we assume that our universe is created by God and then some one may ask, “Where God comes from and where he was before he creat the universe?” and Some one may answer for this question like “Before God there is nothing and God comes from nothing”. This may indicates that there is something from nothing [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="scirp.68947-ref1">1</xref>] - [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="scirp.68947-ref13">13</xref>] . If there is something from nothing and we know that after something we will have an endless thing, so what is the common thing from nothing and an endless thing? according to our hypothesis it should be something. Therefore if we denote nothing by 0 and</p><p>something by c, then <inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300881x13.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula> since there is something from nothing and if there is something and using algebra, <inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300881x14.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula>implies<inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300881x15.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula>, where <inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300881x16.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula> is the notation for an endless thing/idea and in mathematics language</p><p>which means doesn’t exist. Here we can’t say anything about nothing while nothing exists but invisible. Till</p><p>now the first and the only thing we imagine about c is, c might be God or Big-bang. To be something exist there should be nothing exist first. Empty-space doesn’t imply that nothing and vice versa since nothing is not mea- surable and not observable but existance [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="scirp.68947-ref1">1</xref>] - [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="scirp.68947-ref13">13</xref>] . In this paper, I am going to discuss on the proof of indeter- minate things in our universe mathematically called indeterminate forms.</p><p>In calculus and other branches of mathematical analysis, limits involving algebraic combination of functions in an independent variable may often be evaluated by replacing these functions by their limits; if the expression obtained after this substitution does not give enough information to determine the original limit, it is said to take on an indeterminate form. The term was originally introduced by cauchy’s student Moigno in the middle of the 19th century.</p><p>The indeterminate forms typically considered in the literature are denoted<inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300881x17.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula>, <inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300881x18.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula>, <inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300881x19.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula>, <inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300881x20.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula>, <inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300881x20.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300881x21.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula>, <inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300881x20.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300881x21.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300881x22.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula>and <inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300881x20.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300881x21.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300881x22.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300881x23.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula> [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="scirp.68947-ref14">14</xref>] [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="scirp.68947-ref15">15</xref>] .</p></sec><sec id="s2"><title>2. Why Is <inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300881x24.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula> Doesn’t Exist?</title><p>Definition: The function <inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300881x25.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula> is called the Laplace transform of the function<inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300881x25.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300881x26.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula>. The variable s is, in general, a complex variable.</p><p>Theorem 1. The number <inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300881x27.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula> is doesn’t exist for any positive real numbers <inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300881x27.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300881x28.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula> and<inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300881x27.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300881x28.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300881x29.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula>, that is,<inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300881x27.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300881x28.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300881x29.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300881x30.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula>.</p><p>Proof. We know that the laplace transform of 1 is equal to <inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300881x31.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula> for<inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300881x31.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300881x32.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula>, that is,</p><disp-formula id="scirp.68947-formula993"><graphic  xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300881x33.png"  xlink:type="simple"/></disp-formula><p>But if<inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300881x34.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula>, the laplace transform of 1 becomes doesn’t exist, that is,</p><disp-formula id="scirp.68947-formula994"><graphic  xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300881x35.png"  xlink:type="simple"/></disp-formula><p>Therefore <inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300881x36.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula> is doesn’t exist and if we multiply this equation both sides by any non zero positive real numbers a, we get<inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300881x36.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300881x37.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula>.</p><p>Corollary 1. <inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300881x38.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula>for<inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300881x38.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300881x39.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula>.</p><p>Proof. <inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300881x40.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula>for any non zero negative real number a.</p><p>Theorem 2. The number <inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300881x41.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula> is doesn’t exist for any positive real numbers <inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300881x41.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300881x42.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula> and<inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300881x41.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300881x42.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300881x43.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula>, that is,<inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300881x41.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300881x42.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300881x43.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300881x44.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula>.</p><p>Proof. We know that the laplace transform of 1 is equal to <inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300881x45.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula> for<inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300881x45.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300881x46.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula>, that is,</p><disp-formula id="scirp.68947-formula995"><graphic  xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300881x47.png"  xlink:type="simple"/></disp-formula><disp-formula id="scirp.68947-formula996"><graphic  xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300881x48.png"  xlink:type="simple"/></disp-formula><disp-formula id="scirp.68947-formula997"><graphic  xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300881x49.png"  xlink:type="simple"/></disp-formula><p>Let’s replace s by<inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300881x50.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula>, then we get</p><disp-formula id="scirp.68947-formula998"><graphic  xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300881x51.png"  xlink:type="simple"/></disp-formula><p>But if<inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300881x52.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula>, the laplace transform of 1 becomes doesn’t exist, that is,</p><disp-formula id="scirp.68947-formula999"><graphic  xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300881x53.png"  xlink:type="simple"/></disp-formula><p>Therefore <inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300881x54.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula> is doesn’t exist and if we multiply this equation both sides by any non zero positive real numbers a, we get<inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300881x54.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300881x55.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula>.</p><p>Corollary 2. <inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300881x56.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula>for<inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300881x56.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300881x57.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula>.</p><p>Proof. <inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300881x58.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula>or <inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300881x58.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300881x59.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula> for any non zero negative real numbers a.</p><p>Theorem 3. <inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300881x60.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula>and<inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300881x60.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300881x61.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula>.</p><p>Proof. Easily sketched from Theorem 1-2 and Corollary 1-2.</p><p>Theorem 4. The function <inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300881x62.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula> is not defined for <inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300881x62.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300881x63.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula> and doesn’t exists for<inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300881x62.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300881x63.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300881x64.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula>, that is,<inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300881x62.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300881x63.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300881x64.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300881x65.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula>.</p><p>Proof. From above Theorem-1 we have, <inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300881x66.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula></p><p>If we take natural logarithm both sides of this equation we get,</p><disp-formula id="scirp.68947-formula1000"><graphic  xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300881x67.png"  xlink:type="simple"/></disp-formula></sec><sec id="s3"><title>3. Why Is <inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300881x68.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula> Indeterminate?</title><p>Remark: For every natural numbers m and n such that <inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300881x69.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula> we have,</p><p>1. <inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300881x70.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula></p><p>2. <inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300881x71.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula></p><p>3. <inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300881x72.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula></p><p>4. <inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300881x73.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula></p><p>Theorem 5. The number <inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300881x74.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula> is defined, exists but not unique for<inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300881x74.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300881x75.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula>, that is, <inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300881x74.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300881x75.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300881x76.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula>, where<inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300881x74.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300881x75.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300881x76.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300881x77.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula>.</p><p>Proof. Let’s take any arbitrary constants <inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300881x78.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula> and <inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300881x78.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300881x79.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula> such that<inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300881x78.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300881x79.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300881x80.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula>.</p><p>We know that <inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300881x81.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula> then<inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300881x81.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300881x82.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula>, if we divide the left and right hand side of this equation by <inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300881x81.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300881x82.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300881x83.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula> and <inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300881x81.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300881x82.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300881x83.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300881x84.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula> respectively, then we get</p><disp-formula id="scirp.68947-formula1001"><graphic  xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300881x85.png"  xlink:type="simple"/></disp-formula><disp-formula id="scirp.68947-formula1002"><graphic  xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300881x86.png"  xlink:type="simple"/></disp-formula><p>this implies that for every natural numbers m and n</p><disp-formula id="scirp.68947-formula1003"><graphic  xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300881x87.png"  xlink:type="simple"/></disp-formula><disp-formula id="scirp.68947-formula1004"><graphic  xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300881x88.png"  xlink:type="simple"/></disp-formula><disp-formula id="scirp.68947-formula1005"><graphic  xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300881x89.png"  xlink:type="simple"/></disp-formula><p>From this we must therfore conclude that <inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300881x90.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula> is defined, exists but not unique so indeterminate.</p><p>Theorem 6. If <inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300881x91.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula> and<inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300881x91.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300881x92.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula>, then<inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300881x91.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300881x92.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300881x93.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula>.</p><p>Proof. Suppose<inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300881x94.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula>, <inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300881x94.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300881x95.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula>and<inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300881x94.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300881x95.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300881x96.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula>, then</p><disp-formula id="scirp.68947-formula1006"><graphic  xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300881x97.png"  xlink:type="simple"/></disp-formula><p>Therefore<inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300881x98.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula>.</p><p>This theorem shows that <inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300881x99.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula> and <inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300881x99.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300881x100.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula> or <inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300881x99.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300881x100.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300881x101.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula> since we know that<inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300881x99.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300881x100.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300881x101.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300881x102.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula>.</p><p>Theorem 7. The number <inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300881x103.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula> is defined, exists but not unique for<inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300881x103.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300881x104.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula>, that is, <inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300881x103.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300881x104.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300881x105.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula>, where<inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300881x103.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300881x104.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300881x105.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300881x106.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula>.</p><p>Proof. Suppose <inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300881x107.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula> is any given real number, then</p><disp-formula id="scirp.68947-formula1007"><graphic  xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300881x108.png"  xlink:type="simple"/></disp-formula><disp-formula id="scirp.68947-formula1008"><graphic  xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300881x109.png"  xlink:type="simple"/></disp-formula><disp-formula id="scirp.68947-formula1009"><graphic  xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300881x110.png"  xlink:type="simple"/></disp-formula><p>Therefore <inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300881x111.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula> or <inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300881x111.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300881x112.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula> for <inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300881x111.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300881x112.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300881x113.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula> is defined, exists and unique.</p><p>Let’s suppose that <inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300881x114.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula> then our equation becomes <inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300881x114.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300881x115.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula> where c is the integration of 0 which is any real number and this indicates that <inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300881x114.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300881x115.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300881x116.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula> is defined, exists but not unique.</p><p>Thus <inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300881x117.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula> is indeterminate form.</p></sec><sec id="s4"><title>4. Why Is <inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300881x118.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula> Indeterminate?</title><p>Theorem 8. The number <inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300881x119.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula> is defined, exists but not unique for <inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300881x119.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300881x120.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula> and<inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300881x119.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300881x120.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300881x121.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula>, that is, <inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300881x119.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300881x120.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300881x121.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300881x122.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula>where<inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300881x119.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300881x120.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300881x121.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300881x122.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300881x123.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula>.</p><p>Proof. Let’s take any arbitrary constants <inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300881x124.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula> and <inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300881x124.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300881x125.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula> such that<inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300881x124.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300881x125.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300881x126.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula>.</p><p>We know that <inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300881x127.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula> then<inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300881x127.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300881x128.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula>, if we divide the left and right hand side of this equation by <inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300881x127.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300881x128.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300881x129.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula> and <inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300881x127.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300881x128.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300881x129.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300881x130.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula> respectively, then we get</p><disp-formula id="scirp.68947-formula1010"><graphic  xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300881x131.png"  xlink:type="simple"/></disp-formula><p>this implies that for every natural numbers m and n,</p><disp-formula id="scirp.68947-formula1011"><graphic  xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300881x132.png"  xlink:type="simple"/></disp-formula><disp-formula id="scirp.68947-formula1012"><graphic  xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300881x133.png"  xlink:type="simple"/></disp-formula><p>From this we must therefore conclude that <inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300881x134.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula> is defined, exists but not unique so indeterminate.</p><p>Theorem 9. The number <inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300881x135.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula> is defined, exists but not unique for <inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300881x135.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300881x136.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula> and<inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300881x135.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300881x136.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300881x137.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula>, that is, <inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300881x135.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300881x136.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300881x137.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300881x138.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula>where<inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300881x135.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300881x136.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300881x137.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300881x138.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300881x139.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula>.</p><p>Proof. Since<inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300881x140.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula>, then <inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300881x140.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300881x141.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula> this indicates that the number <inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300881x140.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300881x141.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300881x142.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula> is defined, exists but not unique since c is any arbitrarary constant so indeterminate form.</p><p>Theorem 10. The number <inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300881x143.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula> is defined, exists but not unique for <inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300881x143.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300881x144.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula> and<inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300881x143.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300881x144.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300881x145.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula>, that is, <inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300881x143.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300881x144.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300881x145.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300881x146.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula>where<inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300881x143.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300881x144.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300881x145.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300881x146.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300881x147.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula>.</p><p>Proof. Suppose <inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300881x148.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula> is any given real number, then</p><disp-formula id="scirp.68947-formula1013"><graphic  xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300881x149.png"  xlink:type="simple"/></disp-formula><disp-formula id="scirp.68947-formula1014"><graphic  xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300881x150.png"  xlink:type="simple"/></disp-formula><p>but from our assumption<inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300881x151.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula>, then we have<inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300881x151.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300881x152.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula>.</p><p>Therefore <inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300881x153.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula> or <inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300881x153.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300881x154.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula> for <inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300881x153.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300881x154.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300881x155.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula> is defined, exists and unique.</p><p>Let’s suppose that<inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300881x156.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula>, then our equation becomes <inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300881x156.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300881x157.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula> where c is the integration of 0 which is any real number and this indicates that <inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300881x156.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300881x157.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300881x158.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula> is defined, exists but not unique.</p><p>Thus <inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300881x159.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula> is indeterminate form.</p></sec><sec id="s5"><title>5. Why Is <inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300881x160.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula> Indeterminate?</title><p>Theorem 11. The number <inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300881x161.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula> is defined, exists but not unique for <inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300881x161.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300881x162.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula> and<inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300881x161.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300881x162.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300881x163.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula>, that is, <inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300881x161.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300881x162.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300881x163.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300881x164.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula>where<inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300881x161.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300881x162.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300881x163.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300881x164.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300881x165.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula>.</p><p>Proof. Let’s take any arbitrary constants <inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300881x166.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula> and <inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300881x166.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300881x167.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula> such that<inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300881x166.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300881x167.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300881x168.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula>.</p><p>We know that <inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300881x169.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula> then<inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300881x169.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300881x170.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula>, if we divide the left and right hand side of this equation by <inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300881x169.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300881x170.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300881x171.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula> and <inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300881x169.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300881x170.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300881x171.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300881x172.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula> respectively, then we get</p><disp-formula id="scirp.68947-formula1015"><graphic  xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300881x173.png"  xlink:type="simple"/></disp-formula><p>this implies that for every natural numbers m and n such that<inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300881x174.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula>,</p><disp-formula id="scirp.68947-formula1016"><graphic  xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300881x175.png"  xlink:type="simple"/></disp-formula><disp-formula id="scirp.68947-formula1017"><graphic  xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300881x176.png"  xlink:type="simple"/></disp-formula><p>From this we must therefore conclude that <inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300881x177.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula> is defined, exists but not unique so indeterminate.</p><p>Theorem 12. The number <inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300881x178.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula> is defined, exists but not unique for <inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300881x178.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300881x179.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula> and<inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300881x178.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300881x179.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300881x180.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula>, that is, <inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300881x178.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300881x179.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300881x180.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300881x181.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula>where<inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300881x178.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300881x179.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300881x180.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300881x181.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300881x182.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula>.</p><p>Proof. Suppose <inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300881x183.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula> is any given real number, then</p><disp-formula id="scirp.68947-formula1018"><graphic  xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300881x184.png"  xlink:type="simple"/></disp-formula><disp-formula id="scirp.68947-formula1019"><graphic  xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300881x185.png"  xlink:type="simple"/></disp-formula><p>but from our assumption<inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300881x186.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula>, then we have<inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300881x186.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300881x187.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula>.</p><p>Therefore <inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300881x188.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula> or <inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300881x188.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300881x189.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula> for <inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300881x188.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300881x189.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300881x190.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula> is defined, exists and unique.</p><p>Let’s suppose that<inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300881x191.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula>, then our equation becomes <inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300881x191.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300881x192.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula> where c is the integration of 0 which is any real number and this indicates that <inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300881x191.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300881x192.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300881x193.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula> is defined, exists but not unique.</p><p>Thus <inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300881x194.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula> is indeterminate form.</p></sec><sec id="s6"><title>6. Why Is <inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300881x195.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula> Indeterminate?</title><p>Theorem 13. The number <inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300881x196.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula> is defined, exists but not unique for<inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300881x196.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300881x197.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula>, that is, <inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300881x196.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300881x197.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300881x198.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula>, where<inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300881x196.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300881x197.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300881x198.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300881x199.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula>.</p><p>Proof. Let’s take any arbitrary constants <inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300881x200.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula> and <inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300881x200.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300881x201.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula> such that<inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300881x200.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300881x201.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300881x202.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula>.</p><p>We know that <inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300881x203.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula> then<inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300881x203.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300881x204.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula>.</p><p>Thus for every natural numbers m and n such that<inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300881x205.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula>, we have</p><disp-formula id="scirp.68947-formula1020"><graphic  xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300881x206.png"  xlink:type="simple"/></disp-formula><disp-formula id="scirp.68947-formula1021"><graphic  xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300881x207.png"  xlink:type="simple"/></disp-formula><disp-formula id="scirp.68947-formula1022"><graphic  xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300881x208.png"  xlink:type="simple"/></disp-formula><p>From this we must therefore conclude that <inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300881x209.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula> is defined, exists but not unique so indeterminate.</p><p>Theorem 14. The number <inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300881x210.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula> is defined, exists but not unique for<inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300881x210.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300881x211.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula>, that is, <inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300881x210.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300881x211.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300881x212.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula>, where<inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300881x210.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300881x211.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300881x212.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300881x213.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula>.</p><p>Proof. Suppose <inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300881x214.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula> is any given real number, then</p><disp-formula id="scirp.68947-formula1023"><graphic  xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300881x215.png"  xlink:type="simple"/></disp-formula><disp-formula id="scirp.68947-formula1024"><graphic  xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300881x216.png"  xlink:type="simple"/></disp-formula><disp-formula id="scirp.68947-formula1025"><graphic  xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300881x217.png"  xlink:type="simple"/></disp-formula><p>Therefore <inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300881x218.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula> or <inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300881x218.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300881x219.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula> for <inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300881x218.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300881x219.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300881x220.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula> is defined, exists and unique.</p><p>Let’s suppose that <inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300881x221.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula> then our equation becomes <inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300881x221.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300881x222.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula> where c is the integration of 0 which is any real number and this indicates that <inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300881x221.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300881x222.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300881x223.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula> is defined, exists but not unique.</p><p>Thus <inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300881x224.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula> is indeterminate form.</p></sec><sec id="s7"><title>7. Why Is <inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300881x225.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula> Indeterminate?</title><p>Theorem 15. The number <inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300881x226.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula> is defined, exists but not unique for<inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300881x226.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300881x227.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula>, that is, <inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300881x226.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300881x227.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300881x228.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula>, where<inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300881x226.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300881x227.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300881x228.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300881x229.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula>.</p><p>Proof. We know that <inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300881x230.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula> for any positive real numbers x.</p><p>But if<inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300881x231.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula>, then <inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300881x231.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300881x232.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula> or <inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300881x231.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300881x232.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300881x233.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula> for<inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300881x231.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300881x232.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300881x233.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300881x234.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula>, where <inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300881x231.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300881x232.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300881x233.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300881x234.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300881x235.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula> and <inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300881x231.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300881x232.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300881x233.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300881x234.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300881x235.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300881x236.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula> this indicates that the number <inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300881x231.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300881x232.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300881x233.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300881x234.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300881x235.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300881x236.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300881x237.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula> is defined, exists but not unique so indeterminate form.</p></sec><sec id="s8"><title>8. Why Is <inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300881x238.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula> Indeterminate?</title><p>Theorem 16. The number <inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300881x239.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula> is defined, exists but not unique for <inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300881x239.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300881x240.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula> and<inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300881x239.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300881x240.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300881x241.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula>, that is, <inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300881x239.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300881x240.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300881x241.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300881x242.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula>, where<inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300881x239.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300881x240.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300881x241.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300881x242.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300881x243.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula>.</p><p>Proof. We know that <inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300881x244.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula> for any real numbers x and positive real numbers y.</p><p>But if <inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300881x245.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula> and<inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300881x245.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300881x246.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula>, then <inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300881x245.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300881x246.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300881x247.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula> or <inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300881x245.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300881x246.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300881x247.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300881x248.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula> for<inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300881x245.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300881x246.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300881x247.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300881x248.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300881x249.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula>, where <inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300881x245.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300881x246.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300881x247.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300881x248.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300881x249.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300881x250.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula> and <inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300881x245.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300881x246.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300881x247.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300881x248.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300881x249.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300881x250.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300881x251.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula> this indicates that the number <inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300881x245.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300881x246.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300881x247.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300881x248.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300881x249.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300881x250.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300881x251.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300881x252.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula> is defined, exists but not unique so indeterminate form.</p><p>Corollary 3. <inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300881x253.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula></p><p>Proof. We know that <inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300881x254.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula> for any real numbers x and positive real numbers y.</p><p>But if <inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300881x255.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula> and<inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300881x255.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300881x256.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula>, then <inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300881x255.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300881x256.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300881x257.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula> or <inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300881x255.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300881x256.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300881x257.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300881x258.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula> for<inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300881x255.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300881x256.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300881x257.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300881x258.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300881x259.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula>, where <inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300881x255.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300881x256.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300881x257.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300881x258.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300881x259.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300881x260.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula> and <inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300881x255.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300881x256.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300881x257.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300881x258.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300881x259.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300881x260.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300881x261.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula> this indicates that the number <inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300881x255.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300881x256.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300881x257.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300881x258.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300881x259.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300881x260.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300881x261.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300881x262.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula> is defined, exists but not unique so indeterminate form.</p></sec><sec id="s9"><title>9. Why Is <inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300881x263.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula> Indeterminate?</title><p>Theorem 17. The number <inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300881x264.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula> is defined, exists but not unique for<inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300881x264.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300881x265.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula>, that is, <inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300881x264.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300881x265.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300881x266.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula>, where<inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300881x264.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300881x265.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300881x266.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300881x267.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula>.</p><p>Proof. We know that <inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300881x268.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula> for any positive real numbers x.</p><p>But if<inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300881x269.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula>, then</p><p><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300881x270.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula>or <inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300881x270.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300881x271.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula></p><p>for<inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300881x272.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula>, where <inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300881x272.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300881x273.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula> and <inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300881x272.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300881x273.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300881x274.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula> this indicates that the number <inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300881x272.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300881x273.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300881x274.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300881x275.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula> is defined, exists but not unique so indeterminate form.</p><p>Corollary 4. <inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300881x276.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula></p><p>Proof. We know that <inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300881x277.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula> for any negative real numbers x.</p><p>But if<inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300881x278.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula>, then <inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300881x278.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300881x279.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula> or <inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300881x278.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300881x279.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300881x280.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula> for<inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300881x278.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300881x279.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300881x280.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300881x281.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula>, where <inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300881x278.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300881x279.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300881x280.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300881x281.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300881x282.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula> and <inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300881x278.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300881x279.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300881x280.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300881x281.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300881x282.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300881x283.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula> this indicates that the number <inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300881x278.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300881x279.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300881x280.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300881x281.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300881x282.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300881x283.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/5-5300881x284.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula> is defined, exists but not unique so indeterminate form.</p></sec><sec id="s10"><title>Cite this paper</title><p>Dagnachew Jenber, (2016) Indeterminate Forms. 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