Urbanization have represented by fraction of population lived in urban circles of any country later on replaced with settlement, which comprises over 5000 persons or more, overlaid with specific criteria includes civic services, socioeconomic base and access of basic infrastructure in Pakistan’s point a view. The growth rate of urban areas is usually on the higher side than countryside characterized by migration and lack of rural facilities and increase in population [1] .

Peshawar secured first rank in major cities of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (KPK) in terms of population. More specifically in 1961, Peshawar carried about 29% of total urban population of KPK, and hence was representative of the prime city. Similar calculation was made in 1998 and found 33% share of total urban population (Census Report of 1961 and 1998). This considerable increment in population witnessed the addition of migrants from Afghanistan where living conditions were not friendly owing to war fought among the local militants groups. Peshawar, sharing the common social and cultural values, situated closer to border of Afghanistan proved to be the best option to live without any discrimination. Therefore, it is more vulnerable to urban sprawl than any else.

This situation can be lethal and challenge the efforts being made to provision of quality foods, health facilities, housing, education and adequate infrastructure to common people. Urban sprawl can also cast its adverse outcomes on environment and climate as it leads to poor sanitation, industrial connections, over emission of CO₂ and other toxic greenhouse gases (GHG) to air. Transport sector regarding gaseous exhaust is the main contributing source of GHGs and as a result climate change occurs. Such releases of GHGs are lead to an enormous increment of carbon dioxide (CO₂) to air, ensuing in rise in average world temperatures about 1.4 - 5.8 degree Celsius [2] .

This research study discovers the connection among urban extension, environment, transportation and its adverse effects on denizen of Peshawar’s health. The techniques involved to monitor sprawl, are change detection from Remote Sensing data and after that applying GIS tools which examine its capabilities in order to study spatial extensions of land cover. This research also displays how satellite imagery can be taken into account to manipulate and analyzed using digital techniques in popular image processing software programs ER Mapper 7.1, ERDAS 9.1 and GIS software ARC GIS 10. To measure its hostile impacts casted over the years, a few physical indicators like temperature and anthropogenic data have been employed.

Owing to the immense migration from rural to urban, the swift growth has shaped several issues including crowding and land use disputes for the residents and for the urban planning and managing entities. Along with all these issues, few connecting outcomes are cut short of agricultural area, unplanned housing areas, costly arable land, and developer’s assumptions about land cost, adulteration of public atmosphere [3] .

In recent studies figures have revealed the fact of worldwide rapid growth. Likewise human made several landuse and land cover alterations, urbanization depiction and indicates improved socio-economic, demographic figures, environmental situations, affected by exception migration of population towards cities and urban site [4] . As technology evolved over the year, Remote Sensing (RS) and GIS techniques have offered multiple options to deal spatial features for monitoring, assessment and map out sprawl pattern. Urban planners and geographer have drawn fruitful information out of it for the measurement of future sprawl direction as well as magnitude precisely rather than using typical approaches [5] . Despite the materialistic degradation, human health also matters seriously in current industrial boom age along with excessive emission of soot to air.

Health disorder results from these are illness and death by heat over stress, severe weather outcomes, vector- borne and rodent-borne diseases, and water borne and food connected effects. Local meteorology is always badly affected by air pollution, may also be intensified by climate change, with background ambient level of O₃ expected to upsurge by up to 40 ppb in major North American cities [6] .

Key aims behind this study are to monitor urban sprawl over last few decades and built a relationship among the environmental degradation and climate change. Moreover to point out its peripheral influences, which have been cruised into natural ecosystem as adulteration, is also a part of it.

The notable objectives of the study are:

1) To analyze the urban sprawl on Peshawar and its outskirts over the last couple of decades.

2) To find relation among the urban growth, its climate and environment degrading factors.

3) To propose solutions to eliminate the possibilities of irregular city expansion and environment humiliating elements.

Peshawar is largest and the capital city of the Khyber Pakhtunkhwa and is also the city of carrying multicultural denizen of the Province. It has beautiful historical, economic, political and military importance for province. To the west, The Federally Administered Tribal Areas (FATA) shares the boundary and Mohmand Agency located at its North. Similarly, Kohat district is at its Southern side. Charsadda and Nowshera link towards its North and North-East respectively. Moreover, Afghan boundary is just 40 Km away from west of the city. Peshawar locates in between 44˚15' and 34˚15' North Latitude; 71˚22' and 71˚42' East Longitude. It is spatially extended to 1257 square kilometer. Winter begins from middle of November till to March while summer prevails in month of May and lasts till September. The average maximum temperature in summer often goes beyond forty (40) degree and the average minimum approaches to 25˚C. The average minimum and average maximum temperature swings between 4˚C and 18.35˚C. Spring marks its beginning in the middle of March appears pleasant span of the year. Peshawar receives rainfall both in summer and winter. Western disturbances brings about sever winter rainfall especially in months of February and April. March and August have witnessed highest winter and summer precipitation respectively. Comparatively, average winter rainfall is on higher side than summer rainfall. In Peshawar, wind speed swings around 5 knots in December to 24 knots in hot June. In same way, the relative humidity fluctuates from 46% in June to 76% in August respectively [7] (Figure 1).

According to 1998 census report of Peshawar tells that the total population is 2.019 million, in which male are 1,061,000 and female are 95,800 occupying the 11.38% of KPK’s total population. About 46.62% population of Peshawar are migrated from Afghanistan and other parts of KPK and Pakistan. Moreover, round about 46% of total population in Peshawar is of age less than 15 years. Since 1951 A.D., population has enhanced 5 times till today. It has been seen that about 416.37% increment in total figure observed at 1951 A.D. During the span of time between 1981 A.D. and 1998 A.D., a considerable growth in population has been observed and is around 81.40% at an average annual growth rate of 3.56 persons. During 1972 A.D. to 1981 A.D. a period of 8.46 years,

these figures are 37.92% and 3.89 persons respectively. During the span of 1951 A.D. to 1972 A.D. (21 years) the rise was 52.55% and growth rate 3.70 persons were calculated [7] .

To meet the aims and objectives of study, secondary data from various sources to draw out results and appropriate method to set a work flow is espoused in the following Figure 2.

The statistical study depicts clearly that pattern through which Peshawar receives heavy rainfall is not linear distribution over the months.

Figure 3 shows the mean monthly temperature of Peshawar district from 1931 to 2012. Figure 4 expounds maximum temperatures in the month of October that have been observed in the years of 2001, 2005, 2010, and 2015. In the data, the temperature was raised to 31˚C in 2010 of Peshawar which clearly suggests irregularity in local climate. Figure 5 exhibits minimum temperature observed in the same span of time which displays a drop of day time temperature by 1˚C in 2005 and 2015.

Figure 6 shows the mean temperatures in 2001, 2005, 2010, and 2015 in October, 1. It concludes that the temperature rises in 2010.

Figure 7(a) suggests a considerable growth in population between intercensal periods due huge migration observed from Afghanistan. Figure 7(b) shows a percentage difference which exhibits more clear idea about this activity.

Figure 8 marks the beginning of industrial growth in Peshawar and its outskirt owing to meet the needs of denizen and migrants. This would also be a key source in polluting upper environment of Peshawar district and its neighbors. Increasing number in unit may enhance exhaust of CO, CO₂ and SO₂ to air and ultimately disturb

natural ecosystem.

Table 1 shows the different pollutants found in the air of Peshawar.

The Remote Sensing and GIS application appears to be an alternative for urban sprawl mapping and monitoring effectively [10] . That is why, time series imagery of Peshawar was acquired and classified into various landuse classes including built up land, vegetation, soil, rock and water. It is clearly seen that, huge sprawl in term of aerial shown in different themes is observed by segregation and calculation of areas of these classes. Area covered under built up in 1978 is 195.4 Sq. Km (Figure 9). In Figure 10, area expansion has been shown after 1992. It is extended up to 305.16 Sq. Km in 2011 (Figure 11). To find changed area, change detection map has been drawn in Figure 12. These figure points out that about 56% urban area extensions in the span of 1978-2011 were witnessed which is certainly an alarming number for any city of the world. Hence, it supports the census figure and goes side by side which reveals rapid urban growth in Peshawar and its outskirts.

This study has played a tremendous role in mapping urban sprawl of Peshawar and its outskirts span over 33 years from 1978 to 2011. It has also drawn a clear difference in terms of area estimation while sprawl has been

taking place using Remote Sensing and GIS techniques. Prediction from these figure and geospatial extension of urban area has given insight that Peshawar’s western side is highly vulnerable for future concerns. This paper has also sorted out darker side of this wild expansion like environmental degradation and climate change. It has also explored the issues associated with urban and proved how they are interlinked. From these catastrophic outcomes, a number of policy making points and suggestion are made which has helped in making the research fruitful.

This is partly sponsored by urban unit, P&D Department Govt. of the Punjab. Sir Muhammad Atif butt GIS development specialist and in space science department, assisted me technically and financially in this study.

RashidMehmood,Syed AmerMehmood,Muhammad AtifButt,ImtiyazYounas,MuhammadAdrees, (2016) Spatiotemporal Analysis of Urban Sprawl and Its Contributions to Climate and Environment of Peshawar Using Remote Sensing and GIS Techniques. Journal of Geographic Information System,08,137-148. doi: 10.4236/jgis.2016.82013