There is a general view that hydroelectricity is the renewable energy source par excellence as it is non-exhaus- tible, nonpolluting, and more economically attractive than other options. Hydropower plants emit much less greenhouse gas than thermal plants do. Greenhouse gas emissions of hydropower are caused by the decay of vegetation in flooded areas and by the extensive use of cement in the dam construction. Unfortunately, there are unfavorable local impacts of the use of rivers, social as well as ecological impacts, and they are gaining importance as people become aware of how those impacts affect living standards. On the other hand, most renewable sources of energy (such as hydroelectricity generation) are capital intensive, but have lower operational cost than thermal and nuclear options. The high initial cost is a serious barrier for its growth in developing countries, where most of the untapped economic potential is located.

Hydropower is available in a broad range of project scales and types. Projects can be designed to suit particular needs and specific site conditions. Since hydropower does not consume or pollute the water that it uses to generate power, it leaves this vital resource available for other uses. At the same time, the revenues generated through electricity sales can finance other infrastructure essential for human welfare. This can include drinking water supply systems, irrigation schemes for food production, infrastructures enhancing navigation, recreational facilities and ecotourism [1] - [4] .

Turkey has a gross annual hydro potential of 433,000 GWh, which is almost 1% of the world’s total potential. Of the total hydropower capacity in Europe, Turkey’s share is about 14%. Almost half of the gross potential is technically exploitable, and 28% (122,322 GWh/year) is economically exploitable [5] . As of November 2000, there were 120 hydro plants in operation. These have a total installed capacity of 11,588 MW and an annual average generation capacity of 42,015 GWh, amounting to almost 34% of the total exploitable potential, which is at present meeting about 35% of the electricity demand. Thirty-four hydro plants with an installed capacity of 3305 MW and an annual generation capacity of 10,981 GWh, which is almost 9% of the total potential, are under construction. The hydroelectric energy established power has shown an increase over the years. In the 1970s, it was 725 MW, in 2005 12,906 MW and it was 15,831.20 MW in 2010. Of the 281 hydroelectric power plants in Turkey under operation, 13,318.9 MW (79%) of them are of dam-type power plants and 3607.9 MW (21%) are river-run type power plants for the years 2002-2012 [6] .

This study has been conducted with the purpose of determining the hydroelectric potential that can be utilized by Çine dam which will be constructed for irrigation, flood control and for energy production on the Çine stream in Turkey. The study will also compare other research conducted by various organizations.

In this study, the potential of Cine hydropower dam is calculated using SIMAHPP 4 Professional software and the DSI Çine dam hydroelectric power plant (HPP) on the same dam is compared with planning data. The amount of electricity to be generated by the dam of the year in Çine, installed capacity, turbine design flow, power production, energy production, investment and self-calculated data, such as payback period is given in Table 2. The graphics for the software results were plotted in Figure 3. Results that examined HPP costs totaling 49.6 × 10⁶ EUR is the amount of electricity to be produced annually 210.87 GWh/year (regulation disproportionate) total installed capacity of 48.144 MW turbine design flow rate of 35 m³/s, the monetary value of the annual energy 22 × 106 EUR, per kWh investment the price of 1030.755 EUR/person and the payback period is estimated to be 2235 years.

When the power-probability chart is examined, it is observed that the curve is parallel to the flow continuity plot. As flow rate grows, the power produced will increase, while decreasing the flow reduces the power. However, the data entered to the software is the average annual flow rate. Therefore, calculations are made assuming that there is constant flow happening for 12 months. Thus, this is why flow-continuity and power-probability plots are coming out as constants. When the chart for energy production is analyzed it has constant energy increase as the flow is constant for 12 months. On the other hand, emission reduction results which appear in software [(CO₂/year)-Coal (CO₂/year)-Gas (CO₂/year)-fuel (or oil)] are closely related to the carbon markets. The carbon market is a market to sell and buy shares of greenhouse gases in order for countries to reach their emission targets.

In 1997, this market has come up with a meeting in Kyoto, and 39 developed countries have agreed to make the amount of carbon emissions in the atmosphere reduce down to levels to below 5% as per 1990 emission levels.

The Kyoto Protocol limits the carbon emissions quotas for each country and industry. According to this protocol, each member country has been allocated a certain quota of carbon. Each country will allocate this quota among its industrialists. If any producer or country exceeds its quota, it will compensate for the error by purchasing carbon quota from others that produce less carbon. In other words, companies and states that cause air pollution (those causing the release of more carbon emissions into the atmosphere) will be giving money to those with less carbon emissions in order to provide the balance. This form of greenhouse gas emissions will remain constant throughout the world. The European Union Emission Trading System (2003/87/EC, EUETS- European Union Emission Trading Scheme) covers 25 countries and 13,000 organizations since 2005. Since 2005, 362 million tons of CO₂ have seen monetary value of the total transactions and it has reached 7.2 billion Euros. As of 2012, trillion dollars of trade volume is reported [9] [10] . Accordingly, in the studies, it is observed that in order to produce 210.87 GWh/year power, the amount of coal needed to generate this electricity in a year will lead to 126,523.843 tons of CO₂emissions into the atmosphere. If gas is used then 42,174.614 tons of CO₂ emissions are

released and when oil is used, it causes 67479.383 tons of CO₂ to be released into the atmosphere. The value of these oscillations of the carbon market will be 787,259,467 EUR per year. Therefore, a hydroelectric power has environmental features and thus offers an important contribution for reducing global warming.

The DSI data and the hydroelectric potential determined through the software for Çine dam is given in Table 3. As per this table, 147.6 m water fall height is found, and the amount of electricity it will produce is 118 GWh per annum with an installed capacity of 47.2 MW with a Francis turbine type having a vertical axis [11] . The calculations made by computer software has determined the turbine design flow rate as 35 m³/h, the amount of energy that can be produced per year with a height of 147.6 m is found to be 107.54 GWh (210.87 × 0.51), and turbine power installed capacity is determined to be 48.14 MW. When the results obtained from studies of the parameters are examined, it is observed that there are some minor differences with the parameters set by DSI. The overlap rate of parameters obtained from two studies ranges from 0.98 to 1.09. The differences are seen only in the selection of the turbine type and number of installed units. Since Francis type turbines are being used in power plants in the recent years, this has also been the selection for this study. During the software calculation, a single turbine unit has been considered. The reason for determining 2 as the number of turbines by DSI is due to the fact that it will also be used for irrigation. Irrigation water demand will vary throughout the season and in order to get the energy of the water flow it is a good idea to use 2 turbines. This selection will provide significant flexibility for operability of dams which are used for irrigation and power production.

The parameter values calculated through the software have been compared with the planning parameters of the hydroelectric energy potential of Çine dam constructed by a public organization (DSI). As a result, even though different calculation methods have been used in the 2 studies, still data values close to each other have been obtained. In these types of planning, it is possible to use different calculation methods to create the most suitable

and economical solution. Especially before developing energy projects it is important to work in a detailed and meticulous manner during the planning stage. This is especially important for water structures, since they are structures designed to give longer term service and have high costs and thus calculation errors during the planning stage can cause problems which can’t be eradicated at later stages. During the calculation of the hydroelectric potential, it is especially crucial to determine the flow rate of the water source and the net decrease in heights. It will be possible to create highly efficient energy projects by evaluating the data with different calculation methods and then comparing the results.

Cengiz Koç,Yıldırım Bayazıt,Recep Bakış, (2016) A Study on Determining the Hydropower Potential of Çine Dam in Turkey. Computational Water, Energy, and Environmental Engineering,05,79-85. doi: 10.4236/cweee.2016.52008