Executive functions (EFs) are essential in human functioning, and are an important field of study in neuropsychology. One of the most common disorders concerning EFs is the alteration in response inhibition, fundamental to an adequate behavior. This study aimed to show the initial normative data of 35 healthy subjects (22 women and 13 men, with a mean age of 42.60 years old [SD = 14.36]) in a free version of the Go/No-go task. We were able to identify a clear influence of the variable age in reaction time concerning response inhibition and attention.
Executive functions (EFs) refer to cognitive competences that allow the subject to determine objectives, find new ways of reaching them, trying to adapt him/herself to various circumstances along that path. An useful way of assessing executive functioning, as well as the severity of executive dysfunctions, being response inhibition one of the most common, involves the utilization of neuropsychological measures (Burgess & Alderman, 2003) .
The Go/No-go task is one of the most applied measures to assess response inhibition. Between the two paradigms of Go/No-go tasks, “simple” and “complex”, we find the first to be preferable. On one hand, it does not require an increased working memory, as “complex” Go/No-go tasks do, not relevant for the purpose of our study. Also, it features, the use of pre Supplementary Motor Area (pre-SMA), essential to the selection of an adequate behavior, needed to select an appropriate response or to inhibit an inappropriate one (Simmonds, Pekar, & Mostofsky, 2008) .
Given the importance of this mechanism for clinical practice and the current lack of instruments for its assessment, this study aimed to present the first results regarding normative data of a simple Go/No-go task from the Psychology Experiment Building Language (PEBL) (Mueller, 2013) , a free access battery.
Our sample comprised 35 healthy subjects, 22 women and 13 men, with a mean age of 42.60 years old (SD = 14.36), a mean of 9.74 (SD = 3.76) years of education and an age range of 17 - 67 years old, recruited from advertisements. All participants were Caucasians and Portuguese speakers.
A computerized Go/No-go Task (Mueller, 2013) , a free software from PEBL Test Battery (Mueller & Piper, 2014) , was performed by every subject, using the same portable computer running the Microsoft Windows 8.1 and an external keypad connected to it.
Each participant completed a health and demographic questionnaire which included the MINI (Mini International Neuropsychiatric Interview) (Sheehan et al., 1997) and the BSI (Brief Symptom Inventory) (Canavarro, 2007) . Exclusion criteria were current or prior history of mental health disorders, dementia, substance abuse and neurologic disease, including head injury involving a loss of consciousness. To discard simulation, Rey 15-Item Memory Test (15-IMT) was used (Simões, Sousa, & Duarte, 2010) .
This study was approved by the Hospital Center of Algarve Ethics Committee, in conformity with the Helsinki declaration. After having been provided with all the information about the study, all participants signed an informed consent statement.
All analyzes were conducted using the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS), version 20.0. The level of significance was set at p ˂ 0.05.
We found differences between age groups in accuracy (number of correct responses and number of errors) and in reaction time, with significant effects of age in these results (
A one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) showed significant group differences concerning effects of aging, with older patients performing overall more poorly regarding reaction time (P-Go: F (2, 19.8) = 9.71, p = 0.001; R-No-go: F (2, 32) = 5.57, p = 0.008; R-Go: F (2, 20.5) = 7.93, p = 0.003), accuracy (N˚ corrects: F (2, 19.9) = 3.98, p = 0.035; % corrects: F (2, 19.7) = 3.90, p = 0.037) and total of errors (N˚ errors: F (2, 19.9) = 3.98, p = 0.035; % errors: F (2, 19.7) = 3.90, p = 0.037).
A shared variance of 28% and 42% was found in reaction time regarding response inhibition (R-No-go, commission errors: R2 = 0.289, F (1, 33) = 13.34, p = 0.001) and attention (R-Go, omission errors: R2 = 0.422, F (1, 33) = 24.09, p = 0.001), respectively (
According to previous reports (Votruba & Langenecker, 2013) , the influence of aging effects in reaction time was evident, corroborating the importance of motor skills to task performance.
As Go/No-go task representsa crucial instrument to assess response inhibition, the main contribution of this study was the presentation of initial normative data (
| Age Group | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Total Scorea | 17 - 39b | 40 - 49c | Over 50d | ||||||
| M | SD | M | SD | M | SD | M | SD | p-value | |
| Errors | |||||||||
| P-Go | 3.42 | 7.48 | 0.57 | 1.01 | 3.09 | 8.12 | 7.80 | 10.13 | 0.105* |
| R-No-Go (Commission Errors) | 5.48 | 3.33 | 4.42 | 2.20 | 5.18 | 2.60 | 7.30 | 4.69 | 0.106 |
| R-Go (Omission Errors) | 0.40 | 0.77 | 0.28 | 0.61 | 0.36 | 0.67 | 0.60 | 1.07 | 0.622 |
| P-No-Go | 1.88 | 2.28 | 1.64 | 1.98 | 1.54 | 1.50 | 2.60 | 3.27 | 0.516 |
| Percent | |||||||||
| P-Go | 97.32 | 5.84 | 99.55 | 0.79 | 97.58 | 6.35 | 93.95 | 7.91 | 0.105* |
| R-No-Go (Commission Errors) | 82.85 | 10.42 | 86.16 | 6.90 | 83.80 | 8.12 | 77.18 | 14.66 | 0.106 |
| R-Go (Omission Errors) | 98.75 | 2.42 | 99.10 | 1.91 | 98.86 | 2.10 | 98.12 | 3.35 | 0.622 |
| P-No-go | 98.52 | 1.78 | 98.71 | 1.55 | 98.79 | 1.17 | 97.96 | 2.55 | 0.516 |
| Reaction Times (ms) | |||||||||
| P-Go | 525.65 | 99.29 | 455.10 | 31.46 | 543.15 | 110.99 | 605.16 | 83.58 | 0.001* |
| R-No-Go (Commission Errors) | 448.17 | 82.28 | 405.95 | 41.03 | 448.51 | 86.87 | 506.90 | 90.29 | 0.017 |
| R-Go (Omission Errors) | 547.15 | 75.45 | 501.22 | 32.76 | 547.75 | 68.70 | 610.79 | 83.24 | 0.003* |
| P-No-go | 486.33 | 68.14 | 489.16 | 57.36 | 439.11 | 37.76 | 529.77 | 81.59 | 0.061 |
| Total Accuracy (n˚) | 308.8 | 10.07 | 313.07 | 4.19 | 309.81 | 10.36 | 301.70 | 12.38 | 0.035* |
| % Accuracy | 96.48 | 3.13 | 97.78 | 1.24 | 96.81 | 3.23 | 94.28 | 3.86 | 0.037* |
| Errors (n˚) | 11.20 | 10.07 | 6.92 | 4.19 | 10.18 | 10.36 | 18.30 | 12.38 | 0.035* |
| % Errors | 3.51 | 3.13 | 2.21 | 1.24 | 3.18 | 3.23 | 5.71 | 3.86 | 0.037* |
Note: an = 35, bn = 14, cn = 11, dn = 10, *Brown-Forsythe.
| Healthya (% of Variance) | |
|---|---|
| M | |
| Response Inhibition (R-No-Go) | |
| Errors | 8 |
| RT (ms) | 281 |
| Attention (R-Go) | |
| Errors | 3 |
| RT (ms) | 421 |
Note: an = 35, 1p ≤ 0.001.
applications of this test. Its main limitation concerns the sample size, which was not wide enough to validate normative data more clearly. Future research should compare larger numbers of subjects and samples should comprise more homogeneous groups, particularly regarding age.
| Healthya | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 15 | 25 | 50 | 75 | 90 | |
| Response Inhibition (R-No-go) | |||||
| Errors | 10.00 | 7.00 | 5.00 | 3.00 | 2.00 |
| Percent | 68.75 | 78.13 | 84.37 | 90.62 | 93.75 |
| RT (ms) | 601.58 | 464.75 | 419.20 | 389.62 | 369.66 |
| Attention (R-Go) | |||||
| Errors | 2 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Percent | 93.75 | 96.87 | 100.00 | 100.00 | 100.00 |
| RT (ms) | 663.14 | 572.80 | 522.59 | 495.87 | 474.02 |
| Total | |||||
| % Accuracy | 90.81 | 95.93 | 97.81 | 98.75 | 99.02 |
| % Errors | 9.18 | 4.06 | 2.18 | 1.25 | 0.97 |
Note: an = 35.
We thank all participants of this study.
MarcoMoniz,Saul Neves deJesus,EduardoGonçalves,JoãoViseu,AndreiaPacheco,SusanaMoreira, (2016) Portuguese Version of Simple Go/No-Go Task: Influence of Age in Attention and Response Inhibition Reaction Time. Psychology,07,254-257. doi: 10.4236/psych.2016.72027