Experimental crystallographic structural parameters of a range of metaled meso-substituted and unsubstituted porphyrins were reviewed to show how far the meso-substitution by any functional group and the insertion of metal in the porphyrins core macrocycle may affect the geometry. The analysis of twists and angles has shown two kinds of distortions: external [T(Cβ-Cα-Cmeso-Xn) and T(Cβ-Cα-Cmeso-Cα)] and internal [T(Nm-Cα-Cmeso-Xn) and T(Nn-Cα-Cmeso-Cα)] with averages of [+6° and –6°] and [–5° and +5°], respectively.
In the meso-substituted case, the external and internal twists Cβ-Cα-Cmeso-X and N-Cα-Cmeso-X, respectively are oppositely orientated. Similar effect is observed in meso-unsubstituted of Cβ-Cα- Cmeso-H and N-Cα-Cmeso-H. However, the external distortions are more significant than internal. Considering the same order, the limit of distortions is [97° and 132° (–48°)] for external and [91° (–89°) and 52°] for internal. In the two cases, the substituents have opposite directions of distortions. The meso-substituted porphyrins have a high limit of twisting than usubstituted one, depending of the weight of substituents. The average of the bond angular deformations is 168°, almost planar. However, the limit of angular deformation is 94°.
Metaled Meso-Substituted and Unsubstituted Porphyrins and Derivates Crystals Structures Distortions and Bonds Angular Deformations1. Introduction
Porphyrins show much promise in many areas of molecular engineering and have been suggested as building blocks for many diverse applications such as artificial photosynthesis, novel optical materials, and molecular-scale electronics [1] [2] . Their structures contain an aromatic macrocyclic tetrapyrrole (Figure 1) [3] , characterized by three kinds of carbon atoms α, β and meso. Four fused pyrrole molecules are attached by methenes (=CH―) considered as meso carbons (5, 10, 15 and 20). The two carbons of each pyrolle cycles attached to nitrogen atom, which bind to the meso carbons are named α (1, 4, 6, 9, 11, 14, 16 and 19) and the remaining external carbons of each pyrolle cycles binded to a carbons are named β (2, 3, 7, 8, 12, 13, 17 and 18). Through metalation, the nitrogens can carry metal atom. In non-metallic porphyrins, two pyrroles carry hydrogen atoms as for β carbon atoms in unsubstituted cases [4] [5] .
Chemistry of that such metalloporphyrins is controlled by their aromatic character, the complex metal and the kind of peripherally and/or axially fixed substituents. These factors influence the electronic density distribution within the core of the macrocycle and thus determine its reactivity and stability, as well [6] - [8] .
Studies on the aromatic rings such as benzene and others have shown that substitution and complexation influence the electronic density and lead to the new properties [9] [10] .
Similar studies have shown that the occurring of large substitutes around porphyrins and derivatives such as phenyles in meso positions leads to the loss of their planar structures, so become nonplanar [11] . The four different conformational possibilities are shown in Figure 2 [12] [13] .
Owing to the flexibility of the macrocycle, porphyrins have mostly aroused remarkable and extensive interest for many years due to their wideranging applications in photophysics, coordination chemistry, liquid crystals, solar cells, catalysis, photovoltaic devices, photodynamic therapy (PDT) and artificial light harvesting antennas. Structural details are essential to more understand the chemical backgroung of such compounds, especially their solid state. However, most of attempts in order to determine characteristics have been focused on the planarity of the cycles [14] [15] . Thus, few researches had considered the substitution approaches [16] [17] . In addition, most of studies we can find have performed by considering the substituent effects on specific experimental phenomena and generally electronic structure [2] [8] [18] [19] . Crystallographic and molecular studies have been the
Structure of a porphyrin with UPAC numbering
Conformational possibility of porphyrins and derivatives
most used means in the search for their unique properties [6] [20] . Recently, our team tries to understand the experimental background of the crystallization of porphyrins and derivatives structures, especially those coordinated by iron. The results of such study have shown a relationship between packing and structure deformations. That observation is possible in the group of meso carbons substituted and coordinated metal [7] . In literature, we had not found about a study or a method describing a general view of the geometry of thousands structures of metaled meso-substituted and unsubstituted porphyrins in their known crystal structures. Therefore in this work we use experimental crystallographic structural data from Cambridge Structural Database (CSD) related to the metaled meso-substituted and unsubstituted in order to understand the geometry of this important group in their crystal structures.
2. Materials and Methods2.1. Cambridge Structural Data Base Software Package
The Cambridge Structural Database (CSD) is the international standard repository for small-molecule and metal-organic crystal structures and is curated by the Cambridge Crystallographic Data Centre (CCDC) [21] [22] . There are now more than 715,000 structures archived in the CSD. The CSD System incorporates an extensive suite of user-friendly and flexible tools for searching and analyzing this wealth of information [6] . Chemical knowledge extracted from the CSD is applicable to many areas of the chemical and physical sciences, especially pharmaceutical drug discovery, materials design, and drug development and formulation. The CSD is frequently used for statistical analysis of intramolecular and intermolecular geometric structural parameters as well as other data types such as space group, colour, morphology and unitcell dimensions [22] [23] .
The software for searching crystal structure knowledge provided by the CCDC, such as ConQuest and Mercury, has been focused on providing sophisticated and flexible tools for crystallographers, structural chemists and the drug design community [24] [25] .
Each CSD entry contains the following information (fully described elsewhere): bibliographic, textual, and numerical information, chemical diagram, crystal structure data, filters (secondary search criteria).
Each CSD entry is identified by a unique refcode (entry ID) comprising: six letters, e.g. ABACOF, two digits identifying additional structure determinations, e.g. ABACOF03. The CSD also records a variety of deposition numbers published by many primary journals to identify crystallographic data deposited with the CCDC [26] .
The study is semi-empirical (i.e. we use computational tools and study experimental data) and appeal to softwares, especially ConQuest, Mercury and Vista, developed by Cambridge Crystallographic Data Centre (CCDC) for the handling of Cambridge Structural Database [27] - [29] .
The 2015 release of the Cambridge Structural Database (CSD version 5.36) containing a total of 717,876 entries was used. ConQuest is firstly used to search all the sample of porphyrins and derivatives structures by defining geometric and chemical parameters such as: refinement parameter R, substitutions, chemical bonds, angles, torsions, plans, unit cells, etc. and secondly to send the structures and data found on CSD to Mercury, the most developed CSD software to calculate parameters and visualizing 3D structures with their crystallographic parameters. The numerical data from CSD are also sent to Vista a CSD statistical data analysis software, where statistical calculations and graphics are made. In each case, all structural data related to the sample of porphyrins and derivatives from CSD are correlated in order to show the relative importance of each parameter on the refinement parameters and structures [24] [26] .
2.2. Refinement Parameter
The agreement of observed and calculated structure factors is often measured with the traditional R-factor [30] .
where F0 and FC correspond to experimental and calculated factors of structure, respectively, and are evaluated by:
which is the Fourier transformed of the electronic density of all atoms in the units cells given by:
where (x, y, z): position of each atom into the unit cell, V: volume of the unit cell, (hkl): reflexion plans of X-ray beam in the unit cell. The factor of structure Fhkl is the amplitude of diffusion of X-ray in the unit cell and each unit cell intervenes in the diffusion of the crystal. So the accurate accepted values during structure resolution are those of R < 0.1 or 10% The relative qualities of structures are, R: 1% - 3%: Exceptional, 3% - 4%: Very high, 4% - 5%: High, 5% - 7%: Good, 7% - 9%: Mean, 9% - 10%: Enough, 10% - 15%: Poor, > 0.15 Wrong [7] . Thus, for a big population of porphyrins the refinment is calculated as R= Mean ± Std. Dev.
3. Results and Discussions3.1. Crystal Structures Distributions of Porphyrins and Derivatives: Refinement Parameter R Analysis
The analysis of 717,876 crystalline structures from CSD solved by single crystal X-ray diffraction permitted to list a total of 5794 structures of porphyrins and derivatives or 0.81% entry. From this we can notice the relatively weak rate of porphyrins structures and their corresponding derivatives. Figure 3 shows the histogram of distribution of all the 5794 structures of porphyrins versus their refinement parameters.
Distribution of porphyrins and derivatives versus R
Owing to this distribution the refinement parameter takes the value R = (6.682 ± 2.848)%, indicating that all those structures have been solved with an accurate locating in the interval 0 < R < 9.53 (blue); and that also shows that most of structures were solved with high, good and medium precision. However, we can see the presence of some structures slightly accurate occurring with 10 < R < 44.2 (red).
The analysis of the refinement parameter also indicates that 89% of porphyrins structures of CSD have been solved with R ≤ 10%. All those porphyrins structures have been determined with very high, high and good precision. The R = Mean ± Std. Dev value of the refinement parameter is R = (6.191 ± 1.806)%, all the the structures are characterized with 4.385 < R < 7.779, showing the high reliability of 89% of CSD porphyrins structures.
3.2. Geometry Analysis
The preferred geometry of metaled meso-substuted porphyrins and derivatives is determined by assessment of twists, bond angles between opposite nitrogens and the metal in the centre of macrocycle.
3.2.1. Twists
For evaluating the deformations around the macrocycle two kinds of twists have been defined, in the first the meso-substitutuents-Cmeso (or H-Cmeso) acts with pyrrole’s Cα-Cβ bound that is considered as external molecular distortion caused by the meso-substuents-Cmeso and pyrrole’s Cα-Cβ bounds of the macrocycle, known as Cα-Cβ-Cmeso-Xn (n: number, X = Hmeso when unsubstituted), in the second one the meso-substitutuents-Cmeso (or H-Cmeso) acts with pyrrole’s Cα-Nn (n = number) and is seen as internal molecular distortion induced by meso-substitutuents (n: number, X = Hmeso when unsubstituted) and pyrrole’s Cα-Nn, and known as Nm-Cα- Cmeso-Xn (n: number).
Meso-substitutuents and Hmeso External Molecular Distorsions
Figure 4 shows the histograms of distributions of the four possible twists T(Cβ-Cα-Cmeso-Xn) [T(C1-C5-C12-X31), T(C9-C11-C29-X32), T(C16-C20-C26-X33) and T(C23-C25-C27-X34)] of the structures of metaled meso-substituted and Hmeso unsubstituted porphyrins caused by the meso-substuents-Cmeso or H-Cmeso and pyrrole’s Cα-Cβ bounds of the macrocycle as previously defined. As it can be seeing easily, two kinds of porphyrins groups are presented and differentiated by blue and red colors. The meso-substituted in blue and the Hmeso unsubstituted one in red.
The twists values from the above assessments are summarized in Table 1. For each twist defined above the minimum distortion considered as planar stituation of the macrocycles, deformations and the averages of distortion are given.
Those results show that the four possible external molecular distortions caused by the meso-substuents- Cmeso or H-Cmeso and pyrrole’s Cα-Cβ bounds of the macrocycle in the crystal structures occur with averages values of twist approximately equal to 6˚. However the values of minima (0˚) indicate that some of the meso-substuents-Cmeso or H-Cmeso and pyrrole’s Cα-Cβ bounds occur in a plan. It is also noticed that the highest maximum value of those twists is approximately 97˚. Thus, the comparison of those numerical values of twists and the four histograms from Figure 4 shows that most of meso-substuents-Cmeso or H-Cmeso and pyrrole’s Cα-Cβ bounds of porphyrins crystal structures occur with twists included between 0˚ - 6˚. However even though an important quantity of those structures can be distorted, the meso-substuents-Cmeso are in great quantity compared to unsubstituted. So, the optimal distortion is located between 6˚ - 40˚, and the maximum value of 97˚ is rarely observed.
This result confirm our previous study which stated that the distortion induced by the meso-substitution increase the packing of the unit cell consequently the quality or stability of crystals [7] .
Meso-substitutuents and Hmeso Internal Molecular Distorsions
Figure 5 shows the histograms of distributions of the four possible twists T(Nm-Cα-Cmeso-Xn) [T(N4-C5-C12-X31), T(N7-C11-C29-X32), T(N19-C20-C26-X33) and T(N21-C25-C27-X34)] of the structures of metaled meso-substitutuents and Hmeso unsubstituted porphyrins induced by meso-substitutuents or H-Cmeso and pyrrole’s Cα-Nn bounds as reported above. The blue population is those substituted and red unsubstituted one.
As for the previous case of external molecular distorsions by the substitutes, the values of twists from the above distributions assessments are sum up in Table 2.
Contrarely to the results of T(Cβ-Cα-Cmeso-Xn) as previously described, the values obtained by evaluating T(Nm-Cα-Cmeso-Xn) seem to be opposite. The value of 180˚ corresponds to the situation where the four atoms of Nm-Cα-Cmeso-Xn are in the same plane. So, the maximum distortion corresponds to 91˚ because from 180˚ the angular gap between 91˚ and 180˚ is more important than any other twist. The average here (175˚) is almost the
Distributions of T(C<sup>β</sup>-C<sup>α</sup>-C<sup>meso</sup>-X<sup>n</sup>) of meso-substituted (blue) and Hmeso-unsubstituted (red) porphyrins
T(C<sup>β</sup>-C<sup>α</sup>-C<sup>meso</sup>-X<sup>n</sup>) values of metaled meso-substituted porphyrins
T(Cβ-Cα-Cmeso-Xn)
Distortions
Averages (˚)
Planar (˚)
Max. (˚)
T(C1-C5-C12-X31)
5.871 ± 4.153
0
96.485
T(C9-C11-C29-X32)
6.059 ± 4.359
0
61.487
T(C16-C20-C26-X33)
5.764 ± 3.969
0
39.447
T(C16-C20-C26-X33)
5.653 ± 3.911
0
93.128
T(N<sup>m</sup>-C<sup>α</sup>-C<sup>meso</sup>-X<sup>n</sup>) values of metaled meso-substituted and unsubstituted porphyrins
T(Nm-Cα-Cmeso-Xn)
Distortions
Averages (˚)
Planar (˚)
Max. (˚)
T(N4-C5-C12-X31)
174.842 ± 5.603
180
75.103
T(N7-C11-C29-X32)
174.739 ± 5.530
180
119.801
T(N19-C20-C26-X33)
175.137 ± 4.754
180
140.514
T(N21-C25-C27-X34)
175.195 ± 4.803
180
90.565
opposite of 6˚ (−174˚) because here (CSD) twists were defined taking into count of absolute values. The value of 175˚ normally is equal to −175˚. We can also see by comparing Figure 4 and Figure 5 that the two distributions of twists T(Cβ-Cα-Cmeso-Xn) and T(Nm-Cα-Cmeso-Xn) are opposite values. That indicate all the twists T(Nm-Cα- Cmeso-Xn) contrast against the distortions induced by T(Cβ-Cα-Cmeso-Xn) to minimize distortions of macrocycles.
3.2.2. Macrocycles Planarity
In order to evaluate the average of the planar distortion, two kinds of twists have been defined on the plan of macrocycles. The first is T(Cβ-Cα-Cmeso-Cα) showing the external planarity of the macrocycle, and the second one Nn-Cα-Cmeso-Cα shows the internal planarity of the macrocycle.
External Planar Distorsions
Figure 6 shows the histograms of distributions of the four possible twists T(Cβ-Cα-Cmeso-Cα) [T(C1-C5-C12-C8), T(C9-C11-C29-C18), T(C16-C20-C26-C22) and T(C23-C25-C27-C3)] of the structures of metaled meso-substitutuents and Hmeso unsubstituted porphyrins as reported in the top.
For all of the four distributions, the planar, deformations averages of T(Cβ-Cα-Cmeso-Cα) are summarized in the Table 3.
One can clearly see that for T(Cβ-Cα-Cmeso-Cα) internal distortion and T(Nm-Cα-Cmeso-Xn) external one have the same distributions with similar average (174˚ and 175˚), respectively. However T(Nm-Cα-Cmeso-Xn) have as maximum distortion value 91˚ with the average of (175˚ or −5˚) taking into count of absolute values, T(Cβ-Cα-Cmeso-Cα) have as maximum distortion value of 132˚ for the same reason as previously desbcribed in Table 2 with the average of (174˚ or −6˚) taking into count of absolute values. As for T(Nm-Cα-Cmeso-Xn) the value of 180˚ corresponds to a planar geometry. So these results indicate that even though the average of all the deformations are similar (174˚ and 175˚), the maxima of distortions are very different (91˚ = −89˚ and 132˚ = −48˚). However, 180˚ being the planar geometry, the distortion of 91˚ induced by the meso-substutuents seems more important (). In fact 91˚ has a more important angular gap than 132˚ from 180˚. This confirms again the hypothesis of our previous results [4] . Also, Figure 6 shows that for T(Cβ-Cα-Cmeso-Cα) most of deformations cannot be under the value of 140˚ because the populations of porphyrins are decreasing.
Internal Planar Distorsions
Figure 7 shows the histograms of distributions of the four possible twists T(Nn-Cα-Cmeso-Cα) [T(N4-C5-C12-C8), T(N7-C11-C29-C18), T(N19-C20-C26-C22) and T(N21-C25-C27-C3)] of the structures of metaled meso-substituted and unsubstituted porphyrins that show the internal planarity of the macrocycle.
Distributions of T(N<sup>m</sup>-C<sup>α</sup>-C<sup>meso</sup>-X<sup>n</sup>) of meso-substitutuents (blue) or Hmeso-unsubstituted (red) porphyrins
Distributions of T(C<sup>β</sup>-C<sup>α</sup>-C<sup>meso</sup>-C<sup>α</sup>) of meso-substitutuents (blue) or Hmeso-unsubstituted (red) porphyrins
Distribution of the four possible twists T(N<sup>n</sup>-C<sup>α</sup>-C<sup>meso</sup>-C<sup>α</sup>) of meso-substitutuents (blue) or Hmeso-unsubstituted (red)
The statistical descriptions of those distributions are sum up as average, planar and deformation in Table 4.
As for the external distorsions, one see that the external distorsions T(Cβ-Cα-Cmeso-Xn) and internal distortions T(Nn-Cα-Cmeso-Cα) have also the same distributions with almost similar average of 6˚ and 5˚, respectively. Nevertheless, T(Nn-Cα-Cmeso-Cα) have as maximum distortion value of 52˚ with the average of 5˚ meanwhile T(Cβ-Cα-Cmeso-Xn) have as maximum distortion value of 97˚ with the average of 6˚. For the two distorsions 0˚ corresponds to a planar geometry. The maxima of distorsions are different (52˚ and 97˚) even if there is similarity on the average (6˚ and 5˚). The maxima distorsions induced by the meso-substutuents seems slightly more superior (), considering the fact that 0˚, is the planar geometry. The analysis of Figure 7 shows that for T(Nn-Cα-Cmeso-Cα) most of distortions cannot be up to the value of 52˚ because the populations of porphyrinsare decreasing.
Finally the overall distortions of metaled meso-substituted and unsubstituted porphyrins and derivatives can be summarized as follow in Table 5.
These results shows that the maximal distortions caused by the metaled meso-substituents either in external () or internal () are more high than metaled meso-unsubstituted one. For the two twists T(Nm-Cα-Cmeso-Xn) and T(Cβ-Cα-Cmeso-Cα) the results have been interpreted in taking into count of absolute values given by CSD software ConQuest. These results are confirmations of our last hypothesis on the distortions of macrocycles of metaled porphyrins by meso-substituents [4] .
T(C<sup>β</sup>-C<sup>α</sup>-C<sup>meso</sup>-C<sup>α</sup>) values of metaled meso-substituted and unsubstituted porphyrins
T(Cβ-Cα-Cmeso-Cα)
Distortions
Averages (˚)
Planar (˚)
Max. (˚)
T(C1-C5-C12-C8)
173.867 ± 6.165
180
75.103
T(C9-C11-C29-C18)
173.717 ± 6.361
180
119.801
T(C16-C20-C26-C22)
173.851 ± 5.929
180
140.514
T(C23-C25-C27-C3)
173.954 ± 5.881
180
90.565
T(N<sup>n</sup>-C<sup>α</sup>-C<sup>meso</sup>-C<sup>α</sup>) values of metaled meso-substituted and unsubstituted porphyrins
T(Nn-Cα-Cmeso-Cα)
Distortions
Averages (˚)
Planar (˚)
Max. (˚)
T(N4-C5-C12-C8)
4.970 ± 3.747
0
52.191
T(N7-C11-C29-C18)
5.096 ± 3.942
0
38.829
T(N19-C20-C26-C22)
4.854 ± 3.577
0
48.062
T(N21-C25-C27-C3)
4.778 ± 3.541
0
32.004
Overall distortions of metaled meso-substituted and unsubstituted porphyrins and derivatives
Twists
Distortions
Directions
Averages (˚)
Max. distortions (˚)
Planar (˚)
T(Cβ-Cα-Cmeso-Xn)
6
97
0
External
T(Cβ-Cα-Cmeso-Cα)
175(-5)
91(-89)
180
Internal
T(Nm-Cα-Cmeso-Xn)
174(-6)
132(-48)
180
External
T(Nn-Cα-Cmeso-Cα)
5
52
0
Internal
One can more again confirm that by assessing the bond angular deformations between two opposite nitrogens with the metal at the centre.
3.2.3. Bond Angular deformations
Figure 8 shows the histograms of distributions of the two possible bond angular deformations in the central part of macrocycles.
The statistic descriptions of bond angular deformations are presented in Table 6.
One can notice even though distributions of Figure 5 show high peaks for planar porphyrins, many of them have significant angular deformations in the central cavity of the macrocycle, as shown quantitatively in Table 6 and visualized by two structures in 3D (Figure 9).
Distributions of the bond angular deformations of macrocycles core
3D visualization of the deformation of porphyrins’ structures.
Bonds angular deformations of metaled meso-substituted and unsubstituted porphyrins and derivatives core
Ang(NmXnNo)
Deformations
Average (˚)
Max. deformations (˚)
Planar (˚)
Ang(N4-X30-N19)
168.285 ± 16.223
94.306
180
Ang(N7-X30-N21)
168.227 ± 16.227
94.228
180
The maximal of angular deformation 94˚ (Table 6) is considered as the limit of deformation. That can be seen more easily in distribution from Figure 8. Indeed from 180˚ to 90˚ the populations of porphyrins are decreasing until becoming insignificant. The average of 168˚ has to be considered as the minimum of angular deformations in the macrocycles. We have also seen in many cases that the central metal is coordinated by others substituents than the four nitrogens. Those substituents could also increase the deformations as well as distortions.
4. Conclusion
We have analyzed the preferred geometry of metaled meso-substituted and unsubstituted porphyrins and derivatives in their solid state (crystal structures) solved by single crystal X-ray diffraction method. The results show that most of the structures of porphyrinsin the crystal structures undergo distortions and angular deformations of their planar macrocycle. That occurs the most when hydrogens in meso are substituted, but a few populations of unsubstituted undergo the same effect. Quantitatively, the distortions and angular deformations can be as high as possible but with certain limits. The additional groups that can coordinate the central metal can also increase the distortions and bond angular deformations. The quantitative analysis of the additional groups coordinating the central metals is in process.
Acknowledgements
The authors are grateful to the “Laboratoire de chimie physique structural” lead by Professor Z.G. Yav and to Cambridge Crystallographic Data Centre for the materials support, the series of seminars and workshops on the use of the CSD System delivered at the University of Kinshasa.
Cite this paper
Philippe V. Tsalu,Tharcisse O. Monama,Hilaire V. Mambo,Dorothée D. Tshilanda,Pius T. Mpiana,Bodrique M. Nsimba,Virima Mudogo,Pitchou N. Bokolombe,Damien S. T. Tshibangu,Zephyrin G. Yav, (2016) Distortions and Deformations of Metaled Meso-Substituted and Unsubstituted Porphyrins and Derivatives in Crystal Structures. Crystal Structure Theory and Applications,05,1-15. doi: 10.4236/csta.2016.51001
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http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ic961156w
In the meso-substituted case, the external and internal twists Cβ-Cα-Cmeso-X and N-Cα-Cmeso-X, respectively are oppositely orientated. Similar effect is observed in meso-unsubstituted of Cβ-Cα- Cmeso-H and N-Cα-Cmeso-H. However, the external distortions are more significant than internal. Considering the same order, the limit of distortions is [97° and 132° (–48°)] for external and [91° (–89°) and 52°] for internal. In the two cases, the substituents have opposite directions of distortions. The meso-substituted porphyrins have a high limit of twisting than usubstituted one, depending of the weight of substituents. The average of the bond angular deformations is 168°, almost planar. However, the limit of angular deformation is 94°.