We begin with a review from T. Padmanabhan [1] as to the foundations of a scalar field and a potential field, in terms of cosmological evolution. Following that, we are adding more detail as to a supposition by Handley et al. [2] . As to how one could invert the supposition of inflation, [1] , that the Kinetic energy would be much larger than the Potential energy [2] . Here, we offer a mechanism for how this may happen. This is in lieu as to C. VAN DEN BROECK in [3] namely that we need to distinguish between multiple early universe sources of gravitational wave, or the onset of inflation generated early gravitational waves, as seen in the below quotation

“Omni-directional gravitational wave background radiation could arise from fundamental processes in the early Universe, or from the superposition of a large number of signals with a point-like origin. Examples of the former include parametric amplification of gravitational vacuum fluctuations during the inflationary era”

In particular our approach is similar to the procedures outlined as to vacuum fluctuations in the (very early) inflationary era. And we will outline how we are avoiding multiple sources. Which would be done if there is a sharply focused peak frequency in magnitude and intensity, i.e. we wager that a sharply defined peak of GW amplitude and strain is about the only way to avoid the problems associated with Bicep 2, which was due to dust from galactic sources [3] - [5] .

Our gedanken experiment is a thought experiment, that kinetic energy dominates potential energy in the initial phase of cosmological evolution. As a second component of our thought experiment is then the smallness of curvature, so to a good first approximation so that then the formulation of near flatness in the beginning of space-time is a starting point for surprisingly traditional looking Friedman cosmological equations, due to the minimal influence of curvature, which would be a consequence of [6] .

Furthermore in our thought experiment is the supposition that the dominance of kinetic energy is in the regime of space-time before a Planck time interval has transpired. Implicit in this is the supposition that there is such a regime of space-time which the author has also worked out in [7] . If there is a regime of space-time just before Planck time, and this convention adheres to [2] that kinetic energy is, indeed greater than potential energy. In the pre-Planckian space time regime we will have, then a kinetic energy term with imaginary time, and that then the points just before Planck time will have a Potential energy as given by an imaginary time component as set by

Here, what has done, is to scale real to imaginary time, and to normalize it by a division of 10⁻⁴⁴ seconds, effectively having a “rescaled” pre-Planckian time which would be written as an imaginary number with

This means that in an interval just before the Planck time, that we are postulating a pre-Planckian space-time which is purely imaginary, i.e. operationally Equation (2) is, effectively in the regime of analysis of Kinetic energy dominance given by

The change in time from imaginary to real time, is in line with a full evaluation of a transition from Equation (3) to the regime of space-time dominated by

In particular what we are supposing is a transformation from the pre-Planckian to Planckian regime given by

The right hand side would represent non imaginary time, whereas the regime where there is imaginary structure would represent sub divisions in causal structure of space-time, as alluded to by Dowker [5] [8] with what is represented in Equation (5) as a division from pre-Planckian to Planckian space-time, and a defacto Causal structure with the imaginary time component one which is “tunneled” through, to reach Planckian Space-time physics.

What is conserved between the transference from a prior universe, to present universe would be at the Planckian regime, a minimum stress energy Tensor, which by [3] is given as a term with has the label of for transferred space-time energy, and then a measure of curvature of space-time as given in [6] as, if

The is defined in [6] and can be usually thought of as how gravity affects space-time geometry, as given in [9] which is part of the definition of a Riemann Scalar, for which as given in [6] we have that the Riemann scalar is given as

The term for a minimum scale factor is given in Equation (7) which is the smallest unit of evolving space-time which is accessible to analysis, which is akin to adopting the bounce definition of a non-singular starting point of a universe expansion as given in [7] [8] [10] [11] with a minimum initial scale value given in [3] [6] as

If so, then we find then that, if we are looking at a cosmological constant, as defined in [9] [10] [12] [13] with an initial value of this cosmological constant as written as (leaving open the possibility that the cosmological constant could have changed over time, i.e. quintessence, as seen in [11] [14] ), that then, as given in part by [3] [6] , where is three space volume, not including the time dimension,

Here in part we are partaking of the idea of a massive graviton, of about 10⁻⁶² grams, as given by [12] [15] . and we also, to those whom object to the idea of a massive Graviton refer to Maggiore [13] [16]

Here, the T is the trace of the Einstein Stress energy Tensor, whereas h is the trace of. In our case, if one took the trace of the massless graviton, would be identically zero in line with T = 0, whereas in the formulation given by Maggiorie [16] if one did not have the trace of not equal to zero, one is assuming a modification of the usual massless spin 2 graviton, whereas in terms of our treatment of T, we are effectively, due to the work we did in [7] restricting the T to be equivalent to in the pre-Planckian treatment of space-time which is equivalent to looking at, if is the same as the time component of the Stress energy tensor in the pre-Planckian regime of space time, that we have by [7] that

The term of the inflaton scalar field factor shows up in the Equation (13) whereas we define the Graviton coupling term [16] via, if G is the gravitational constant, we define it as follows, namely

If the curvature measure, above is almost zero, then we can use from [1] , with a cosmological potential energy term (usually is more dominant in inflation, to the kinetic energy, but our thought experiment has that the kinetic energy we call, i.e. the time derivative of the inflaton field, is the dominant factor before the Planck time regime which starts about 10⁻⁴⁴ seconds), and the term we will be watching as extremely significant, , the time derivative of the inflaton field. Here, we define the dynamical equation for H, below i.e. that

If so, then using the Potential energy and Kinetic energy values from [1] we can write the following: Keep in mind that in Equation (14) that the H referred to is defined by Equation (13) above, and so we write below explicit entries for the Potential energy, , the Kinetic energy, and we define a value for Equation (13).

The term is for Potential energy, and it is by inspection » in the Planckian space-time regime which is the Kinetic energy component, provided that time here is a real co-ordinate.

We will, for now on, to keep this real time non dimensional, make the following identification with, once again, Equation (4), which has. For the sake of identification, we will be assuming that Equation (14) and Equation (4) are in the present universe and that is extraordinarily small.

Our supposition is that Equation (2) to Equation (5) in the matter of pre-Planckian space time, say in a boundary of 2 times Planck time to buttress the repeating cyclical universe we are assuming as possibility given by Penrose [17] , is changed then to take into the quantum bounce analogy we think should be looked at [11] as given by C. Rovelli and F. Vidotto. So then we get from Planckian space time, a real time evaluation which shrinks to imaginary time, via the following rule

i.e. what we are saying is that, there is a retime in the pre-Planckian regime of space-time

In a boundary of i.e. about a bounce area, of space time, then there would be this switch, so then in this regime, we would re write the relevant evaluative time for the Potential and Kinetic energy as.

Pick the following point of evaluation, namely at the transit point between the plus to the minus regions of

that we are looking at a Vanishing Potential energy, but a Kinetic energy which would be very different from Zero.

The fact we have a very large non zero going into the region, as a pre-Planckian bounce bubble, with this flipping to with the result that.

In making this evaluation, we are assuming that there could be use of the following for relic Gravitational waves., i.e. for Equation (17) to hold we will be looking at a time interval which may be specified by [18] [19]

Initially, as postulated by Babour [18] [19] this set of masses, given in the emergent time structure could be for say the planetary masses of each contribution of the solar system. Our identification is to have an initial mass

value, at the start of creation, for an individual graviton. So If Then there may be gravitons which are [18] [19]

This would entail assuming relic gravitation generated by a massive graviton bounded below by

And the magnitude of K.E. as defined by

If so, then if we use Equation (16) and Equation (20) and Equation (21) so as to obtain

If so, then, we come to a conclusion, which uses a basic energy density result from Kolb and Turner [9] that the Kinetic energy, as defined in pre-Planckian physics, as defined in this document is decisively important, as given in the conclusion.

It is very noticeable that in [21] we have that the following quote is particularly relevant to consider, in lieu of our results

“Thus, if advanced projects on the detection of GWs will improve their sensitivity allowing to perform a GWs astronomy (this is due because signals from GWs are quite weak) [16] , one will only have to look the interferometer response functions to understand if General Relativity is the definitive theory of gravity. In fact, if only the two response functions (2) and (19) will be present, we will conclude that General Relativity is definitive. If the response function (22) will be present too, we will conclude that massless Scalar-Tensor Gravity is the correct theory of gravitation. Finally, if a longitudinal response function will be present, i.e. Equation (25) for a wave propagating parallel to one interferometer arm, or its generalization to angular dependences, we will learn that the correct theory of gravity will be massive Scalar-Tensor Gravity which is equivalent to f(R) theories. In any case, such response functions will represent the definitive test for General Relativity. This is because General Relativity is the only gravity theory which admits only the two response functions (2) and (19) [21] . Such response functions correspond to the two “canonical” polarizations h+ and h×. Thus, if a third polarization will be present, a third response function will be detected by GWs interferometers and this fact will rule out General Relativity like the definitive theory of gravity”

We argue that a third polarization in Gravitational waves from the early universe may be detected, if there is proof positive that in the pre-Planckian regime that the Corda conjecture [20] as given below, namely if the following analysis is part of our take on relic gravitational waves, is supported by the kinetic energy being larger than the potential energy, namely what if

“The case of massless Scalar-Tensor Gravity has been discussed in [22] [23] with a “bouncing photons analysis” similar to the previous one. In this case, the line-element in the TT gauge can be extended with one more polarization, labelled with Φ(t + z), i.e. …”

i.e. the dominance of Kinetic energy over Potential energy, in pre-Planckian physics could serve as a template for verification for the existence of a third polarization along the lines brought up in [20] and its confirmation or falsification would yield foundational insight available nowhere else possible.

Our hypothesis, as to Equation (22), is equivalent to what is frequently postulated as an energy density as given by Kolb and Turner [12] . First of all the below is equivalent to, i.e. the is the same as

If so, then the lower bound to the graviton will be then as given by Equation (24) below, if we use Equation (23), then

i.e. if we have a comparatively low initial temperature, T, it will mean a large initial graviton mass. If the T is of the order of Planck temperature, say 10³² Kelvin, then the above will have a lower graviton mass value of about 10⁻⁶⁶ grams. It goes up if there is what is called a (colder cosmology) about 1 order of magnitude lower initial temperature, leading to the mass of a graviton bounded below by 10⁻⁵⁸ grams. Really cold initial temperatures far lower than 10³² degrees Kelvin for T would lead to maybe even 10⁻⁵⁰ grams for the initial lower bound to the graviton mass.

For consistency with the 10⁻⁶² gram value as given by [15] we would probably be considering it desirable for 10³² degrees Kelvin for T. In all this we will be considering initial degrees of freedom, of about 100, in terms of what was given by Kolb and Turner [12] .

It is worth noting that Dr. Corda in [21] has extended the Maggiorie results [16] as given in the prior reference [21] section and that indeed Maggiore studied the detectability only for GWs having a wavelength very much longer than the interferometer’s arms, while Corda [21] extended the results to all the GWs wavelengths. The importance of this contribution is, if we find out if there is a third polarization as indicated above, possibly due to a dominance of kinetic energy, i.e. the dominance in a pre-Planckian mode of space time may allow for settling the question given in [21] , with an appropriately chosen magnitude, and frequency, and also allow for avoiding the mistake of Bicep 2, as given in references [21] [24] .

We also state unequivocally, that confirmation of this result would give reality to the suppositions given in references [16] - [20] , which would through analysis help toward falsifiable measurements which would allow us to determine if Quantum physics and quantum gravity are, indeed part of a larger non deterministic theory, as given in [25] .

This work is supported in part by National Nature Science Foundation of China grant No. 11375279.

Andrew WalcottBeckwith, (2016) Gedanken Experiment Examining How Kinetic Energy Would Dominate Potential Energy, in Pre-Planckian Space-Time Physics, and Allow Us to Avoid the BICEP 2 Mistake. Journal of High Energy Physics, Gravitation and Cosmology,02,75-82. doi: 10.4236/jhepgc.2016.21008