Organizations, from the past until the present day, are looking for attaining advantages and the best position, in order to outrun from their rivals, and therefore, several methods of selecting and teaching human resource have been always introduced [1] (Amram, 2009). Replacing the word staffs with manpower, then with human resources, and finally with human capital shows the ascending trend in this viewpoint. Nowadays, this is a fact that managers as the most significant and influential position in every organization cannot be ignored [2] (Avolio et al., 2004). Managers are noticed from the selection and employment and then their training, knowledge, skills and work promotion are developed, and their development will be continued. The viewpoint of organization toward selecting efficient and appropriate managers has significantly changed over the past years, and somehow the priority has been given to intelligent individuals enjoying high capabilities [3] (Appelbaum et al., 2004).

Quotient is the mental ability, and it includes various capabilities, for example, deducing, planning, problem solving, thinking abstractedly, using language and learning [4] (Loehlin et al., 1996). There are different theories to present the dimensions and variety of quotient. Traditionally, quotient is defined based on the linguistic and logical-mathematical capabilities of the people. For the first time in the beginning of the 20^th century, Alfred Binet introduced Intelligence Quotient (IQ) to the world. He believed that mathematical intelligence guaranteed the effective learning, especially effective setting conceptual hierarchies, and removed unnecessary hierarchical system. Although, the psychologists have explained IQ as memory process and the recall system with most complexity [5] (American Psychological Association, 2015).

Gardner introduced a disputable theory about intelligence in which traditional opinions about intelligence quotient were challenged. Gardner established seven different types of knowledge to present a more comprehensive picture of intelligence which included linguistic-verbal, logical-mathematical, geometrical or spatial (forming a mental image of a fact, and its prompt, and easy change), musical (the ability to understand and create musical patterns), emotional, physical-kinetic (muscular abilities and proper kinetic movement), interpersonal (ability to understand others, motives and the type of interaction with each other), and finally intrapersonal intelligence (ability to understand yourself, to create self awareness of their nature and identity) [6] (Gardner & Hatch, 1989).

Gardner believed that only paying attention to the first two types of knowledge ignored the other mental abilities, and the human capabilities have been partially taken into consideration [7] (Gardner & Stough, 2002; [8] Gardner, 2006). Also, Sternberg basically changed the intelligence measurement in the same way and introduced a triple viewpoint with regard to intelligence:

- The ability to assess part by part,

- Experimental ability to think creatively, and to combine different separate experiences wisely,

- Contextual ability or is “the art of living in a city” which enables the individuals to play the game of environment management (others, situations, organizations, and contexts). He managed to create the tests in order to measure insight, problem solving, reasoning, creating vaster pictures of objects for people’s success and establish of other life styles which were very crucial [9] (Sternberg et al., 2001).

Emotional Quotient (EQ) model was introduced for the first time in the beginning of 1990s, although EQ was named as Social Quotient in 1920, EQ has three levels: Abstract Intelligence (the ability and management of thinking), Mechanical Intelligence (real objects), and social quotient that implies to manage and understand of the people, and interact wisely with each other ( [10] Bjorkquist & Oystenman, 2000; [11] Crowne, 2009).

Goleman’s Model in regard to Emotional Quotient (EQ) helps people to recognize their own emotions as well as others’ emotions, and manage them with the best way, and interact to them. EQ motivate people to be successful sociable, and systematize their social relations. Therefore, Goleman introduced four dimensions of self awareness (having a deep insight of sentiments, emotions, weakness and strengths), self regulation (sentiments and emotions management), self motivation (being hopeful even when confronted with failure), and finally sympathy (recognizing people’s emotional state and reacting well against them) ( [12] Goleman, 1996; [13] Hedlund & Sternberg, 2000).

Spiritual Quotient (SQ) was first introduced by Stevens in 1996, and then by Emmons in 1999. SQ combines spirituality and intelligence within a new structure and used for effective action and outcomes [14] (Criechton, 2008). SQ utilizes the spiritual capacities and resources for important decisions, and strives to solve daily problems. Hence, SQ combines spiritual mental subjects with outer assignments in the real world [15] (Zohar, 2005).

The concept of Spiritual Quotient includes adaptation, and problem solving behavior which is regarded as the highest level of cognitive, moral, emotional and interpersonal growth. New studies in neurology show that some brain actions are accompanied with spiritual experiences; therefore, spirituality has influences on several parts of the brain. Neurologists call these areas “God Zone”, since when they are artificially provoked, spiritual issues such as prayer, religious talks, sacrifice, dedication, humanism and etc. emerge [16] (Bennis & Nenus 1985; [17] Bienstokh et al., 2003; [18] Boenke et al., 2003).

Wigglos Worth believes that SQ is the ability of compassionately, kindly, and wisely behaviors with internal and external calmness regardless of the situation [19] (Wiggles Woth, 2004). According to Emmons, SQ is the adaptive application of spiritual information in order to solve the problems in the daily life, and attain the goals of the life [20] (Emmons, 2001). Nobel believes that SQ is a innate aptitude of a human [21] (Nobel, 2008). Sisk and Torrance also declare that SQ is a deep self awareness in which humans are getting more and more familiar with their own dimensions. They believe that SQ is consisted of the following parts: internal knowledge (awareness of the internal nature, goodwill and unity with the world existence), deep intuition (people’s unity and collaboration with each other), unity of human with the nature and the world (human concordance to the life process), and problem solving (recognizing the meaning, values, and the solution of the problems in a larger scale) [22] (Sisk & Torrence, 2009).

Moral Intelligence was first introduced by Borba, who defines “as the ability to recognize the difference between right with wrong things, to have strong believes and behave honestly” [23] (Borba, 2005). Lennik & Kiel state that moral intelligence is derived from four principles: honesty (coordination between individuals’ beliefs and performances), acceptance of responsibility (accepting the duties, and their outcomes, and accepting the mistakes and failures), compassion (attention to others), and forgiveness (awareness of shortcomings and mistakes as well as forgiving themselves and the others) [24] (Lennick & Kiel, 2013).

Most of the humans’ behaviors and performances are originated from moral principles and values [25] (Flite & Harman, 2013). People, who have high moral intelligence, always join their performances with their morals, which enhance humans’ commitment, responsibilities, and improve individuals and team working efficiency. Utilization of moral intelligence can lead humans to recognize pains and discomforts of the others, listening fairly and comprehensively before judgment, acceptance of humans’ diversities rejecting of immoral options, being sympathetic, fighting against injustice, and behaving respectfully towards others [26] (Mohammadi et al., 2013).

Cultural Intelligence is the ability of humans to response effectively when facing with humans who have different cultures which are divided into several levels. Cultural intelligence enables humans to recognize cultural differences carefully, and to follow logical behavior when confronting the other humans from different cultures. Using his experiences, a manager who enjoys a high level of cultural intelligence behaves in a way that is perfectly in accordance with the respective situation. People with high cultural intelligence capabilities are able to solve cultural challenges, and create cultural synergism [27] (Early & Ang, 2003). They believe that cultural intelligence is the ability of a human to communicate successfully in new cultural environments which is usually different with his own culture. As they declare, a person who have the high ability of cultural intelligence, he or she is able to adapt himself with a new culture different from the one he was grown up in without losing his own cultural identity [28] (Ang et al., 2007).

Cultural intelligence is consisted of the following four factors: meta-cognitive factor (argumentation about inter-cultural experiences), cognitive (individuals’ recognition about cultural similarities and differences), motivation (individuals’ adaptation with a new culture), and finally behavior (the ability of a person to show verbal and non-verbal performances, interacting with the other people from various cultures) (Early & Ang, 2003; Ang et al., 2007; [29] Van Driel 2008; [30] Mahjoob, 2004; [31] Chen & Isa, 2003).

In the new approach to management, organizational culture, team work, and the managers’ cooperation with others, play a significant role. Therefore, managers need specific behaviors in various positions to have more successful and effective performance. Managerial Quotient (MQ) is a collection of political, emotional and logical intelligence which cause the managers to behave effectively, including:

The managers with highly Political Quotient (PQ) don’t have necessarily high IQ or EQ, but such managers traverse the way toward the top of the power pyramid faster in an organization. Political intelligence indicates people’s ability to analyze impact of event, to create power resource, to use power, to create relationship with power holders, and finally to control and establishment of change management. In order to attain the organizational goals, managers should know how to utilize the power resources, as well as how to use them [32] (Agha Sayed Hosseini, 2015).

Although, it is believed that IQ holds less value in comparison with MQ, EQ, and Body Quotient or BQ, but BQ is effective in humans’ reactions, emotions, thoughts, self-confidence, and reliability determination. Appropriate nutrition, regular exercises, and adequate relaxation are considered significant factors in enhancing and keeping of this intelligence. IQ can only predict “the ability of logical reasoning” as well as “technical capabilities”, but it is not capable of forecasting managers’ executive competency attain organizational success [33] (Jensen, 2012).

Owen announced that managerial quotient includes three factors; attaining the managerial abilities, team working, assessment of employees’ performance, and help them to improve their abilities and skills, and finally recognizing the regulations in order to attain organizational success (Figure 1) [34] (Owen, 2006).

The new findings show that the performance of managers who enjoy higher work conscience and responsibility, but they lack EQ, are less successful in comparison with similar managers in other organizations, who have higher rate of EQ. It seems, premier managers have more cognitive capabilities and higher rate of EQ in comparison with the other managers whose performance are successful and excellent [35] (Sadeghi, 2015). New studies report that the managers, who can communicate with human resources effectively, will be pioneers in the future. Applying EQ among the managers is one of the factors that can play a significant role in their relationship with the employees of the organization [36] (Hosseini, 2015).

One of the most important ways of enhancing influence on the staff is the managers’ power to be a change agent for attaining the organizational goal. For this reason, the managers need high political intelligence (PI). PI is considered as an active power levers in an organization. Managers can lead organizational changes using their high political intelligence [37] (Bourgeois & Singh, 1985).

In new management approach, team working plays an important rate in an organization. According to this approach, the main focus addresses the employees’ development to increase organizational productivity. Hence, managers who have social and communicative skills, they are good listener and speaker, and understand their own feelings as well as others, and can transfer their feelings to the employees. Managers with high political intelligence need to learn a wide range of political skills and knowledge which are considered as elements of political intelligence [38] (Treadway et al., 2005).

Recent studies within new century show that SQ, MQ, and cultural intelligence along with EQ, IQ and PI are considered as managerial intelligence. Therefore, this study is aimed to assess and specify managerial quotient among the managers of Tehran University of Medical Sciences (TUMS) as the best and oldest university in Iran as a systematic review. This university is the first number at Iranian scientific ranking and top 200 universities in the world ranking.

This study aimed to systematically review the managerial quotient among the managers of Tehran University of Medical Sciences. Accordingly, the Persian?language articles, dissertations and books in the Iranian Scientific Journals, websites, and data bases, as well as the English?language articles and books in the journals of inside and outside of Iran were searched. The researchers used the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA), which is a standard guideline for systematic reviews and contains 27 items [39] (Goodarzi et al., 2012).

According to a study by Shoghi in hospitals of Tehran University of Medical Sciences, more than 50 percent of the managers in those hospitals enjoyed really high, very high, relatively high levels of managerial art. In this study, the purpose of researcher was to show and assess the IQ, and the other technical, conceptual, moral, and political skills of the studied hospitals managers [40] (Shoghi, 2011).

Yusefzade prepared a questionnaire based on Zohar’s model about Spiritual Quotient. This questionnaire was distributed among hospitals managers of Tehran University of Medical Sciences after confirming its validity and reliability. This questionnaire contained 42 items and 4 components including “Being vision and value led”, “The Positive Use of Adversity”, “Humanity” and finally “Self Awareness and Compassion”. The results of this research showed that hospital managers of Tehran University of Medical Sciences attained the average of 4.43 in “Being vision and value led”, 3.18 in “The Positive Use of Adversity”, 4.23 in “Humanity” and 3.86 in “Self Awareness and Compassion”. With regard to their average spiritual quotient of upper than 3, it seems that these hospital managers, who are at the confidence level of 95%, enjoy a high rate of spiritual quotient. Moreover, based on Pearson correlation test, there was a significant relationship between managers’ spiritual quotient and their transformative style of leadership; that is to say, the studied managers have high transformative leadership power based on their high spiritual quotient [41] (Yusefzadeh, 2012).

Bigdeli assessed cultural intelligence among the headquarters managers of Tehran University of Medical Sciences using the standard cultural intelligence questionnaire related to US Cultural Intelligence Center. This questionnaire had 19 items and 4 sections. The results showed that these managers were categorized as “very desirable”, “desirable” and “relatively desirable” based on megacognitive, cognitive, motivation, cultural behavior, and generally cultural intelligence factors. Overall, their cultural intelligence average was upper than the average limits. Furthermore, megacognitive and motivation factors among studied managers were assessed higher in comparison with cognitive and behavioral ones. Using Pearson test, it was concluded that there was a significant relationship between cultural intelligence and its components with managers’ performance (P = 0.02). Using One Way ANNOVA, it was concluded that there was not a significant relationship between cultural intelligence and years of work experience, work location of managers, and ethnicity, although this relationship was reported negative regarding managerial level. In other words, cultural intelligence among top managers was higher in comparison with middle and junior managers (P = 0.009) [42] (Bigdeli, 2012).

Javadi Ghaleh (2013) reported in his research entitled “assessing spiritual and moral intelligence among the managers of faculties of Tehran University of Medical Sciences” that the rate of spiritual and moral quotient among the mentioned managers was higher than the average. Moreover, it was announced that the average spiritual intelligence among respective managers was higher in all educational levels. Although, the negative relationship between the rate of spiritual and moral intelligence among the managers of faculties with different levels of educational degrees was significant. In other words, managers with lower educational degrees enjoyed higher spiritual and moral quotient. The other results of this research showed that there was a negative relationship between moral intelligence and their creativity (P = 0.02). That is to say, when moral intelligence increases, creativity decreases. Besides, there was a negative relationship between creativity and “being vision and value lad” as well as “humanity” as spiritual intelligence elements. Therefore, it seems, with strengthening and increasing of these two elements of spiritual intelligence, the creativity is decreased. Also, there was a significant relationship between “self-awareness and compassion” and “the positive use of adversity” with the managers’ creativity. Using correlation analysis test, it was stated that there was a significant relationship between moral intelligence and spiritual intelligence. Moreover, using stepwise regression, it was indicated that moral intelligence can specify 8% of creativity variance, while spiritual intelligence can specify 4% of creativity variance. Therefore, 8% of changes in creativity variance were due to moral intelligence, while 4% of changes were because of spiritual intelligence. Applying multiple regression between moral and spiritual intelligence with creativity, it was indicated that moral and spiritual intelligence cannot predict creativity, and the effect of these two types of intelligence on creativity was not to that extent which can enhance creativity significantly among the managers [43] (Javadi Ghaleh, 2013).

Arab et al. stated that EQ is the major factor in leaders’ effectiveness, and managers’ success in organizations. These researches were induced a descriptive analytical, and cross-sectional study among 120 top and middle managers, and 480 employees of public and private hospitals in Tehran also including Tehran University of Medical sciences hospitals. They declared that the amount of EQ among hospital managers were above 50% and was desirable. Furthermore, there was a significant relationship between EQ and managers’ performance. Besides, “social skills” was rated as the highest, and “self motivation” as the lowest as EQ elements among this managers [44] (Aarab et al., 2012).

Ghasemi who studied “the investigation of EQ influence on middle and junior managers’ performance of the headquarters of Tehran University of Medical Sciences”, showed that those managers had high amount of EQ, and there was a significant relationship between EQ and their managerial performance. That is to say, whatever, the managers’ EQ is increased, their performance also increased [45] (Ghasemi, 2013) (Table 1).

In recent years, intelligence has not just been considered as Intelligence Quotient (IQ), but it includes other scopes. Goldman and Hedlund & Sternberg believe that IQ can only assure 20 to 30% of managers’ job success, while the other aspects of intelligence are also very impressed managers’ success (Goleman, 1996; Hedlund & Sternberg, 2000). Salovey states that managerial intelligence depends on emotional factor [46] (Salovery, 2002). Mayer & Salovery also emphasize that EQ is the ability to recognize the other people’s feelings and sentiment, and appropriate respond to them [47] (Mayer & Salovery, 1997). Although, Mojtaba et al. reported that there was a positive significant correlation between teaching hospitals’ managers’ IQ with employees’ organizational commitment in Shiraz, Iran [48] (Mojtaba et al., 2013).

On the other hand, spiritual intelligence is the innate intelligence of a human. This intelligence facilitates attaining the spiritualism of life which includes purposefulness, nobility, and function of human’s life. It seems that spiritual intelligence plays a crucial role in enrichment of EQ and vice versa. In fact, these two kinds of intelligences influence each other directly. Within the past ten years, researchers have been interested to study EQ and its role in effective and transformative leadership. Their findings show that EQ plays a significant role in effectiveness of transformative leadership [49] (Dulewicz & [50] Higgs 2005; Higgs, 2003). Even though, some of the researchers believe that EQ can predict more than 80% of managers’ effectiveness. Therefore, there is a significant relationship between EQ and transformative style of leadership [51] (Nasiripour et al., 2009; [52] Molazemian et al., 2013). Nonetheless, it is believed the leaders use EQ to satiate their followers’ emotionality, not logically [53] (Humphreys & Einstein 2008). However, “Brown et al.” could not find a significant relationship between EQ and transformative leadership. Although, they believed that this finding cannot deny the existence of such a relationship, because they had chosen a different scale for measuring EQ [54] (Brown et al., 2006). This significant relationship could find between EQ and transformative leadership, but not beyond IQ [55] (Antomakis, 2007; [56] Sivanathan & Felken, 2002).

Muller & Tuner showed that using EQ elements such as critical thinking, influence, motivation and consciousness can help the managers to success for attaining organizational goals [57] (Muller & Tuner, 2010).

Slaski & Cartwright reported that there was a significant relationship between managers’ EQ with distress, eustress, general health, moral considerations, quality of work life, and managerial performance. Namely, managers who had higher rates of EQ, enjoyed less distress, higher general health, and better managerial performance [58] (Slaski & Cartwright, 2002). Barling et al. proved that three elements of transformational leadership, that is idealized influence, including idealized attributes, idealized behaviors, and inspirational motivation, conceptual encouragement, and individual consideration are different from each other based EQ level [59] (Barling et al., 2000). The researches’ finding induced in Iran showed that most of the managers of Tehran University of Medical sciences had high rate of EQ.

Also, the previous studies reported that hospital managers and directors of Tehran University of Medical Sciences schools enjoyed a high spiritual and moral quotient. Managers who enjoy high level of spiritual quotient, have high productivity, and efficient leadership style [60] (Bagherpour & Abdollahzadeh, 2012; Amaram, 2009).

Although, significant relationship between self efficiency, i.e. thought, belief and emotion style with spiritual quotient was proved by some researchers [61] (Golchin & Sanjary, 2012). Spiritual quotient and self efficiency are supposed to play a significant role to help the managers to develop their efficiency and performance and organizational commitment (Golchin & Sanjari, 2013; [62] Ghorbani et al., 2013).

Mahmoudi et al. reported moral intelligence was consisted of honesty, responsibility, compassion and forgiveness have a significant relationship with team leadership [63] (Mahmoudi, et al., 2013; [64] Siadat et al., 2009). Also, it seems that there is a significant relationship between moral intelligence with managers’ self confidence, and they could improve profitability and self-confidence in all organizations [65] (Esmaili Tarzi et al., 2012). Nevertheless, moral leadership has been discussed theoretically today, but few studies have induced about moral dimensions. Turner et al. showed that managers with higher moral intelligence are more capable of showing transformative and interactive leadership behaviors. However, there were not any significant relationships between managers’ moral intelligence and interactive leadership behaviors [66] (Tuner et al., 2002). Although, Tehran University of Medical Sciences managers had high rate of moral intelligence, but there was no significant correlation between moral intelligence and creativity as a dimension transformative leadership.

Watson et al. reported that managers with high rate of cultural intelligence, enjoy three factors such as cultural knowledge, cultural considerations, and cultural skills that was significant correlation between managers’ cultural intelligence with their success [67] (Watson et al, 1993; [68] Thomes & Kerr, 2009). Thomas et al. found that cultural diversity, cultural-social norms of a team work, and the relative cultural gap between the team members, influence team effectiveness, and homogenous team members have better performance culturally in comparison with culturally heterogeneous groups [69] (Thomas et al., 2006). Grishem & Derek showed that five elements of cultural intelligence can enable the managers to work successfully and effectively in different culture [70] (Grishem & Derek, 2008). Van Driel announced that enjoying a high rate of cultural intelligence among managers and leaders has a significant relationship with organizational high performance and effectiveness (Van Driel, 2008; [71] Rahimnia et al., 2010). Ang et al. indicated that there was a significant relationship between managers’ cultural intelligence and Chen & Isa determined that there was a relationship among cultural intelligence elements. That is to say that cultural shock is less among the managers who enjoy higher rates of cultural intelligence (Ang et al., 2007; Chen & Isa, 2003).

Parhizgari declared that mega-cognitive items and motivation of cultural intelligence had a significant relationship with managers’ effectiveness of universities [72] (Parhizgari, 2000). Moreover, “Abzari et al., also reported that there was a significant relationship between team effectiveness and cultural intelligence of team members. In other words, whatever the effectiveness of teams with cultural diversity is higher, their compatibility of team members with different cultural norms will be higher. Cultural intelligence along with EQ is fundamental of the managers’ organizational success at worldwide level [73] (Abzari et al., 2011; [74] Moshabaki & Tizro, 2009; [75] Taslimi et al., 2009). It is concluded that managers’ high cultural intelligence created a competitive and strategic climate in the world market. In fact, cultural intelligence is the necessary tool for the managers and leaders’ in the world arena [76] (Fayazi & Jan Nesar Ahmadi, 2006; [77] Moshabaki & Ramous, 2006).

Political intelligence includes a series of skills and behaviors, needed for the managers in order to manage their political climate or political behaviors effectively. Political intelligence helps the managers to understand the source of power in their organizations appropriately, and recognize the extra and alternative resources to attain the power [78] (Woocher, 2016). Nowadays, political intelligence development is considered as an important factor in management training. High political intelligence among managers makes them treat wisely in organizations, assessing their organizations positions systematically, and pass different stages to understand the political state of their organizations [79] (Baddeley, 1987). Political intelligence prevents the conflict among the managers. Several instructions have been introduced to increase the managers’ political intelligence. Thus, managers’ communicative skills should be strengthened first, and their face to face meeting with the employees and organizational networking should be developed in order to promote common issues in all departments, and finally strength how the managers’ influence their employees for appropriate outcomes [80] (Adams & Zanzi, 2006). High political intelligence should promote competencies of managers for controlling and directing influence and power tools (Bourgeois & Singh, 1985).

Finally, Asadi et al. indicated that there was positive correlation between organizational quotient derived from “Albrecht” with hospitals performance indices, including bed occupation rate, surgery number to operating room ratio, bed turn over interval, and length of stay [81] (Asadi et al., 2014).

This systematic review study could assess the managerial intelligence among the managers of Tehran University of Medical Sciences for the first time in the field of Iranian health care. Although managerial intelligence is a hybrid quotient which includes IQ, EQ and political intelligence, but it seems that moral intelligence, spiritual quotient and cultural intelligence are also shared in managerial quotient according to studies induced in Tehran University of Medical Sciences. Furthermore, the research findings of other studies with regard to managerial quotient, and the need for widespread use of managerial quotient as a hybrid and comprehensive quotient in managing organizations, especially health care organizations, are in accordance with findings of the current research which emphasized on utilizing managerial quotient among the managers in this field.

Therefore, based on the findings, discussion and analysis of the results of current study, it can be suggested that managerial quotient is an important and necessary factor before selection and appointment of managers. However, there are other factors necessary for selection of efficient managers which were not mentioned in current study. It is also suggested that managerial quotient courses should be included in educational curriculum of health-care management BSc., MSc., and even in PhD level which leads to educate the experts and scientists in this field. Moreover, we suggest the hospitals managers in Iran should be trained for managerial quotient by establishment of training courses and workshops, and managerial quotient should utilize as a factor for managers selection in Iranian health care organizations just like hospitals.

The limitations of any study are magnified when the realities of taking the concepts and techniques developed in one culture are applied to another culture. Also, one of the main limitations of the present study is that, it was conducted at one specific time. Therefore, this information-collection process is convenient for present research.

Ethical issues, including informed consent, misconduct, data fabrication and/or falsification, double publication, redundancy, etc. have been completely observed by the authors.

The current study was supported by Research and Technology Vice-Chancellor of Tehran University of Medical Sciences. The researchers are extremely grateful to them.

Dargahi Hossein,Rahmani Hojjat,Bigdeli Zeinab,Javadi Ghaleh Esmaeil,Yousefzadeh Negar, (2016) Managerial Quotient: A Systematic Review among Managers of Tehran University of Medical Sciences. American Journal of Industrial and Business Management,06,467-479. doi: 10.4236/ajibm.2016.64043