Here we suggest an algorithm for calculation of the process parameters and design of a vertical cooler with inclined, gas-permeable blades and with a vibrating, suspended layer of granules on them (Vibrating Fluidized Bed—VFB). The algorithm is based on the use of the equations of heat and material balance, taking into account the influx of moisture into the layer with cold air and dust—as a carryover. Mode entrainment of dust particles and moisture from the VFB is described by using empirical formulas and
Π-theorem. To calculate the cooling time of granules a model of the dynamics of a variable mass VFB was built, which linked the geometrical and physical process parameters to a single dependency. An example showed that mass flow of granules of 248 kg/h and a volume flow of air of 646 m
3/h with temperature of 30
℃ to cool the zeolite granules from 110
℃ to 42
℃ for 49 s required a vertical apparatus of rectangular shape with four chambers and with volume of 0.2 m
3. A comparative analysis of technological parameters of the projected cooler with the parameters of typical industrial apparatuses showed that for all indicators: the cooling time of granules, the flow rate of gas (air) and the heat flow, a 4-chambered, vertical apparatus of rectangular shape with VFB was the most effective.
Cooling of Granules Vibrating Fluidized Bed Mathematical Model Calculation Algorithm1. Introduction
Currently, a widely used method of materials production in several industries is in the form of granules. The granules come out of the press or granulator at a relatively high temperature of 90˚C - 120˚C and must be cooled to 30˚C - 50˚C―depending on the season and the geographic position of the enterprise. The temperature and humidity of the granules at the output must be reduced to the limits for the conservation of their properties and persistent storage. For cooling the granules two basic types of coolers are used: refrigerating vertical columns and horizontal conveyor coolers. The former have a preferential distribution [1] [2] . Cooling of the granules should be done with cold air so that different-sized granules can be distributed uniformly and cooled to the required temperature. It is also necessary to determine the thermal parameters of air and dust at the exit for further treatment in the air-cyclone. To solve the first problem we used a vertical apparatus (Figure 1) with a vibrating, suspended layer of granules (Vibrating Fluidized Bed―VFB). This unit was used by us previously [3] to dry heat-sensitive materials. In such an apparatus the hot granules fall from the granulator with a predetermined flow rate, initial temperature and initial humidity fall into the chambers of the cooler with gas-permeable, vibrating blades and asymmetrically arranged side entrances of air. Cold air is fed through the blades and side entrances
Cooler of granules with vibrating fluidized bed
towards the falling granules, forming at the same time the VFB. The layer flows from one chamber of the cooler to another, thereby cooling the granules proceeds in continuous mode. In the apparatus, due to vibrations, there is an intensive heat exchange of granules with a stream of cold air and short-term contact with each other. Dust particles, together with droplets of moisture that are formed, are removed from the apparatus through openings in the side walls of the cooler (Figure 1). The granules are cooled to a final temperature and humidity using parameters set by users. Cooling of the granules in a vibrating fluidized bed is a complicated deterministic and stochastic process with the fluctuations of the basic physical parameters. Various mathematical models of the processes occurring in the fluidized bed can be found in reviews [4] - [6] . Various heat and mass transfer correlations for fluidized beds are widely represented in [7] . Synchronous vibrations of the blade and the regime of fluidization affect the final temperature and moisture content of granules and any other process parameters of the cooling process.
The Problems of this Report
・ Problem 1: An algorithm for calculation and design of the cooler with the vibrating fluidized bed of granules.
・ Problem 2: Determining the number of cooling chambers n and technological parameters which ensure cooling hot granules with a predetermined flow rate, from initial temperature and humidity to final values of temperature and humidity and by a mass influx of moisture into the layer and the mass flow of dust and moisture from the layer (dust-moisture-carryover).
・ Problem 3: Comparatively analyzing the efficacy of the investigational cooler with the typical industrial apparatuses which is used to cool the granules in the fluidized bed.
2. Heat and Mass Balance Equations
By using the scheme of convective heat transfer [8] - [10] , we write the equations of heat and material balances for continuous cooling of the granules in the cooler with the vibrating fluidized bed (Figure 1) in the form of:
where, respectively, the mass flow rate of gas (air), hot (dry) and moist granules, kg/s; ―heat loss to the environment;―enthalpy superheated steam at a temperature of air―T.
there―respectively, heat transfer surface and the heat transfer coefficient from the layer of hot granules to the cooling air. From Equation (1) the formulas for the final temperature and final moisture of cooling granules follows:
where, heat loss in the cooler.
Method of Intervals for Calculating of Parameters
To create an algorithm for calculation of the final values in (3) and determination of the required geometry of the device it is advisable to use the method of the intervals, considered in [11] . According to this method, parameters and can be represented as finite values of temperature and humidity of the granules at the outlet of the chambers of the cooler, i.e. in the form:
3. Regime of Fluidization
Mode of fluidization (by the criteria and), the velocity, and mass flow rate of air, passing through the gas-permeable, perforated blades towards the layer of cooled granules, we determine by empirical relationships, mentioned in [7] [8] [12] :
For the pressure drop between inlet and outlet from the enter layer of granules, and between additional side entries into the bed, exit from it (Figure 1). Taking into account the permeability and porosity of grid of blades we have:
4. Dust-Moisture-Carryover from the Fluidized Bed of Granules
Speed entrainment of dust particles and moisture from the layer of granules we will determine by the empirical formulas [11] [12] :
We imagine the mass flow of dust and moisture carryover from the layer of granules as a function of the most important parameters of the process:
Then, using p-theorem [13] , function (8) can be converted to criterial dependence of the type:
The factor in (9), comprising a heat transfer coefficient, is a specific form as shown in (2). Therefore, the calculated formula for would be:
Here is the average time of cooling of the layer of hot granules in one chamber of the cooler.
5. Geometrical and Technological Parameters of the Cooling Process the Granules
For the geometric and technological parameters of the cooling process of the granules we will use a formula similar to that of [8] .
The height of the humidified layer of granules on the blade and the height of the space occupied by dust and moisture carried away from the bed:
The height and volume of chambers of cooler are; overall height and overall volume of the device are:
where is the height, occupied by the vibrator, disposed under the shoulder blade (Figure 1).
The average mass flow rate of cooling granules and the total flow rate of the cooling air entering the device:
The average heat flow and the total amount of heat, transferred from the hot granules to the cold air during stay in the device:
The total mass of moisture, introduced into the layer, the general and specific dust-moisture carry over from layer during cooling:
For the relationship of geometrical and physical parameters of the cooling process of granules below we propose a model of a dynamics of the vibrating, suspended bed of variable mass. The model is based on the representation VFB of cooled granules, as a system of material points of variable composition, that move with its center of mass under the influence of external and internal forces (Figure 2).
6. Dynamics of the Vibrating Fluidized Bed with Variable Mass: Mathematical Model
Consider the layer of granules, located above the perforated blade, and write the differential equation of motion of the mass center VFB in vector form:
In equation (16) the forces are represented by specific formulas:
are, respectively, the pressure force of the cooling gas on the layer of granules from the gas-permeable blade and from the input side (if any).
are, respectively, the gravity and buoyancy forces.
are the normal reaction of the gas-permeable blade on VFB and the force of friction on the surface of the blade with friction coefficient f.
is the power of the impact of the vibrator on the gas-permeable blade with the layer of granules on it.
is the resistance force layer granules, which takes into account the interaction of discrete granules with the flow of cold air [8] .
is the average volumetric rate of the layer of granules.
is the coefficient taking into account the rheological properties of the granules., coefficient of resistance is:
is the “reactive power”, that depends on the mass flow of dust and
moisture, carried away from the bed of granules, speed entrainment particles of dust and moisture and speed of the center of mass of the layer. is the variable mass layer of granules on the blade in the cooler chamber. The differential equations of motion of the mass center VFB in projections on the coordinate axes are derived from (16) and are presented below.
For the axis x-along the lines of movement of the layer (Figure 2):
For the axis z:
where
Dynamics of the vibrating fluidized bed with variable mass
From Equation (24) under, we find the normal reaction N:
Equation (23) after the substitution of (25) can be represented in the form of a linear differential equation:
Solution of differential Equation (26) for the velocity of the center of mass and the coordinate of mass center of layer have the form:
where is the average speed of movement of the granules along the blade.
From (28) we obtain the equation to determine the residence time of the granules in the layer on the blade in a chamber of the cooler:
is the proportionality factor, which is dependent on the accuracy of integration of Equation (28). Equation (29) for cooling time of the granules in the cooling chambers combines in a simple dependence the geometrical and physical parameters. The value for the time of cooling, obtained from the Equation (29), can be compared with the value from Equation (11), which uses the initial and averaged data.
Below is a procedure-algorithm for calculating a vertical rectangular cooler with VFB of granules (Figure 3).
7. The Algorithm for Calculating the Cooler with Vibrating Fluidized Bed of Granules
The algorithm is based on the above formulas and is reduced to determining the geometrical and technological parameters of the cooler, which provide the specified mode of cooling the granules and dust-moisture carryover from the VFB.
Tables 1-3, referenced in the algorithm, contain the initial data: geometry of permeable to gas, vibrated blade and layer of granules on it; kinematic, heat and mass transfer parameters, involved in the calculations, and the critical parameters-limitations, which are dependent on the requirements by the consumers. One example is cooling of granules of zeolite introduced specific numerical values of design parameters.
Table 4 gives the change cycle of temperature and humidity of granules to the required values, allowing definition of the necessary geometry of the cooler. The parameters of the cooling air are determined from tables or diagrams shown, for example, in [14] [15] . The physical parameters- are given by formulas: (1), (3), (4), (10), (11) and (28).
Table 5 and Table 6 show numerical values of the geometrical and technological parameters of the cooling process the granules of zeolite in the vertical, four - chambers cooler with VFB, selected according to the results of calculation.
The algorithm for calculating the geometrical and technological parameters of a vertical cooler with a vibrating, fluidized bed of granules
Table 7 gives the numerical values of the coefficients in Equation (29), designed to determine the residence time of the granules in the cooling chamber. Equation (29) follows from the mathematical model of motion of the layer of granules along the vibrating blade.
Table 8 includes the raw data and critical parameters for comparison of typical industrial coolers with the fluidized bed of granules [1] [3] [16] .
Geometrical parameters used in the algorithm
The geometrical parameters of a gas-permeable blade and layer of granules on it
Symbols
Values
Units
0.45
m
0.15
m
0.01
m
78
degree
0.2
dimensionless
5 × 10−10
m2
3.75 × 10−5
m
0.09
m
208
s−1
1.2 × 10−3
m
2.675 × 10−3
m
0.6
dimensionless
0.0242
m2
9 × 10−4
m2
0.027
m2
6 × 10−4
m2
1.68 × 10−4
m
Physical parameters used in the algorithm
Initial physical parameters
Symbols
Values
Units
75.2
dimensionless
2100
kg/m3
0.2
dimensionless
9.81
m/s2
0.7275
N/m
0
Kg/s
0
Pa
0
m/s
16,948
Pa
1.15
Kg/m3
1.7 × 10−5
Kg/m・s
1.48 × 10−5
m2/s
0.962
kJ/kg・˚C
2.45 × 10−5
kW/m・˚C
1
kJ/kg・˚C
4.2
kJ/kg・˚C
125.61
kJ/kg
1,568,827
dimensionless
300.6
dimensionless
1.66
m/s
0.0516
kg/s
388.6
dimensionless
1.14
m/s
Critical parameters―limitations used in the algorithm
Critical parameters―limitations
Symbols
Values
Units
250
kg/h
110
˚C
45
˚C
0.01
kg/kg
30
˚C
60
%
2.5
kg/h
Cycle in temperature <inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/4-1860283x161.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula> and humidity <inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/4-1860283x161.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/4-1860283x162.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula> of cooled granules
Chamber 1
Chamber 2
Symbols
Values
Units
Symbols
Values
Units
60
%
60
%
0
%
5
%
110
˚C
87.345
˚C
0.0154
kg/kg
0.0154
kg/kg
0.0326
kg/kg
0.02017
kg/kg
0.89 × 10−3
kg/s
0.25 × 10−3
kg/s
0.0367
m/s
0.0369
m/s
12.255
s
12.204
s
0.60 × 10−3
kg/s
0.76 × 10−3
kg/s
0.0697
kg/s
0.0689
kg/s
0.03592
kJ/s
−0.0646
kJ/s
2707.7
kJ/kg
2663
kJ/kg
0.0225
kg/kg
0.026
kg/kg
87.345
˚C
56.54
˚C
Chamber 3
Chamber 4
Symbols
Values
Units
Symbols
Values
Units
60
%
60
%
20
%
30
%
56.54
˚C
49.79
˚C
0.0154
kg/kg
0.0154
kg/kg
0.02129
kg/kg
0.02198
kg/kg
0.30 × 10−3
kg/s
0.34 × 10−3
kg/s
0.0364
m/s
0.0362
m/s
12.347
s
12.416
s
1.16 × 10−3
kg/s
1.31 × 10−3
kg/s
0.0685
kg/s
0.0684
kg/s
−0.10775
kJ/s
−0.12144
kJ/s
2602.4
kJ/kg
2589.1
kJ/kg
0.03024
kg/kg
0.035
kg/kg
49.79
˚C
42.1
˚C
The process parameters for cooling granules
Technological parameters
Symbols
Values
Units
0.44 × 10−3
kg/s
0.96 × 10−3
kg/s
0.0366
m/s
0.022
kg
0.047
kg
46.4
%
12.3
s
49.2
s
646
m3/h
8662
kJ/h
248
kg/h
118.4
kJ
0.252
kg/m3
The geometrical parameters of the cooling process the granules
Geometrical parameters
Symbols
Values
Units
0.01
m
0.608
m
0.708
m
2.832
m
0.0408
m3
0.187
m3
The residence time of the granules in the cooling chamber
Coefficients of Equation (29)
Symbols
Values
Units
0.1532
s−1
0.0217
dimensionless
1860.6
m/s
16.224
m/s2
−3.574
m/s2
0.0188
m/s
2.76 × 10−7
m
0.239
m
12
s
Baseline and critical values for comparison of the coolers with the fluidized bed of granules
Type of devices, the starting materials
Type 1―Tower rectangular shape. Material-Ammonium nitrate.
Type 2―Vertical rectangular unit. Material-Urea granules.
Type 3―The test apparatus (Figure 1). Material-Granules of zeolite.
Symbols
Values
Values
Values
Units
11 × 8 × 15
4.65 × 4.65 × 1.5
0.4 × 0.15 × 2.83
m3
(1/5) × 10−3
(1/4) × 10−3
2.675 × 10−3
m
≥60
60
60
%
25/30
28/30
30
˚C
0.1/0.15
0.15
0.01
m
80/110
70/80
110
˚C
40/50
40/50
42
˚C
13.7
8.35
4
-
2.5
kg/h
Table 9 shows the comparative characteristics of the tested vertical, four-chamber device and typical industrial coolers with the fluidized bed of granules (Type 1 and Type 2, Table 8). For comparison, it has taken critical process parameters of the cooling process, such as:.
8. Conclusions
In order to implement the given mode of the cooling granules that takes into account dust-moisture carryover, the most effective shape is the vertical device, with a rectangular shape with sloping, gas-permeable blades and with the vibrating fluidized bed of granules on them (Table 9). In the example of cooling the zeolite granules from to at the mass flow of granules the number of cooling chambers is equal to (Table 4); thus, the cooling time of granules is equal to (Table 5 and Table 9).
The proposed mathematical model of the dynamics of a vibrating, suspended layer, allows us to estimate the effect of geometrical and physical parameters on the time of cooling the granules in the cooling chamber. This is accomplished by varying the coefficients in Equation (29). In particular, the time decisively influences the coefficients, associated with the mass flows and vibration parameters (Table 7).
A comparative analysis of the technological parameters of the study device (Figure 1) and typical representatives of industrial devices (Table 8 and Table 9) was made. It was found that by all most important process parameters: the cooling time, the specific flow rate of air and heat flow:, the considered cooler (Figure 1) with the vibrating, and suspended bed of granules were the most effective.
The proposed algorithm for calculation of coolers with the VFB is based on the joint use of the equations of heat and mass balances (1) and the mathematical model of dynamics of a vibrating fluidized bed (Equation (16) and Equation (29)).
The algorithm takes into account the massive influx of moisture into the layer of granules and mass flow of dust and moisture from the layer and makes it possible to solve design problems of cooling heat-stable and thermally unstable materials.
Acknowledgements
The authors would like to thank the head of the laboratory of special fertilizers (Haifa Chemicals Ltd.), Dr. B. Gordonov, for the invitation to the solution of problems for cooling the granules in the Chemical Industry of Israel.
Process parameters for comparison of the coolers with the fluidized bed of granules
Type of devices
Type 1―Tower rectangular shape.
Type 2―Vertical rectangular unit.
Type 3―The test apparatus
Symbol
Values
Values
Values
Units
2/3
4/5
0.82
Min
(75/80) × 103
(22/84) × 103
646
m3/h
2 × 106
0.6 × 106
8662
kJ/h
6864
4176
248
kg/h
11.3
5.6
2.6
m3/kg
291
144
35
kJ/kg
Cite this paper
Valery Katz,Slava Katz, (2016) Cooling of Granules in Vibrating, Suspended Bed: Engineering Simulation. Modern Mechanical Engineering,06,76-90. doi: 10.4236/mme.2016.62009
Notations
: oscillations amplitude of vibrator, m;: specific heat capacity, kJ/kg C;: diameter of granules, dust particles and moisture, m;: diameter of grid holes, m;: acceleration of gravity, m/s2;: permeability of grid blade, m2;: oscillations frequency of vibrator, Hz;: length of blades, m;: mass of granules, m;: number of cooling chambers;: number particles of dust and moisture;: pressure of cooling gas, Pa;:
pressure drop of the heat carrier (air), Pa;: mass flow rate, kg/s, kg/h;: total flow rate of gas, m3/h;:
heat flow, kJ/h;: heat of evaporation, kJ/kg;: heat exchange surface, m2;: sectional area of the granules layer, m2;: current cooling time, s, min;: temperature of the heat carrier (air), C;: velocity of the cooling gas (air), m/s;: velocity of the dust-moisture-carryover, m/s;: velocity of the mass center of bed of granules, m/s;: vibrating, fluidized bed;: air humidity, kg of moisture to kg of dry air;: coordinates, m.
Greek symbols:: heat transfer coefficient, kW/m2・C;: width of the blade, m;: surface tension, N/m;: porosity of grid;: temperature of granules, C;: coefficient of the thermal conductivity, kW/m C;: dynamic coefficient of viscosity, Pa・s;: kinematic coefficient of viscosity, m2/s;: density, kg/m3;: area of “ live “ section of bed of granules, m2;: concentration of granules in the bed;: the blade angle, degree; relative humidity of air, %;: absolute humidity of granules, kg of moisture to total weight.
Superscript: *: Critical values-limitations.
Subscripts:: gas permeable blade, lateral injection of gas (air);: apparatus;: average value;: bed of granules;: center of mass, cooling;: dry (hot) granules;: dust-moisture-carryover;: gas (air);: granules, grid;: heat loss in the cooler;: material (granules), wet thermometer;: sections (chambers) of cooler;: superheated steam;: water, humidity;: initial and end values;: sum value;: unit vectors of the axes.
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