The isolation and treatment of symptomatic individuals coupled with the quarantining of individuals that have a high risk of having been infected, constitute two commonly used epidemic control measures. Mass quarantine can inflict significant social, psychological and economic costs without resulting in the detection of many infected individuals. Day et al. [1] , Hethcote et al. [2] considered SIQS and SIQR epidemic models with three forms of incidence, which include the bilinear, standard and quarantined-adjusted incidences.

^*Corresponding author.

Feng and Thieme [3] considered SEIQR models with arbitrarily distributed periods of infection, including quarantine and a general incidence assumed that all infected individuals go through the quarantine stage and investigated the model dynamics. Settapat and Wirawah [4] discussed the SIQ epidemic model with constant immigration. Yang et al. [5] also studied an SIQ epidemic model with isolation and nonlinear incidence rate. El-Marouf and Alihaby [6] studied the equilibrium points and their local stability for SIQ and SIQR epidemic models with three forms of incidence rates. They also studied the global stability of the equilibrium by constructing the new forms of Lyapunov functions.

Gbadamosi and Adebimpe investigated an SIQ epidemic model with nonlinear incidence rate. They introduced the concept that describes the present and past states of the disease.

We extended the work of Gbadamosi and Adebimpe to include the rates at which individuals recover and return to susceptible compartment from compartments I and Q respectively and we apply Lyapunov functions and Poincare-Bendixson theorem plus Dulac’s criterion to prove the global stability of disease-free and endemic equilibria respectively.

The model that governs a system of differential equation is presented as follows:

d S d t = ( 1 − p ) A − β S I 1 + m I − d S + γ I + ε Q d I d t = β S I 1 + m I + p A − ( γ + δ + d + α ) I d Q d t = δ I − ( ε + d + α ) Q (1)

Subject to initial conditions

S ( 0 ) = S 0 ≥ 0 ,           I ( 0 ) = I 0 ≥ 0 ,         Q ( 0 ) = Q 0 ≥ 0 (2)

The parameters with their descriptions are presented in Table 1.

The addition of the system (1), gives

d N d t = A − d N − α I − α Q         where     N = S + I + Q

From above equation, we get

0 ≤ lim t → ∞ sup N ( t ) ≤ N 0 with     lim t → ∞ sup N ( t ) = N 0       if     and   only     if   lim t → ∞ sup I ( t ) = 0

From the first equation of the system (1), it follows

0 ≤ lim t → ∞ sup S ( t ) ≤ S 0

And the second equation gives

0 ≤ lim t → ∞ sup I ( t ) ≤ I 0 .

So, from the above, if N > N 0 , then d N d t < 0 .

We can now write

Ω = { ( S , I , Q ) ∈ R + 3 : S + I + Q ≤ N 0 ,   S ≤ S 0 ,   I ≤ I 0 }

Equilibria

The system (1) has always the disease-free equilibrium at E 0 = ( S 0 , I 0 , Q 0 ) = ( ( 1 − p ) A d , 0 , 0 )

Endemic Equilibrium: E * = ( S * , I * , Q * )

In this section, we discussed the local stability of the disease-free equilibrium and endemic equilibrium for the system (1).

We state and prove the following results:

Theorem 1: At E 0 , the disease-free equilibrium of the system (1) is locally asymptotically stable when R 0 < 1 .

Proof: The Jacobian matrix at the point E 0 through linearization is given by

J 0 = ( − d − ( β S 0 − γ ) ε 0 β S 0 − ( γ + δ + d + α ) 0 0 δ − ( ε + d + α ) )

By finding the eigenvalues, we have the following λ s :

λ 1 = − d ,             λ 2 = β S 0 − ( γ + δ + d + α ) ,         λ 3     = − ( ε + d + α )

For λ 2 to be negative β S 0 < ( γ + δ + d + α )

That is, β S 0 γ + δ + d + α < 1

Let R 0 = β ( 1 − p ) A d ( γ + δ + d + α )

If R 0 = β ( 1 − p ) A d ( γ + δ + d + α ) < 1 ,     λ 2 < 0

Since λ 1 < 0 , λ 3 < 0 and λ 2 < 0 if R 0 < 1 , the disease-free equilibrium is locally asymptotically stable.

Theorem 3.1: The system (1) is locally asymptotically stable at E * if R 0 > 1 , otherwise unstable.

Proof: At the endemic equilibrium E * , the Jacobian matrix of the system (1) is given by:

J * = ( − ( β I * + d ) − β S 0 + γ ε β I * β S * − ( γ + δ + d + α ) 0 0 δ − ( ε + d + α ) )

The characteristic equation of the Jacobian matrix J * is given by

λ 3   + a 1 λ 2 + a 2 λ + a 3

where a 1 = 3 α + 2 δ + γ + 3 d + β I * + ε − 2 β S *

a 2 = 2 β I * α + β I * d + β I * δ + 3 d 2 + 4 α d + α 2 + γ α + δ α + 2 δ d + 2 γ d     + 3 d ε + γ δ + β I * ε + β I * d − β S * d − 2 β S * ε

a 3 = β I * d ε + β I * α ε + γ d ε + δ d ε + d 2 ε + α d ε + β I * δ d + β I * α d + γ d 2 + d 3 + 2 α d 2     + β I * α δ + β I * d α + β I * α 2 + γ α d + δ α d + α 2 d − β S * α d

as a 1 > 0 , a 2 > 0 ,   a 3 > 0     and     a 1 a 2 − a 3 > 0

If a 1 a 2 > a 3 , by Routh Hurwitz criterion, all the eigenvalues of the system (1) has negative real part. Therefore, the endemic equilibrium of the system (1) at E * is locally asymptotically stable.

In this section, we study the global stability of the disease-free equilibrium and endemic equilibrium by Lyapunov function and Poincare-Bendixson theorem respectively.

Theorem 3: (Dulac’s Criterion)

Consider the following general nonlinear autonomous system of de

x ( t ) = f ( x ) , x ∈ E (*)

Let f = C 1 ( E ) where E is a simple connected region in R². If the exists a function it H ∈ C 1 ( E ) such that ∇ ⋅ ( H f ) is not identically zero and does not change sign in E, the system (*) has no close orbit lying entirely in E. if A is an annular region contained in E on which ∇ ⋅ ( H f ) does not change sign, then there is at most one limit cycle of the system (*) in A.

Theorem 4: (The Poincare-Bendixson Theorem):Suppose that f ∈ C 1 ( E ) where E is an open subset of Rⁿ and that the system (*) has a rejecting Γ contained in a compact subset f of E. assume that the system (*) has only one unique equilibrium point x₀ in f, then one of the following possibilities holds.

(a) w ( Γ ) is the equilibrium point x₀

(b) w ( Γ ) is a periodic orbit

(c) w ( Γ ) is a graphic

Theorem 5: The disease-free equilibrium of the model (1) is globally asymptotically stable if R 0 < 1

Proof: To prove this result, we construct the following Lyapunov function

L = u 1 ( S − S 0 ) + u 2 ( I − I 0 ) + u 3 Q (3)

where u 1 ,   u 2   and   u 3 are positive constants to be determined later. Differentiating equation (3) with respect to t, we obtain

L ′ = u 1 [ ( 1 − p ) A − β S I 1 + m I − d S + γ I + ε Q ] + u 2 [ β S I 1 + m I + p A − ( γ + δ + d + α ) I ]     + u 3 [ δ I − ( ε + d + α ) Q ]

After rearrangements, we get

L ′ = β S I 1 + m I ( u 2 − u 1 ) + p A ( u 2 − u 1 ) + γ I ( u 2 − u 1 ) + ε Q ( u 3 − u 1 ) + δ I ( u 3 − u 1 )     + u 1 A − u 1 d S − u 2 d I − u 3 d Q − u 2   α I − u 3 α Q

Let us choose the constants u 1 = u 2 = u 3 = 1 . Finally, we obtain

L ′ = A − d ( S + I + Q ) − α ( I + Q ) L ′ = − ( d N − A ) − α ( N − S ) < 0

Thus, the disease-free equilibrium of the system (1) is globally asymptotically stable if R 0 < 1

In the next theorem, we present the global stability of the endemic equilibrium of the system (1) at E *

Theorem 6: The endemic equilibrium E * of the system (1) is globally asymptotically stable if R 0 > 1 .

Proof: In order to prove the result, we use Dulac plus Poincare Bendixson theorem as follow

H ( S , I , Q ) = 1 S I Q     where     S > 0 ,     I > 0 ,   Q > 0.

Then,

∇ ⋅ ( H F ) = ∂ ∂ S ( H ⋅ F 1 ) + ∂ ∂ I ( H ⋅ F 2 ) + ∂ ∂ Q ( H ⋅ F 3 )                                     = ∂ ∂ S [ 1 S I Q ( ( 1 − p ) A − β S I 1 + m I − d S + γ I + ε Q ) ] + ∂ ∂ I [ β S I 1 + m I + p A − ( γ + δ + d + α )     I ]                                             + ∂ ∂ Q [ δ I − ( ε + d + α ) Q ] ∇ ⋅ ( H F ) = − ( 1 − p ) A S 2 I Q − γ S 2 Q − ε S 2 I − p A S I 2 Q − δ S Q 2 < 0

Hence, by Dulac’s criterion, there is no closed orbit in the first quadrant. Therefore, the endemic equilibrium is globally asymptotically stable.

The mathematical and stability analysis of SIQS epidemic model with saturated incidence rate and temporary immunity has been presented. We investigated the local stability of the disease-free equilibrium and endemic equilibrium using the basic reproduction number, R 0 . We observed that, when R 0 < 1 , the disease-free equilibrium is stable at E 0 locally and endemic equilibrium is unstable which means there is tendency for the disease to die out in the long run. We proved the global stability of the disease free equilibrium and endemic equilibrium of the model using Lyapunov function and Dulac’s criterion plus Poincare-Bendixson theorem respectively.