We suggest that Newton’s gravitational constant [1] could be written as a function of Planck’s reduced constant

where is the reduced Planck’s constant, c is the well tested round-trip speed of light, and is the Planck length [2] . We could call this Planck’s form of the gravitational constant. This way of writing Newton’s gravitational constant does not change the value of the constant. If one knows the Planck length, then the gravitational constant is known, or alternatively and more practically one can calibrate the Planck length based on empirical measurements of the gravitational constant. There is still considerable uncertainty in the exact measurement of the gravitational constant. Experimentally, substantial progress has been made in recent years based on various methods. See, for example, [3] - [7] . Also the relationship between physical constants from the microcosms (subatomic world) and the macrocosms (cosmos) plays an important role in physics and a continuous effort is going into improving our measurements and understanding of these relationships. See, for example, [8] .

As shown by Haug [9] , the Planck form of the gravitational constant enables us to rewrite the Planck length as

and the Planck mass as

Using the gravitational constant in the Planck form, as well as the rewritten Planck units, we are easily able to modify a series of end results from Newton and Einstein’s gravitational theories to contain quantization as well.

Newton’s gravitational force is given by

Using the gravitational constant of the form and the Planck mass of, we can rewrite Newtons gravitational force for two Planck masses as

In the special case where, we get

It seems from this that gravity potentially could be related to hits per second, even if the output naturally is the same as from the standard formula. For large masses the form will be

where is the number of Planck masses in object one and is the number of Planck masses in object two. In the case where the two masses are of equal size, we have

The traditional escape velocity [10] - [12] is given by

where G is the traditional gravitational constant, M is the mass of the object we are “trying” to escape from, and r is the radius of that object. In other words, we stand at the surface of the object, for example a hydrogen atom or a planet. Based on the gravitational constant written in the Planck form, we can find the escape velocity at Planck scale; see the Appendix for a derivation from “scratch”. It must be

where N is the number of Planck masses in the planet or mass in question.

A particularly interesting case is when we only have one Planck mass and (this is actually the Schwarzschild radius of a Planck particle). This gives us

as the escape velocity for a particle with Planck mass is c. Next we will see if the formula above can also be used to calculate the escape velocity of Earth. The Earth’s mass is. We must convert this to the number of Planck masses. The Planck mass is

The Earth’s mass in terms of the numbers of Planck masses must be. Further the radius of the Earth is meters. We can now simply plug this into the Planck scale escape velocity:

which is equal to 40,269 km/h, the well-known escape velocity from the Earth’s gravitational field. We think our new way of looking at gravity could have consequences for the understanding of gravity. Gravitation must come in discrete steps and the escape velocity must also come in discrete steps for a given radius; this is because the amount of matter likely comes in discrete steps.

The orbital speed is given by

We can rewrite this in the form of the Planck gravitational constant and the Planck mass as

This can also be written as

The gravitational acceleration field in modern physics is given by

This can be rewritten in quantized form as

The standard gravitational parameter is given by

This can be rewritten in quantized form as

The Newtonian “mechanics version” of Kepler’s third law of motion for a circular orbit is given by

where is the mass of the Sun, m the mass of the planet, P is the period, and a is the semi-major axis. This can be rewritten as

where is the number of Planck masses in the mass of the Sun and is the number of Planck mass of the planet m. In the case where the planet’s mass is much smaller than the Sun’s mass, we can use the following approximation

where N is now the number of Planck masses in the Sun.

Einstein’s gravitational time dilation [13] is given by

where is the traditional escape velocity. We can rewrite this in the form of quantized escape velocity (derived above).

Let’s see if we can calculate the time dilation at, for example, the surface of the Earth from Planck scale gravitational time dilation. The Earth’s mass is. And again, the Earth’s mass in terms of the

Planck mass must be. Further, the radius of the Earth is meters. We can now just plug this into the quantized gravitational time dilation

That is for every second that goes by in outer space (a clock far away from the massive object), 0.99999999930391500 seconds goes by on the surface of the Earth. That is to say, for every year in outer space (very far from the Earth), there are about 22 milliseconds left to reach an Earth year. This is naturally the same as we would get with Einstein’s formula. Still, the new way of writing the formula gives additional insight.

Circular orbit’s gravitational time dilation

The time dilation for a clock at circular orbit¹ is given by

where is the traditional escape velocity. We can rewrite this in the form of quantized escape velocity (derived above).

The Schwarzschild radius [14] [15] of a mass M is given by

Rewritten into the quantum realm as described in this article, it must be

For a clock at the Schwarzschild radius, we get a time dilation of

At the Schwarzschild radius, time stands still. For a radius shorter than that the gravitational time dilation equation above breaks down.²

Mass in Schwarzschild meters

The Schwarzschild mass in terms of meters is given by

This can be rewritten as

The angle of deflection in Einstein’s General Relativity theory is given by

This can be rewritten as

where N is the number of Planck masses making up the mass we are interested in. From the formula above, this means that the deflection of angles comes in quanta. Lets also “control” that our Planck scale deflection rooted

in Planck and GR is consistent for large bodies like the Sun, for example. The solar mass is. The Sun’s mass in terms of the number of Planck masses must be. Further, the radius of the Sun is meters. We can just plug this into the Planck scale deflection:

If we multiply this by, we get a bending of light of about 1.75 arcseconds or of a degree. This is the same as has been confirmed by experiments and helped make Einstein famous, as Newton gravitation supposedly only predicted half of the bending of light. Newton’s bending of light is given by

See for example [16] for derivations of bending of light under Newton’s gravitation.

Einstein’s gravitational redshift is given by

where is the distance between the center of the mass of the gravitating body and the point at which the photon is emitted. This we can rewrite as

Further, in the Newtonian limit when is sufficiently large compared to the Schwarzschild radius, we can approximate the above expression with

And finally we get to Einstein's field equation. It is given by

I am far from an expert on Einstein’s field equation, but based on the Planck gravitational constant given in this paper, we can rewrite it as

Bear in mind and based on this we can alternatively write Einstein’s field equation as

The potential interpretation and usefulness of this rewritten version of Einstein’s field equation we leave to other experts for consideration. An interesting question is naturally whether or not it is consistent with some of the derivations given above in this form.

Table 1 summarizes our rewriting of some gravitational formulas. The output is still the same, but based on this view of gravity, masses, gravitational time dilation, and even escape velocity all come in discrete steps.

By making the gravitational constant be a function form of the reduced Planck constant, one can easily rewrite many of the end results from Newton and Einstein’s gravitation in quantized form. Even if this is seen as an ad hoc method, it could still give new insight into what degree quantized Newton’s gravitation and General Relativity are consistent with the quantum realm.

Thanks to Victoria Terces for helping me edit this manuscript. Also thanks to an anonymous referee for useful comments.

Espen Gaarder Haug, (2016) Planck Quantization of Newton and Einstein Gravitation. International Journal of Astronomy and Astrophysics,06,206-217. doi: 10.4236/ijaa.2016.62017

Derivation of the escape velocity from Planck scale

where is the number of Planck masses in the smaller mass m (for example a rocket) and is the number of Planck masses in the other mass. This we have to set to 0 and solve with respect to v to find the escape velocity:

This is a quantized escape velocity. Since cancels out, we can simply call for N and write the escape velocity as

where N is the number of Planck masses in the mass we are trying to escape from.