Today physics is described by different models: the Standard Model [1] , quantum physics [12] , general relativity [13] , electromagnetic theory [4] [5] and string theory [14] . These theories have a common denominator. It is assumed that the characteristics of the electron and atomic nucleus, such as charge, fields, forces and energy, are intrinsic properties. Hence, today’s physics claims that they are generated without external influence [1] [4] [5] [12] -[14] . The exception is the Higgs Field and the Higgs Boson [7] -[9] .

This paper proposes that it is quite the opposite. The atom in itself contains no forces or energy, what so ever. The atom is completely passive. All energy in the universe originates from a singularity, positioned at the centre of the universe. This energy is absorbed by the electron and the atomic nucleus and the absorbed and re-emitted energy result in phenomena observed in physics: stored energy, forces, current and fields.

This Section is structured in the following way. It starts with a description of energy quanta. A model of the electron and the positron is presented, including a description of absorbed and re-emitted energy quanta. The same model is then utilized to explain the structure of the nucleus and the strong nuclear force. The strong nuclear force is created by a process similar to the Coulomb force, albeit by energy quanta and oscillator quanta with frequencies specific to the nucleus and the strong nuclear force.

The same model is once again utilized to explain gravity. Gravity is created by a process similar to the Coulomb force, albeit by energy quanta and oscillator quanta with frequency specific to gravity.

The same model is finally utilized to explain the photon and inertial mass.

According to the theoretical model the universe contains a singularity. This singularity has been described previously [2] [3] , although with the constraints described in Section 1. This singularity generates energy quanta at different frequencies and they can have positive or negative spin. The energy quantum has no mass and propagates with the speed of light. An energy quantum is described by its vector δS_ω in the present study, where ω denotes its frequency ω. The energy quantum δS_ω remains unaltered as it travels through space. The singularity emits energy quanta δS_ω uniformly into space creating energy flow density S_ω(0) at the singularity and energy flow density S_ω(R) at the distance R. Energy quanta δS_ω are radiated uniformly into space, which results in that S_ω(R) decreases with the area of the sphere

The energy quanta can have positive and negative spin and which is denoted respectively.

It is proposed that the universe contains only two basic entities: energy quanta and one oscillator quantum. The oscillator quantum is a forced damped oscillator with natural frequency ω_o. It absorbs energy quanta δS_ωo and energy flow density S_ωo(R), having the same frequency as the oscillator quantum natural frequency. However, the energy quanta have positive spin or negative spin which implies that the oscillator quantum also has positive or negative spin. An oscillator quantum absorbs only energy quanta having the same spin frequency and spin direction. The absorbed energy quanta cannot be stored in the oscillator quantum and are consequently re-emitted uniformly into space as energy flow density respectively at the distance r from the oscillator quantum. Hence, the energy flow density re-emitted by the oscillator quantum is

where α is a constant which mirrors the oscillator quantum transfer function. However, at the earth the distance R to the singularity is constant. Equation (2) can, thus, be simplified into

From now on is denoted S_ωo(0). Equation (3) describes the energy flow density from one oscillator quantum. There is repelling force between two energy quanta which have the same frequency and spin direction and force of attraction between two energy quanta which have the same frequency but opposite spin directions. Now we picture an energy quantum, δS_ωo, with frequency ω_o and which passes close to an oscillator quantum with frequency ω_o. The energy quantum imposes an impulse and force δF_ωo on the oscillator quantum. This force is directed towards the propagating energy quantum when the energy quantum and the oscillator quantum have opposite spins. This force is directed along the propagating energy quantum when the energy quantum and the oscillator quantum have the same spin. The force δF_ωo on the oscillator quantum, as a result of a passing energy quantum δS_ωo, is

where β is a constant. Energy flow density S_ωo(r) re-emitted and propagating from another oscillator quantum, at the distance r, towards this oscillator quantum imposes a force F_ωo(r) on the oscillator quantum

where η is a constant. According to Equation (3) this can be re-written into

The total force acting on n oscillator quanta is

The total energy flow density S_ωo(r)_, re-emitted by m oscillator quanta in a cluster, is mS_ωo(r). Consequently, the force imposed from one cluster of m oscillator quanta, acting on another cluster of n oscillator quanta at distance r, is

where ξ_o is a constant, valid for oscillator quanta with frequency ω_o. Here r is much larger than the distances within each cluster of oscillator quanta. Equations ((5)-(8)) result in repelling force when oscillator quanta in the two clusters have the same spin and force of attraction when they have opposite spins.

It is proposed that the electron consists of two oscillator quanta with opposite spin directions. This creates a strong force between the two oscillator quanta according to Equation (8) and which amalgamates them into a configuration. This configuration of two oscillator quanta also has spin at its spin frequency ω_e, where e denotes electron. Consequently, the configuration of two oscillator quanta is a forced damped oscillator with natural frequency ω_e. The spin is negative, whereby it absorbs energy quanta and re-emits energy flow density in the same way as the oscillator quantum, with the exception that the absorbed and re-emitted energy quanta have the frequency ω_e. The re-emitted energy quanta flow density is the electron charge and the re-emitted energy quanta flow density is the displacement D. The transport of with velocity v is the current and the observed time derivate of at distance r, from travelling electrons, describes the magnetic field H(r). This has been described previously in detail [2] [3] ; however with the constraints described in Section 1. Electrons have the same spin and consequently, they repel each other according to Equation (8). However, where the equation is valid at the electron frequency ω_e and for the electron constant ξ_e;

. This expresses the Coulomb force. Hence, there is no principle difference between the

force created between oscillator quanta and the force created between electrons other than that they operate in two different frequency domains.

The positron is identical to the electron; however, it has positive spin and the absorbed energy quanta and the re-emitted energy flow density have positive spin. Consequently, two positrons repel according to Equation (8) because they have the same spin. There is force of attraction between a positron and an electron because they have the same spin frequency and opposite spin directions.

It is of course impossible to describe the atom in its exact details. The following is an attempt to describe a common principle which may explain layers of the atom. The description is schematic and simplified and the purpose is only to highlight principles.

It is proposed that the atom contains entities which are smaller than the quark; here they are called electron/positron and micro quark (μq). The electron/positron is a configuration (called ep) which consists of one electron and one positron, amalgamated by the force of attraction according to Equation (8). This configuration has spin at the frequency ω_ep and the spin can be positive or negative. Thus, the configuration is a forced damped oscillator with natural frequency ω_ep. The configuration absorbs and re-emits energy quanta with the frequency ω_ep. Hence, there is force of attraction between electron/positron configurations which have opposite spin directions. A μq can for instance consist of twelve electron/positron configurations oriented in a ring and where adjacent configurations have opposite spins, i.e. the ring consist of ep⁺, ep⁻, ep⁺, ep⁻, ep⁺ etc. Hence, there is a total force of attraction between adjacent electron/positron configurations in the ring according to Equation (8). This configuration has a spin in itself at its frequency ω_μq where μq denotes micro quark. The configuration absorbs energy quanta and re-emits energy flow density S_ωμq(r) in the same way as the oscillator quantum, the electron and the electron/positron configuration, with the exception that the absorbed and re-emitted energy quanta have the frequency ω_μq. The μq can have positive or negative spin. There are three different micro quarks and where the configuration of ep are somewhat different (e.g. different number of electron/positron configurations in the ring) which result in that each type of μq has its specific spin frequency, i.e. ω_μq1, ω_μq2 and ω_μq3 and where each can have positive or negative spin directions.

The configuration may resemble one of the most common structures in chemistry; the biphenyl ring where two rings of each six carbon atoms are connected forming a structure of twelve carbon atoms (and 10 hydrogen atoms) in total. By studying common structures in chemistry we may have an insight into the atom. Physics may be simple and repetitive; guarding those structures which exhibit maximum stability or minimum energy level.

There are three different quarks. The quarks may consist of rings, each consisting of twelve micro quarks (μq) with the same spin frequency. One quark, here called quark type 1 (q₁) may consist of a ring containing the same type of µq, e.g. µq₁. Adjacent μq₁ have opposite spin, i.e. the ring consist of μq₁⁺, μq₁⁻, μq₁⁺, μq₁⁻, μq₁⁺ and μq₁^? etc. Hence, there is a total force of attraction between adjacent μq in the ring according to Equation (8). This configuration has spin in itself at its natural frequency ω_q, where q denotes quark. The configuration absorbs energy quanta and re-emits energy flow density S_ωq(r) in the same way as the oscillator quantum, the electron, the electron/positron configuration and the μq, with the exception that the absorbed and re-emitted energy quanta have the frequency ω_q. The quark q₁ can have positive and negative spin; hence, they are called q₁⁺ and q₁⁻. A similar configuration of micro quarks with frequency ω_μq2 constitutes the quark type 2 which can have positive and negative spin called q₂⁺ and q₂⁻. A third configuration of micro quarks with frequency ω_μq3 constitutes the quark type 3 called q₃⁺ and q₃⁻. All three quarks have the same spin frequency ω_q; however, they can have positive or negative spin.

The proton may consist of one q₁⁺, one q₂⁻ and one q₃⁺. Thus, there is a total force of attraction within the proton which amalgamates the three quarks according to Equation (8). The proton also contains an embedded positron or one of the μq contains a surplus electron. The proton has spin in itself at its natural frequency ω_p, where p denotes proton. The configuration absorbs energy quanta and re-emits energy flow density S_ωp(r) in the same way as the oscillator quantum, the electron, the micro quarks and the quarks, with the exception that the absorbed and re-emitted energy quanta have the frequency ω_p. The proton can have positive and negative spin.

The neutron may consist of one q₁⁻, one q₂⁺ and one q₃⁻. Thus there is a total force of attraction within the proton which amalgamates the three quarks according to Equation (8). The neutron also contains an embedded positron and an embedded electron or two of the μq contain one surplus electron respectively one surplus positron. The neutron has spin in itself at its frequency ω_n, which is the same as the protons spin frequency. The neutron can have positive or negative spin. The configuration absorbs energy quanta and re-emits energy flow density S_ωn(r) in the same way as the oscillator quantum, the electron, the micro quarks and the quarks, with the exception that the absorbed and re-emitted energy quanta have the frequency ω_n.

The atomic nucleus consists of different configurations of protons and neutrons, depending on type of chemical element. Adjacent protons and neutrons have opposite spin which ensures force of attraction between adjacent protons and neutrons according to Equation (8). The total force of attraction decreases with larger configurations which explains why chemical elements with large atomic weight are less stable. The repelling force between positrons embedded in protons plays a part in the total force; however, smaller than the force created by S_ωnp(r).

We now realize one extremely important property of the nucleus. There is a force of attraction within each layer; however, weaker forces between layers. The reason is that each layer operates at a different frequency or in different frequency domains, i.e. each layer consists of forced damped oscillators with natural frequency specific to the layer. Consequently, the interaction between layers is small resulting in a strong total force within each layer. A structure where all layers where operating on the same frequency would result in a total force close to zero. This is the enabler of the strong force or the strong forces.

The atomic nucleus has spin in itself at a frequency which is specific to the chemical element, ω_ce, where ce denotes chemical element. The nucleus absorbs energy quanta and re-emits energy flow density S_ωce(r) in the same way as the oscillator quantum, the electron, micro quarks, quarks, protons and neutrons, with the exception that the absorbed and re-emitted energy quanta have the frequency ω_ce. It is proposed that every electron, orbiting the nucleus, constitutes a spin in itself (i.e. the orbital constitutes the spin) and the electron has the same spin frequency, ω_ce, as the nucleus; however, opposite spin. Consequently, all orbiting electrons are synchronized to each other. Every electron has spin in itself with frequency ω_e or wavelength λ_e. The only allowed orbitals with radius r are those who satisfy n∙λ_e = 2πr. The force of attraction between positrons embedded in protons and orbiting electrons plays a part in the total force between nucleus and orbiting electrons together with the force created by S_ωce(r) according to Equation (8). Consequently, the electron orbital in e.g. the helium atom is different from the first orbital of e.g. the lead atom. All electron orbitals in a chemical element have the same spin frequency ω_ce. From this follows that electrons in the outer orbitals have more kinetic energy than those in the lower orbitals.

This Section explains that the force called gravity is created by a mechanism similar to the mechanism which generates forces between electrons and positrons and within the atomic nucleus; however, gravity encompasses energy quanta with frequency specific to gravity. Gravity based on the present theory has been described previously [2] , although with the constraints described in Section 1. The present theoretical model provides a more stringent and simpler description of gravity. Neutrons, protons, quarks, positrons and electrons contain oscillator quanta with natural frequency ω_o. Neutrons, protons and electrons always contain equal amount of oscillator quanta with positive spin respectively with negative spin, hence there is always the same amount of oscillator quanta with positive spin and with negative spin in bodies. Now we picture two bodies where the distance between the bodies is much larger than the distance between oscillator quanta within the bodies. There is repelling force between oscillator quanta with equal spin and force of attraction between oscillator quanta with opposite spins, according to Equation (8). These forces would normally level out resulting in a total force equal to zero. However, it is proposed that the force of attraction is slightly larger than the repelling force; this results in a small force of attraction, i.e. the gravitational force. Hence, the force F of attraction between two bodies at distance r containing m respectively n oscillator quanta is

where ξ_g is the gravitational constant and the ? sign denotes force of attraction. Equation (9) is derived from Equation (8).

The number of oscillator quanta m in body 1 respectively n in body 2 is proportional to the gravitational mass m₁ of body 1 and the gravitational mass m₂ of body 2. We now recognize the similarity with Newton’s metric law of gravity, where G is Newton’s gravitational constant [5]

We also recognize the similarity with Coulomb’s law . The reason is that the gravitational force is similar to the force between clusters of electrons, the reason being that both derive from Equation (8).

The nature of the photon has been described previously [2] , although with the constraints described in Section 1. The process creating photons is described here in condensed form. Particles, e.g. electron, neutron and proton contain two or many oscillator quanta with natural frequency ω_o as described in Sections 2.4 and 2.5. Each oscillator quantum absorbs energy quanta δS_ωo and re-emits energy quanta δS_ωo. Accelerating or decelerating an electron implies that force and energy is enforced on the electron. This energy can be described as one or many hv. The energy hv cannot be stored in the electron and its oscillator quanta. The energy hv are, as a result, superpositioned on re-emitted energy quanta δS_ωo. One energy hv is superpositioned (in the oscillator quantum) on one re-emitted energy quantum δS_ωo at a time. This new energy quantum δS_ωo+ν has the frequency ω_o and v. Radio waves, light and gamma rays are energy hν super positioned on energy quanta δS_ωo. The re-emitted energy quanta can have positive and negative spin, which implies that the photon δS_ωo+ν also can have positive and negative spin. This is confirmed by the classical definition of photon spin [5] [6] .

Gravitational and inertial mass have been described previously [2] , although with the constraints described in Section 1. The process behind gravitational and inertial mass is described here in condensed form.

Gravitational mass is the expression of the mechanism, i.e. atomic oscillator quanta, which absorb and re-emit energy quanta δS_ωo and energy flow density S _o(r). This results in gravitational force according to Equations ((9) and (10)). Consequently, the gravitational mass m₁ in Equation (10) is proportional to the number m of oscillator quanta with natural frequency ω_o (creating gravity) in the mass or the body.

Accelerating or decelerating a mass, a particle, an electron or an atom demands enforced force and energy. The mass, particle, electron or atom cannot store this enforced energy. The enforced energy can be described as many hv. The enforced energy hv are superpositioned on re-emitted energy quanta, comprising the energy quantum δS_ωo+ν as described in Section 2.7. Hence, enforced energy hv are emitted as photons. Thus, inertial mass is the expression of the mechanism, i.e. atomic oscillator quanta, with natural frequency ω_o, which convert enforced energy hv into emitted photons δS_ωo+ν. The inertial mass is proportional to the number m of oscillator quanta in the mass. Consequently, the inertial mass is proportional to the gravitational mass, although inertial and gravitational mass originate from totally different processes. The process creating inertial mass is identical to the process creating photons, as described in Section 2.7. The number of oscillators in a mass or body is normally extremely large. This results in that the emitted photons have very low frequency v. Photons can be detected as TEM waves (Transverse Electromagnetic waves). However, TEM waves with very low frequency cannot be measured with state of the art instruments.