<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?><!DOCTYPE article  PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD Journal Publishing DTD v3.0 20080202//EN" "http://dtd.nlm.nih.gov/publishing/3.0/journalpublishing3.dtd"><article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" dtd-version="3.0" xml:lang="en" article-type="research article"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">JMP</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title>Journal of Modern Physics</journal-title></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="epub">2153-1196</issn><publisher><publisher-name>Scientific Research Publishing</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.4236/jmp.2016.76047</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">JMP-64680</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Articles</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="Discipline-v2"><subject>Physics&amp;Mathematics</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>
 
 
  A Note on the Expectation Value of Time
 
</article-title></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>igal</surname><given-names>Ronen</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sub>1</sub></xref><xref ref-type="corresp" rid="cor1"><sup>*</sup></xref></contrib></contrib-group><aff id="aff1"><label>1</label><addr-line>Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Be’er Sheba, Israel</addr-line></aff><author-notes><corresp id="cor1">* E-mail:<email>yronen@bgu.ac.il</email></corresp></author-notes><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>17</day><month>03</month><year>2016</year></pub-date><volume>07</volume><issue>06</issue><fpage>459</fpage><lpage>460</lpage><history><date date-type="received"><day>3</day>	<month>January</month>	<year>2016</year></date><date date-type="rev-recd"><day>accepted</day>	<month>14</month>	<year>March</year>	</date><date date-type="accepted"><day>17</day>	<month>March</month>	<year>2016</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement>&#169; Copyright  2014 by authors and Scientific Research Publishing Inc. </copyright-statement><copyright-year>2014</copyright-year><license><license-p>This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution International License (CC BY). http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/</license-p></license></permissions><abstract><p>
 
 
  In this note, the expectation value of time based on quantum mechanics formalism is derived. It is found that the expectation value of time does not depend on space.
 
</p></abstract><kwd-group><kwd>Expectation Value of Time</kwd><kwd> Space Dependence</kwd><kwd> Time Operator</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><body><sec id="s1"><title>1. Introduction</title><p>In this note, non-relativistic expectation value of time based on quantum mechanics formalism is derived. Aspects related to time, which are dealt with relativistic theories, are not considered in this note. Only quantum mechanics formalism is applied. Therefore, the validity of the presented results is subject to the validity of the non-relativistic assumption. The mathematical procedures used in this note are similar to the common ones in textbooks [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="scirp.64680-ref1">1</xref>] , which are used to determine the constant of the motion in many physical laws.</p></sec><sec id="s2"><title>2. Derivation of the Expectation Value of Time</title><p>The time operator <inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/1-7502603x6.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula> gives the time t when operates on the system wave function. Namely:</p><disp-formula id="scirp.64680-formula152"><label>(1)</label><graphic position="anchor" xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/1-7502603x7.png"  xlink:type="simple"/></disp-formula><p>We chose the direction of the linear momentum in the x-direction. As a result, the wave function is presented as:</p><disp-formula id="scirp.64680-formula153"><label>(2)</label><graphic position="anchor" xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/1-7502603x8.png"  xlink:type="simple"/></disp-formula><p>The expectation value of time is related to the space by:</p><disp-formula id="scirp.64680-formula154"><label>(3)</label><graphic position="anchor" xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/1-7502603x9.png"  xlink:type="simple"/></disp-formula><p>The change in space of the integrand of Equation (3) is given by:</p><disp-formula id="scirp.64680-formula155"><label>(4)</label><graphic position="anchor" xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/1-7502603x10.png"  xlink:type="simple"/></disp-formula><p>The relations between the space derivatives and the linear momentum are given by:</p><disp-formula id="scirp.64680-formula156"><label>(5)</label><graphic position="anchor" xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/1-7502603x11.png"  xlink:type="simple"/></disp-formula><p>Introducing the space derivatives of Equation (5) into Equation (4), we will have:</p><disp-formula id="scirp.64680-formula157"><label>(6)</label><graphic position="anchor" xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/1-7502603x12.png"  xlink:type="simple"/></disp-formula><p>Integrating Equation (6) over space will give:</p><disp-formula id="scirp.64680-formula158"><label>(7)</label><graphic position="anchor" xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/1-7502603x13.png"  xlink:type="simple"/></disp-formula><p>Therefore, we receive:</p><disp-formula id="scirp.64680-formula159"><label>(8)</label><graphic position="anchor" xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/1-7502603x14.png"  xlink:type="simple"/></disp-formula><p>The time operator<inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/1-7502603x15.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula>, which does not explicitly depend on space, is leading to:</p><disp-formula id="scirp.64680-formula160"><label>(9)</label><graphic position="anchor" xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/1-7502603x16.png"  xlink:type="simple"/></disp-formula><p>Since <inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/1-7502603x17.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula> is an operator, which does not depend on space, and the momentum operator <inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/1-7502603x18.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula> does not depend on time, we have the operator <inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/1-7502603x19.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula> commutes with the operator <inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/1-7502603x20.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula> and the commutator<inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/1-7502603x20.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/1-7502603x21.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula>. Therefore, we obtain:</p><disp-formula id="scirp.64680-formula161"><label>(10)</label><graphic position="anchor" xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/1-7502603x22.png"  xlink:type="simple"/></disp-formula></sec><sec id="s3"><title>3. Summary and Conclusions</title><p>In this note, we have not considered relativistic effects. These effects are not considered either for obtaining constants of the motion variables (observables), which lead to conservation laws [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="scirp.64680-ref1">1</xref>] .</p><p>The main conclusion of this note is that in systems that are determined by Quantum Mechanics formulations, the time expectation value does not change with space.</p></sec><sec id="s4"><title>Cite this paper</title><p>YigalRonen, (2016) A Note on the Expectation Value of Time. Journal of Modern Physics,07,459-460. doi: 10.4236/jmp.2016.76047</p></sec></body><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="scirp.64680-ref1"><label>1</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple">Liboff, R.L. (1998) Introductory Quantum Mechanics. Addison-Wesley Longman, Inc., Reading.</mixed-citation></ref></ref-list></back></article>