In the field of analog signal processing, considerable amount of literature has been devoted to the realization of the filters, using a variety of active devices. The filters may vary from mode of operation such as Current-Mode (CM), Voltage-Mode (VM), Trans-Conductance-mode (TC) and Trans-Resistance-mode (TR) filters. Filters may have a type of SIMO (Single-Input Multiple-Output), MISO (Multiple-Input Single-Output), and MIMO (Multiple-Input Multiple-Output). Some filter realizes all five transfer functions, named as universal filters [1] . KHN (Kerwin-Huelsman-Newcomb) is a filter circuit which is made up of two integrators and a summing circuit [1] . The KHN filter circuit has the advantage of a low component count, low active and passive sensitivity performance and good stability behavior [1] . Also the quality factor (Q) and the angular frequency () of the KHN filter circuit are mutually independent to each other. Depending upon the type of the active building block used, for the summer and the integrator circuits, various KHN equivalent biquad circuits have been proposed in the literature, some of the prominent reference are [2] [3] .

The Current Differencing Buffered Amplifier (CDBA) is an active device which was incepted by C. Acar and S. Ozoguz in 1999 [4] . The main feature of CDBA includes the absence of parasitic capacitance, high slew rate, wide bandwidth, and the ease of its implementation. The presence of a unity-gain voltage amplifier and a unity- gain current differencing amplifier makes it suitable for current and voltage mode signal processing applications e.g. filters, oscillators etc. Various current mode and voltage mode multipurpose filters using CDBA have been reported in literature [5] [6] and cited therein.

In [7] introduced filter circuit has used a large number of passive components. In [8] [9] realized filter with minimal active devices i.e. one only but suffers from the drawback of utilizing floating passive components. Biquadratic filter realization with 3 active devices [10] but has the limitations of use of floating capacitors. A new multifunction biquad using CDBA, has been proposed by taking into consideration of all the said properties of the active building block i.e. CDBA. The proposed circuit employs three CDBAs, two grounded capacitors, one grounded and four virtually grounded resistors. This SIMO circuit operates in the TR mode and has inde-

pendent tunability of and.

In this paper, Section 2 gives the introduction to the active building block i.e. CDBA. Section 3 gives the block diagram and transfer functions of the proposed circuit. In Section 4, the non-ideal analysis of current differencing buffered amplifier is discussed. Section 5 presents the sensitivity analysis of the proposed filter. Section 6 demonstrates the simulation results of the introduced biquad circuit carried out with the help of PSPICE. At last the concluding remarks have been given in Section 7.

In Figure 1(a), the symbolic representation of the CDBA has been shown, where p and n are the input ports and w and z are output ports.

The relationship between the input and the output port relationship is given in Equation (1).

On solving Equation (1) we get the following device equation

The p-terminal is the positive (non-inverting) input and the n-terminal is the negative (inverting) input. As per the device Equation (2) and the equivalent circuit given in Figure 1(b), it can be seen that the difference of the currents through the p and the n terminal flows through the z-terminal, as a consequence the z-terminal is also called the current output. The input terminals p and n through which the input current flows are both internally grounded. The voltage generated at the z terminal through an external resistor is copied to the w terminal of the device. The implementation of the CDBA can also be done with the help of CMOS transistors, discussed in Section 6.

The proposed multi-function biquad diagram is shown in Figure 3. This circuit was designed and develops by using the classical signal-flow graph [3] that has been redrawn in Figure 2 and then converting this signal flow graph into the circuit equation using the characteristic equations of the CDBA. It is clearly seen from Figure 3 that the proposed configuration has single-input and multiple-outputs, which has the feature that it can be used in a situation where all the three filter responses i.e. High-Pass (HP), Band-Pass (BP) and Low-Pass (LP) are required simultaneously. The proposed circuit can also be converted to VM configuration by simply replacing a voltage source with a series resistance to the input current source. Quality factor (Q) of the circuit can be tuned independently with the help of resistance that does not affect the value of the natural angular frequency ().

By using the terminal relationship given in Equation (2) on the proposed filter circuit given in Figure 3 we get the following transfer functions.

The expression for angular frequency () and the quality factor (Q) is given as

It is clearly visible from Equation (3) and Equation (4) that all the three basic filter responses, namely High- Pass (HP), Band-Pass (BP) and Low-Pass (LP) can easily be realized using the proposed filter configuration. These three are the basic filter responses that may be required from any of the designed filter. As can be seen

from the equations that and the bandwidth has independent tunability. It can also be seen from Equation (4) that Q is independently tunable and its value can be changed by varying the value of. Simulation results based on the same is given in Section 6.

For a non-ideal CDBA, the current and voltage tracking errors emanating from the active elements can have a serious impact on the circuit behavior. Thus it is important to take into account the effect of the non-idealities on the circuit performance. On including the non-idealities, the CDBA is characterized by

By applying the terminal relationship given in Equation (6) on the proposed multifunction filter given in Figure 3 we get the following transfer functions.

From (7d) we get the values of and as

From (8a), it can be observed that and differ by a factor which is close to unity. Similarly and are very close to each other.

For the proposed circuit the sensitivity analysis, by neglecting the non-idealities of the active device i.e. CDBA is given in Equation (9)

By considering the non-idealities as given in Equation (5), we have calculated the active sensitivities of the introduced circuit and it has given in Equation (10).

By close inspection of Equations (9) and Equation (10), one may find that the absolute value of and Q sensitivities are within unity. As a result the circuit will exhibit low sensitivity performance.

For testing the workability of TR-mode response of the proposed circuit configuration of Figure 3 on PSPICE the ideal CDBA of Figure 1(b) and the MOS CDBA [11] were employed. The MOS CDBA of [11] has been redrawn here as shown in Figure 4, where all MOS devices operate in saturation. The aspect ratios (W/L) utilized for MOSFETs of Figure 4 are 20 mm/1mm and MOS parameters used in the simulations are given in Table 1.

The proposed biquad is designed to operate at 10 MHz and the component values are chosen as, , , , , and. The supply voltages used are +V_DD = −V_SS = 1.25 V and the constant bias currents are used. The various performance results based on PSPICE simulation are shown in Figures 5-9. The simulation results of low pass, band pass,

high pass (all normalized responses) of circuit of Figure 3 are given in Figure 5. In Figure 5 we have shown two responses; one (by continuous line) while employing MOS CDBA of Figure 4 and the other (by dashed line) while employing ideal CDBA of Figure 1(b) in the circuit configuration of Figure 3. These responses are fairly close and are in agreement with our proposed scheme. The difference in these continuous line and dashed line responses are mainly attributed to non-ideal port transfer ratios of the CDBAs used which is clear from the non-ideal expressions of and Q in Equation (8a) and (8b).

The simulation was performed for the proposed filter with the center frequency of 10 MHz and a quality factor of Q = 0.707. To test the tunability of the circuit, the variation in the quality factor with resistance was observed. The variation of the quality Q with has been presented in Figure 6. The limited bandwidth and the non-idealities of the CDBA cause the filter response to deviate from the ideal response at high frequencies.

The Total Harmonic Distortion (THD) at output current on input current amplitude of the band-pass filter realized from the proposed configuration is shown in Figure 7. We have carried out Monte Carlo analysis of the proposed configuration for its Q deviation for ±10% variations in R₅ and the result is given in Figure 8(a) and Figure 8(b). The corresponding Q deviation shown in Figure 8 is not discouraging. The input dynamic range of the proposed filter configuration is shown at to 10 uA without any significant distortion as shown in Figure 9. Normalized values have been used here because of the nature of the filter i.e. TR mode.

This paper proposes a new CDBA based KHN-equivalent biquad circuit which employs three CDBAs, two grounded capacitors, one grounded resistor and four virtually grounded resistors. It has been implemented using PSPICE. The proposed circuit has the following advantages: a) all the capacitors are grounded and the resistors are directly or virtually grounded, which is important for its implementation as an integrated circuit. b) The circuit is of Single-Input Multiple-Output (SIMO) type which can be used in a situation which requires the three filter functions (LP, HP and BP) simultaneously. c) Since the circuit is of trans-resistance type which acts as a current to voltage convertor, that interconnects voltage mode and current mode circuits. d) This circuit works at a considerable high frequency and also has an independent tunability of Q. e) the circuit has low passive and active sensitivity values. The simulated result agrees with the theoretical analysis to a high degree.

Tajinder Singh Arora,Udit Rana, (2016) Multifunction Filter Employing Current Differencing Buffered Amplifier. Circuits and Systems,07,543-550. doi: 10.4236/cs.2016.75046