The current study aimed to provide comparative analysis between Pakistan and China regarding factors inhabiting ICTs usage by farmers. Population of this study contained two categories. Firstly, the population was comprised of PunjabprovinceofPakistanselected purposively. Secondly, population comprises ofHebeiprovinceofChinaselected purposively as the study province. For this purpose 160 respondents were selected from eight villages of Punjab province inPakistanand 122 respondents were selected from six villages ofHebeiprovince inChina. The results revealed that there is significant influence of socio-economic characteristics like age, education, and income and sources of farmers inPakistanwith compare toChina. In case of Pakistan information and communication technologies used by farming community are in the form of telephone (6.25%), mobile (100%), computer (38.12%), internet (11.88%), TV (80.63%), radio (10.63%) and newspaper (7.5%) while in case of China rural farmers are using telephone (18.03%), mobile (99.18%), computer (29.51%), internet (17.21%), TV (99.18%), radio (9.02%) and newspaper (3.28%) of farmers have no opinion. Keeping in view the results the government ofPakistanshould concentrate on efficient use of computer and internet. Similarly, government ofChinashould also concentrate on best use of computer and internet towards adoption of advanced technologies.
Comparision Factors China Pakistan ICT1. Introduction
Use of Information and Communication Technologies (ICTs) in an innovative way for development of agriculture sector which is the most vital part of economy in most of the developing countries. This sector claims to be important being ensures poverty reduction and food security and is responsible for the provision of sustainable livelihoods [1]. With the advancement in communication technologies and its mechanism, extension and rural advisory services are going to be more reliant on ICTs as to be flourishing in more efficient, appropriate and innovative ways for delivery of agro-based advanced technologies to the end-users. Moreover, ICT based extension and advisory services play a vital role in provision of agricultural information and knowledge for farmers. Keeping in view the significance of ICTs in overall agricultural advancement, it is necessary to promote ICT based agricultural information dissemination to enhance agricultural productivity on one hand and also to provide sustainable agricultural information delivery mechanism [2].
Adopting ICTs as source of agricultural information is a very complex and critical procedure. It involves various steps and factors at farmer’s level. Out of these factors, socio-economic profile of farmers placed a prominent position as in adoption process key role is their socio-economics. Various studies have been conducted to investigate socio-economic factors influencing behavior of farming community with regard to ICT based agricultural extension services, approaches and other social activities. Diversified demographic attributes have been supposed to be manipulated by intellectual and social and economic variation associated with behavior [3]. These factors may also be proficient for different policies to promote acceptance of ICT oriented agronomic practices among farmers for support in improving farm productivity and sustainability in agriculture [4]. In contrary to this, it has also been found that there is significant association between some demographics of farmers like age and education of farmers and their development or advancement in their technological information [5]. The relationship between educational profile of farmers with their advancement in ICTs adoption and usage was also presented by Atibioke et al. [6].
With similar notion Arfan, et al. (2015) reported that some demographics of farmers like education, size of farm and income demonstrates a most significant positive linkages with the enhanced knowledge level of the farming community [7]. It was also investigated that the demographic characters should be concentrated to acquire maximum productivity of resources developed for the enhancement of agricultural information and knowledge of the farming community. Likewise, [8] it was also observed that majority (70.1%) of extension staff were men, having almost eleven years working experience and aged more than 40 years. Furthermore, statistical variation was found which indicates that the farmer’s age, education, experience and gender, were considerably related with the benefits perceived by farmers. Some outcomes also exposed that socio-economic factors of youth including young males and females have better information related to profits by agro-based farms [9]. There is a momentous relation between gender and farming scientific implementation [6].
So in the light of above situation the present study was designed to investigate different factors like age, education, size of land holding, family size, professions or occupations etc. which have influence on farmers’ behavior to adopt information commutation technologies in agriculture [10]. The present study is comparative analysis of developing country like Pakistan with most emerging economies the People Republic of China . This study provides guidelines for other developing countries including Pakistan to initiate strategies and policies for ICT oriented agricultural information packages for farming community to equip them with latest agricultural knowledge to apply at their farms for sustainable agriculture and rural development.
2. Data and Methodology2.1. Description of Data
The results presented in Table 1 revealed that 55% of farmers from Pakistan have age more than 50 years while 45% have age equal or less than 50 years while in case of China 32.79% of farmers have more than 50 years age
Demographic attribute of farmers in Pakistan and China
Attributes
Pakistan
China
Frequency
Percentage
Frequency
Percentage
Age in years
≥50
72
45%
82
67.21%
<50
88
55%
40
32.79%
Education (schooling years)
≥10
90
56.3%
12
09.84%
<10
70
43.8%
110
90.16%
Family size
≥5
133
83.1%
32
26.2%
<5
27
16.9%
90
73.8%
Land holding
≥12
65
41%
1
0.82%
<12
95
59%
121
99.18%
Occupation
Farming
144
90%
104
85.25%
Business
1
0.6%
0
0.00%
Govt. job
12
7.5%
2
01.64%
Off-farm job
3
1.9%
16
13.11%
and majority (67.21%) of farmers have age equal or less than 50 years. Education level of farmers in Pakistan is 56.3% and 43.8% for 10 or less schooling years and above 10 years of schooling respectively. In China 9.84% and 90.16% farmers have less or 10 and above 10 schooling years of education. Majority of farmers’ (83.1%) have family size of 5 or less number of persons and some (16.9%) of farmers’ have family size above 5 number of individuals. While in China only 26.2% of farmers’ have family members of 5 or less while, 73.8% of farmers have family size of more than 5 individuals.
Similarly, land holding size for farmers in Pakistan is equal or less than 12 acres for 41% farmers and more than 12 acres for 59% farmers, in China more than 99% farmers have above 12 acres land size and only less than 1% have equal or less than 12 acres land size. As for as occupation or profession of farming community is concerned in case of Pakistan overwhelming majority (90%) of farmers have farming occupation while business, government job and off-farm job are occupation of 0.6%, 7.5% and 1.9% of farmers respectively. While in case of China majority (85.25%) of farmers has farming occupation, 1.64% and 13.11% farmers have government job and off-farm jobs respectively although no one has business as occupation in China .
According to results indicated in Table 2, in Pakistan only 6.25% of farmers are utilizing landline telephone while all of the respondents are using mobile phone for the sake of agricultural information, similarly computer, internet, TV, radio and newspaper is used by 38.12%, 11.88%, 80.63%, 10.63% and 7.50% respectively for the propose to get agricultural information. While in China , landline telephone is used by 18.03% of farmers and 99.18% of farmers use mobile phone to get latest information related to agriculture. Computer, internet, TV, Radio and Newspapers are used by 17.21%, 99.18%, 9.02% and 3.28% respectively by the farmers with regard to obtain latest technology information related to agriculture.
2.2. Population of Study
As the present research was conducted in two countries i.e. Pakistan and China , therefore population of this
Information & communication technologies application in Pakistan and China
Attributes
Pakistan
China
Yes
No
Yes
No
Freq.
%
Freq.
%
Freq.
%
Freq.
%
Telephone
10
06.25
150
93.75
22
18.03
100
81.97
Mobile
160
100
0
0
121
99.18
1
0.82
Computer
61
38.12
99
61.88
36
29.51
86
70.49
Internet
19
11.88
141
88.12
21
17.21
101
82.79
TV
129
80.63
31
19.37
121
99.18
1
0.82
Radio
17
10.63
143
89.36
11
9.02
111
90.98
Newspaper
12
07.50
148
92.50
4
3.28
118
96.72
study was consisted of two categories. The first category of the population was comprises of Punjab province of Pakistan which is the largest on the basis of population with a share of 54% of country’s total population [11]. The selection of the Punjab province was based on purposive method. The province is also most industrialized province of Pakistan , containing manufacturing industries like textiles, electronic equipments, surgical appliances, metal, processed foods etc. It has arable land as greatest natural resource with 35.2% agricultural land [12]. Punjab has 36 districts and major crops of province includes wheat and cotton are major crops of the province other crops include; rice, sugarcane, maize, millet, pulses, oilseeds, vegetables and fruits. Agriculture is core of Punjab ’s economy, as it supplies nearly 68% in national grain produce annually. Cultivated land area of province is 51 million acres and above 9 million acres are in the cultivable waste form in various regions of province [13].
The 2nd category of population comprises of Hebei province of China selected purposively as the study province, because of its locality extremely to north of Yellow River, is situated in north China and its climate is monsoon influenced with cold and dry winter, hot and humid summer. In 2014, GDP of Hebei was 2.942 trillion RMB, and ranked at 6th in the country. Nearly 40% of labor force of province is directly involved in agricultural farming, forestry and livestock production. Major crops are wheat, maize, sorghum, millet, cotton, peanut, soybeans, sesame and fruits especially grapes. Total cultivated area of province is about 6.7 million hectares, producing 25 million tons farm produce annually. Hebei is famous for being major cotton producing province and given rise to a large-scale textile industry. Other industries including modern logistics, information technology, medicine, steel, petrochemical, office machinery and clothing industries are playing important role in development of provincial economy as well as boost up for country’s economy [14]. All the farmers residing in Punjab province of Pakistan and Hebei Province of China are were considered as population of this study.
2.3. Samples and Procedures for Sampling
Multistage sampling design was adopted in this study. Out of the 36 districts of the Punjab four districts D. G. Khan, Faisalabad , Muzafargarh and Sargodha , from Punjab province were randomly selected and then from each district one tehsil were selected; two villages were selected from each tehsil based on simple random sampling technique. From each village 20 household farmers were selected again by using simple random sampling. Total samples of 160 household farmers were selected on random basis. Similarly, Hebei province was randomly selected from China after that Huailai County was selected randomly and then six villages were selected from Huailai County by using simple random techniques. Total sample of 122 household farmers were selected from 6 villages including; Dongshuiquan, Shimenwan, Anyingpu, Paoercun, Yanjiafang, and Zhanjiaying.
2.4. Data Collection and Tool
Household farmers are key stakeholder with regard to agricultural development; therefore, face-to-face interviews method was used with the help of validated and expert reviewed questionnaire. In order to get direct opinion and response of household farmers regarding different parameters included in present study. Questionnaire comprised of different sections like; demographic characteristics of household farmers, agricultural extension teaching methodologies, information & communication technologies etc. Different experts related to agricultural extension, rural development, agricultural economics etc. from Pakistan and China reviewed the questionnaire to maintain validity of research instrument used. Questionnaire was translated into Chinese language to collect data from China ; a team comprising professors and students of Agricultural Information Institute (AII) of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS) Beijing China has accomplished this task.
2.5. Model Selection and Analysis
Data analysis was carried out by using STATA software and applying logistic regression model for this study. Application of ICTs among farmers was measured as dichotomous, using value 1 for application of ICTs among farmer and 0 otherwise. Model specification for calculation is given below:
where is probability of application of computer as ICTs in agriculture by farmers in Pakistan.
where is probability of application of computer as ICTs in agriculture by farmers in China.
where is probability of application of internet as ICTs in agriculture by farmers in Pakistan.
where is probability of application of internet as ICTs in agriculture by farmers in China.
Listed in Table 3 are variables and their explanation which were used in the study.
3. Results and Discussion
The results presented in Table 4 indicate that in Pakistan education of household head is most significant with regard to adoption of computer as ICTs in agriculture because one unit increase in education level of household head will increase the odds of computer application by factor of 2.55. Similarly income and land area of household farmers has significant influence on computer application as ICTs, as one unit increase in income and land area of household will increase odds of computer application by factor of 0.999 and 1.096 respectively. While in case of China income and education of household head has most significant effect on computer application as ICTs tool as data shows that one unit increase in income and education of household head will increase odds of computer application by factor of 1.00 and 1.302 respectively.
The results shown in Table 5 indicate that in Pakistan farming occupation of household head has influence in
variables used and their explanation
Variable
Explanation
if_com
Application of computer as ICT in agriculture by household head
if_int
Application of internet as ICT in agriculture by household head
age
Household head’s (farmer) age
edu
Household head’s (farmer) education
f_size
Household head’s (farmer) family size
if_farm
Dummy variable; 1 = farming as source of income, 0=otherwise
land_area
Household head’s total land holding
income
Annual income of household head
_cons
constant
Factors effecting computer application by farmers in Pakistan & China
Country
if_com
Odds Ratio
Z
P > |Z|
Pakistan
age
0.992
−0.22
0.828
Number of obs = 47 LR chi2 = 28.84 Prob > chi2 = 0.0001 Log likelihood = −17.634 Pseudo R2 = 0.449
edu
2.552
2.78
0.005
f_size
0.842
−0.56
0.575
if_farm
0.333
−0.65
0.513
land_area
1.096
1.77
0.077
income
0.999
−2.49
0.013
_cons
0.003
−1.43
0.154
China
age
0.957
−1.28
0.201
Number of obs = 122 LR chi2 = 41.81 Prob > chi2 = 0.000 Log likelihood = −53.107 Pseudo R2 = 0.282
edu
1.302
2.70
0.007
f_size
1.132
1.23
0.217
if_farm
2.008
0.93
0.353
land_area
1.0193
0.93
0.354
income
1.00003
2.80
0.005
_cons
0.034
−1.55
0.120
Factors effecting internet application by farmers in Pakistan and China
Country
if_int
Odds Ratio
Z
P > |Z|
Pakistan
age
1.055
0.88
0.380
Number of obs = 47 LR chi2 = 17.68 Prob > chi2 = 0.007 Log likelihood = −10.940 Pseudo R2 = 0.447
edu
1.788
1.37
0.172
f_size
1.199
0.40
0.688
if_farm
0.023
−1.88
0.060
land_area
0.999
−0.01
0.996
income
0.999
−1.06
0.290
_cons
0.0007
−1.12
0.264
China
age
0.935
−1.84
0.066
Number of obs = 122 LR chi2 = 37.45 Prob > chi2 = 0.000 Log likelihood = −48.180 Pseudo R2 = 0.280
edu
1.383
2.77
0.006
f_size
1.253
2.17
0.030
if_farm
1.225
0.27
0.788
land_area
1.033
1.23
0.220
income
1.000012
1.67
0.095
_cons
0.085
−1.16
0.247
internet application by farming community as results present that one unit increase in farming occupation will increase odds of internet application by household head by factor of 0.023. While this situation is quite different in China, as education of household head has most significant effect on internet application as ICTs tool that indicates one unit increase in education of household head will increase odds of internet application by factor of 1.383. similarly, family size, age and income has also influence on internet application by household head, as results in Table 5 depicts that one unit increase in family size, age and income of household head it will increase odds of internet application as ICTs by factor of 1.253, 0.935 and 1.00 respectively.
4. Conclusion & Recommendations
Education of household head has significant influence in adoption of computer as ICT tool application in agriculture in Pakistan and in China . Household head’s income also manipulates computer application by household farmers in Pakistan as well as in China , with addition to influence of land area occupancy by household farmers in Pakistan . Likewise, usage of internet as ICT tool by household farmers in Pakistan is influenced by farming as occupation of household head. While in China household head’s education has significant influence on internet usage. Similarly, family size, age and income of household head also influence internet application in agriculture.
On the basis of results following recommended are drawn for government of Pakistan and China:
1) Education is an import indicator for development, education level of farmer in Pakistan is not satisfactory, while this situation is encouraging in China but government should also increase educational level among farming community.
2) ICTs should be utilized in more innovative way, because farmers of both country (Pakistan & China) are utilizing mobile phone almost 100%, but there is need to maximize innovativeness in the use of ICTs so that farming community ensure food security, sustainable agriculture and livelihood.
3) Government of Pakistan should introduce some policies to boost up household income, land reform policies, and increasing involvement of youth in agriculture activities to ensure application of computer and internet in agriculture with goal to enhance agriculture productivity.
4) Similarly government of China should also ensure involvement of maximum family member in agricultural activities, encouraging youth as well as old aged in agriculture, and by increasing household income to improve application of computer and internet in agriculture to maximize crop productivity.
Acknowledgements
This study was supported by the program CAAS-ASTIP-2016-AII. The authors thanks for support from innovation fund founded by the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences .
Cite this paper
Muhammad Yaseen,Shiwei Xu,Wen Yu,Muhammad Luqman,Sadia Hassan,Muhammad Ameen, (2016) Factors Inhabiting ICTs usage among Farmers: Comparative Analysis from Pakistan and China. Open Journal of Social Sciences,04,287-294. doi: 10.4236/jss.2016.45031
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