<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?><!DOCTYPE article  PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD Journal Publishing DTD v3.0 20080202//EN" "http://dtd.nlm.nih.gov/publishing/3.0/journalpublishing3.dtd"><article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" dtd-version="3.0" xml:lang="en" article-type="research article"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">AJCM</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title>American Journal of Computational Mathematics</journal-title></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="epub">2161-1203</issn><publisher><publisher-name>Scientific Research Publishing</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.4236/ajcm.2015.54041</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">AJCM-62438</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Articles</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="Discipline-v2"><subject>Physics&amp;Mathematics</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>
 
 
  The exp&lt;span style=&quot;font-family:Symbol;font-size:11pt;&quot;&gt;(-j(x))&lt;/span&gt; Method and Its Applications for Solving Some Nonlinear Evolution Equations in Mathematical Physics
 
</article-title></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>aha</surname><given-names>S. M. Shehata</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sub>1</sub></xref><xref ref-type="corresp" rid="cor1"><sup>*</sup></xref></contrib></contrib-group><aff id="aff1"><label>1</label><addr-line>Department of Mathematics, Faculty of Science, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt</addr-line></aff><author-notes><corresp id="cor1">* E-mail:<email>dr.maha_32@hotmail.com</email></corresp></author-notes><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>26</day><month>11</month><year>2015</year></pub-date><volume>05</volume><issue>04</issue><fpage>468</fpage><lpage>480</lpage><history><date date-type="received"><day>23</day>	<month>January</month>	<year>2015</year></date><date date-type="rev-recd"><day>accepted</day>	<month>27</month>	<year>December</year>	</date><date date-type="accepted"><day>30</day>	<month>December</month>	<year>2015</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement>&#169; Copyright  2014 by authors and Scientific Research Publishing Inc. </copyright-statement><copyright-year>2014</copyright-year><license><license-p>This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution International License (CC BY). http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/</license-p></license></permissions><abstract><p>
 
 
   The  exp(-j(x)) method is employed to find the exact traveling wave solutions involving parameters for nonlinear evolution equations. When these parameters are taken to be special values, the solitary wave solutions are derived from the exact traveling wave solutions. It is shown that the  exp(-j(x))  method provides an effective and a more powerful mathematical tool for solving nonlinear evolution equations in mathematical physics. Comparison between our results and the well-known results will be presented. 
 
</p></abstract><kwd-group><kwd>The exp&lt;span style=&quot;font-family:Symbol;font-size:11pt;&quot;&gt;(-j(x))&lt;/span&gt; Method</kwd><kwd> (2+1)-Dimensional Soliton Breaking Equation</kwd><kwd> (3+1)-Dimensional</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><body><sec id="s1"><title>1. Introduction</title><p>The nonlinear partial differential equations of mathematical physics are major subjects in physical science [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="scirp.62438-ref1">1</xref>] . Exact solutions for these equations play an important role in many phenomena in physics such as fluid mechanics, hydrodynamics, Optics, Plasma physics and so on. Recently many new approaches for finding these solutions have been proposed, for example, tanh-sech method [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="scirp.62438-ref2">2</xref>] -[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="scirp.62438-ref4">4</xref>] , extended tanh-method [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="scirp.62438-ref5">5</xref>] , extended jacobain method [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="scirp.62438-ref6">6</xref>] , modified simple equation method [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="scirp.62438-ref7">7</xref>] [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="scirp.62438-ref8">8</xref>] , sine-cosine method [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="scirp.62438-ref9">9</xref>] [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="scirp.62438-ref10">10</xref>] , homogeneous balance method [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="scirp.62438-ref11">11</xref>] [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="scirp.62438-ref12">12</xref>] , F-expansion method [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="scirp.62438-ref13">13</xref>] -[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="scirp.62438-ref15">15</xref>] , exp-function method [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="scirp.62438-ref16">16</xref>] [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="scirp.62438-ref17">17</xref>] , trigonometric function series method [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="scirp.62438-ref18">18</xref>] , <inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/7-1100407x10.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula>-expansion method [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="scirp.62438-ref19">19</xref>] -[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="scirp.62438-ref22">22</xref>] , Jacobi elliptic function method [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="scirp.62438-ref23">23</xref>] -[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="scirp.62438-ref26">26</xref>] , the</p><p><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/7-1100407x11.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula>-expansion method [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="scirp.62438-ref27">27</xref>] -[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="scirp.62438-ref29">29</xref>] and so on.</p><p>The objective of this article is to investigate more applications than obtained in [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="scirp.62438-ref27">27</xref>] -[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="scirp.62438-ref29">29</xref>] to justify and</p><p>demonstrate the advantages of the <inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/7-1100407x12.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula> method. Here, we apply this method to (2+1)-dimensional</p><p>soliton breaking equation [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="scirp.62438-ref30">30</xref>] and (3+1)-dimensional Kadomstev-Petviash-vili.</p></sec><sec id="s2"><title>2. Description of Method</title><p>Consider the following nonlinear evolution equation</p><disp-formula id="scirp.62438-formula1759"><label>(1)</label><graphic position="anchor" xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/7-1100407x13.png"  xlink:type="simple"/></disp-formula><p>where F is a polynomial in <inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/7-1100407x14.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula> and its partial derivatives in which the highest order derivatives and nonlinear terms are involved. In the following,we give the main steps of this method</p><p>Step 1. We use the wave transformation</p><disp-formula id="scirp.62438-formula1760"><label>(2)</label><graphic position="anchor" xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/7-1100407x15.png"  xlink:type="simple"/></disp-formula><p>where c is a positive constant, to reduce Equation (1) to the following ODE:</p><disp-formula id="scirp.62438-formula1761"><label>(3)</label><graphic position="anchor" xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/7-1100407x16.png"  xlink:type="simple"/></disp-formula><p>where P is a polynomial in <inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/7-1100407x17.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula> and its total derivatives,while<inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/7-1100407x18.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula>.</p><p>Step 2. Suppose that the solution of ODE (3) can be expressed by a polynomial in <inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/7-1100407x19.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula> as follows</p><disp-formula id="scirp.62438-formula1762"><label>(4)</label><graphic position="anchor" xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/7-1100407x20.png"  xlink:type="simple"/></disp-formula><p>where <inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/7-1100407x21.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula> satisfies the ODE in the form</p><disp-formula id="scirp.62438-formula1763"><label>(5)</label><graphic position="anchor" xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/7-1100407x22.png"  xlink:type="simple"/></disp-formula><p>the solutions of ODE (5) are</p><p>when <inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/7-1100407x23.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula></p><disp-formula id="scirp.62438-formula1764"><label>(6)</label><graphic position="anchor" xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/7-1100407x24.png"  xlink:type="simple"/></disp-formula><p>when <inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/7-1100407x25.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula></p><disp-formula id="scirp.62438-formula1765"><label>(7)</label><graphic position="anchor" xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/7-1100407x26.png"  xlink:type="simple"/></disp-formula><p>when <inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/7-1100407x27.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula></p><disp-formula id="scirp.62438-formula1766"><label>(8)</label><graphic position="anchor" xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/7-1100407x28.png"  xlink:type="simple"/></disp-formula><p>when <inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/7-1100407x29.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula></p><disp-formula id="scirp.62438-formula1767"><label>(9)</label><graphic position="anchor" xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/7-1100407x30.png"  xlink:type="simple"/></disp-formula><p>when <inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/7-1100407x31.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula></p><disp-formula id="scirp.62438-formula1768"><label>(10)</label><graphic position="anchor" xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/7-1100407x32.png"  xlink:type="simple"/></disp-formula><p>where <inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/7-1100407x33.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula> are constants to be determined later,</p><p>Step 3. Substitute Equation (4) along Equation (5) into Equation (3) and collecting all the terms of the same power<inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/7-1100407x34.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula>, <inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/7-1100407x34.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/7-1100407x35.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula>and equating them to zero, we obtain a system of algebraic equations, which can be solved by Maple or Mathematica to get the values of<inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/7-1100407x34.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/7-1100407x35.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/7-1100407x36.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula>.</p><p>Step 4. substituting these values and the solutions of Equation (5) into Equation (3) we obtain the exact solutions of Equation (1).</p></sec><sec id="s3"><title>3. Application</title><p>Here, we will apply the <inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/7-1100407x37.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula> method described in Section 2 to find the exact traveling wave solutions and then the solitary wave slutions for the following nonlinear systems of evolution evolution equations.</p><sec id="s3_1"><title>3.1. Example 1: The (2+1)-Dimensional Breaking Soliton Equations</title><p>Let us consider the (2+1)-dimensional breaking soliton equations [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="scirp.62438-ref30">30</xref>] :</p><disp-formula id="scirp.62438-formula1769"><label>(11)</label><graphic position="anchor" xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/7-1100407x38.png"  xlink:type="simple"/></disp-formula><p>where <inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/7-1100407x39.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula> is known constant. Equation (11) describes the (2+1)-dimensional interaction of a Riemann wave propagating along the y-axis with along wave along the x-axis. In the past years, many authors have studied Equation (11). For instance, Zhang has successfully extended the generalized auxiliary equation method of the (2+1)-dimensional breaking soliton equations in [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="scirp.62438-ref31">31</xref>] . Some soliton-like solutions were obtained by the generalized expansion of Riccati equation in [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="scirp.62438-ref32">32</xref>] . Recently, a class of periodic wave solutions were obtained by the mapping method in [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="scirp.62438-ref33">33</xref>] . Two classes of new exact solutions were obtained by the singular manifold method in [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="scirp.62438-ref34">34</xref>] .</p><p>Using the wave variable <inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/7-1100407x40.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula> and proceeding as before we find</p><disp-formula id="scirp.62438-formula1770"><label>(12)</label><graphic position="anchor" xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/7-1100407x41.png"  xlink:type="simple"/></disp-formula><p>Integrating the second equation in the system and neglecting constant of integration we find</p><disp-formula id="scirp.62438-formula1771"><label>(13)</label><graphic position="anchor" xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/7-1100407x42.png"  xlink:type="simple"/></disp-formula><p>Substituting (13) into the first equation of the system and integration we find</p><disp-formula id="scirp.62438-formula1772"><label>(14)</label><graphic position="anchor" xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/7-1100407x43.png"  xlink:type="simple"/></disp-formula><p>Balancing <inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/7-1100407x44.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula> and <inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/7-1100407x44.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/7-1100407x45.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula> in Equation (14) yields,<inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/7-1100407x44.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/7-1100407x45.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/7-1100407x46.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula>. Consequently, we get the formal solution</p><disp-formula id="scirp.62438-formula1773"><label>(15)</label><graphic position="anchor" xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/7-1100407x47.png"  xlink:type="simple"/></disp-formula><p>where<inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/7-1100407x48.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula>, <inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/7-1100407x48.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/7-1100407x49.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula>, <inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/7-1100407x48.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/7-1100407x49.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/7-1100407x50.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula>are constants to be determined, such that<inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/7-1100407x48.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/7-1100407x49.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/7-1100407x50.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/7-1100407x51.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula>. It is easy to see that</p><disp-formula id="scirp.62438-formula1774"><label>(16)</label><graphic position="anchor" xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/7-1100407x52.png"  xlink:type="simple"/></disp-formula><disp-formula id="scirp.62438-formula1775"><label>(17)</label><graphic position="anchor" xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/7-1100407x53.png"  xlink:type="simple"/></disp-formula><p>Substituting (15) and (17) into Equation (14) and equating all the coefficients of<inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/7-1100407x54.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula>, <inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/7-1100407x54.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/7-1100407x55.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula>, <inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/7-1100407x54.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/7-1100407x55.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/7-1100407x56.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula>, <inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/7-1100407x54.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/7-1100407x55.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/7-1100407x56.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/7-1100407x57.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula>, <inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/7-1100407x54.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/7-1100407x55.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/7-1100407x56.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/7-1100407x57.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/7-1100407x58.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula>to zero, we deduce respectively</p><disp-formula id="scirp.62438-formula1776"><label>(18)</label><graphic position="anchor" xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/7-1100407x59.png"  xlink:type="simple"/></disp-formula><disp-formula id="scirp.62438-formula1777"><label>(19)</label><graphic position="anchor" xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/7-1100407x60.png"  xlink:type="simple"/></disp-formula><disp-formula id="scirp.62438-formula1778"><label>(20)</label><graphic position="anchor" xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/7-1100407x61.png"  xlink:type="simple"/></disp-formula><disp-formula id="scirp.62438-formula1779"><label>(21)</label><graphic position="anchor" xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/7-1100407x62.png"  xlink:type="simple"/></disp-formula><disp-formula id="scirp.62438-formula1780"><label>(22)</label><graphic position="anchor" xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/7-1100407x63.png"  xlink:type="simple"/></disp-formula><p>From Equations (18)-(22), we have the following results:</p><p>Case 1.</p><disp-formula id="scirp.62438-formula1781"><graphic  xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/7-1100407x64.png"  xlink:type="simple"/></disp-formula><p>Case 2.</p><disp-formula id="scirp.62438-formula1782"><graphic  xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/7-1100407x65.png"  xlink:type="simple"/></disp-formula><p>So that the exact solution of Equation (14)</p><p>Case 1.</p><p>when <inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/7-1100407x66.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula></p><disp-formula id="scirp.62438-formula1783"><label>(23)</label><graphic position="anchor" xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/7-1100407x67.png"  xlink:type="simple"/></disp-formula><p>when <inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/7-1100407x68.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula></p><disp-formula id="scirp.62438-formula1784"><label>(24)</label><graphic position="anchor" xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/7-1100407x69.png"  xlink:type="simple"/></disp-formula><p>when <inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/7-1100407x70.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula></p><disp-formula id="scirp.62438-formula1785"><label>(25)</label><graphic position="anchor" xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/7-1100407x71.png"  xlink:type="simple"/></disp-formula><p>when <inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/7-1100407x72.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula></p><disp-formula id="scirp.62438-formula1786"><label>(26)</label><graphic position="anchor" xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/7-1100407x73.png"  xlink:type="simple"/></disp-formula><p>when <inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/7-1100407x74.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula></p><disp-formula id="scirp.62438-formula1787"><label>(27)</label><graphic position="anchor" xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/7-1100407x75.png"  xlink:type="simple"/></disp-formula><p>Case 2.</p><p>when <inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/7-1100407x76.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula></p><disp-formula id="scirp.62438-formula1788"><label>(28)</label><graphic position="anchor" xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/7-1100407x77.png"  xlink:type="simple"/></disp-formula><p>when <inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/7-1100407x78.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula></p><disp-formula id="scirp.62438-formula1789"><label>(29)</label><graphic position="anchor" xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/7-1100407x79.png"  xlink:type="simple"/></disp-formula><p>when <inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/7-1100407x80.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula></p><disp-formula id="scirp.62438-formula1790"><label>(30)</label><graphic position="anchor" xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/7-1100407x81.png"  xlink:type="simple"/></disp-formula><p>when <inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/7-1100407x82.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula></p><disp-formula id="scirp.62438-formula1791"><label>(31)</label><graphic position="anchor" xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/7-1100407x83.png"  xlink:type="simple"/></disp-formula><p>when <inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/7-1100407x84.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula></p><disp-formula id="scirp.62438-formula1792"><label>(32)</label><graphic position="anchor" xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/7-1100407x85.png"  xlink:type="simple"/></disp-formula></sec><sec id="s3_2"><title>3.2. Example 2: The (3+1)-Dimensional KP Equation</title><p>We next consider the (3+1)-dimensional KP equation</p><disp-formula id="scirp.62438-formula1793"><label>(33)</label><graphic position="anchor" xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/7-1100407x86.png"  xlink:type="simple"/></disp-formula><p>Xie et al. [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="scirp.62438-ref35">35</xref>] obtained non-traveling wave solutions by the improved tanh function method, in which they introduced a generalized Riccati equation and gained its 27 new solutions. In this paper, we will construct new non-traveling wave solution of Equation (33). As a result, new non-traveling wave solutions including soliton- like solutions and periodic solutions of Equation (1) are obtained. A generalized variable-coefficient algebraic method with computerized symbolic computation is developed to deal with (3+1)-dimensional KP equation with variable coefficients in [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="scirp.62438-ref36">36</xref>] . Chen et al. [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="scirp.62438-ref37">37</xref>] study (3+1)-dimensional KP equation by using the new generalized transformation in homogeneous balance method.</p><p>Using the wave variable<inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/7-1100407x87.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula>, the Equation (33) is carried to an ODE of the form</p><disp-formula id="scirp.62438-formula1794"><label>(34)</label><graphic position="anchor" xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/7-1100407x88.png"  xlink:type="simple"/></disp-formula><p>Integrating twice and setting the constants of integration to zero, we obtain</p><disp-formula id="scirp.62438-formula1795"><label>(35)</label><graphic position="anchor" xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/7-1100407x89.png"  xlink:type="simple"/></disp-formula><p>Balancing <inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/7-1100407x90.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula> and <inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/7-1100407x90.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/7-1100407x91.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula> in Equation (35) yields,<inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/7-1100407x90.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/7-1100407x91.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/7-1100407x92.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula>. Consequently, we get the formal solution (15).</p><p>Substituting (15)-(17) into Equation (35) and equating the coefficients of<inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/7-1100407x93.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula>, <inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/7-1100407x93.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/7-1100407x94.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula>, <inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/7-1100407x93.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/7-1100407x94.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/7-1100407x95.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula>, <inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/7-1100407x93.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/7-1100407x94.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/7-1100407x95.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/7-1100407x96.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula>, <inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/7-1100407x93.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/7-1100407x94.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/7-1100407x95.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/7-1100407x96.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/7-1100407x97.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula>to zero, we respectively obtain</p><disp-formula id="scirp.62438-formula1796"><label>(36)</label><graphic position="anchor" xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/7-1100407x98.png"  xlink:type="simple"/></disp-formula><disp-formula id="scirp.62438-formula1797"><label>(37)</label><graphic position="anchor" xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/7-1100407x99.png"  xlink:type="simple"/></disp-formula><disp-formula id="scirp.62438-formula1798"><label>(38)</label><graphic position="anchor" xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/7-1100407x100.png"  xlink:type="simple"/></disp-formula><disp-formula id="scirp.62438-formula1799"><label>(39)</label><graphic position="anchor" xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/7-1100407x101.png"  xlink:type="simple"/></disp-formula><disp-formula id="scirp.62438-formula1800"><label>(40)</label><graphic position="anchor" xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/7-1100407x102.png"  xlink:type="simple"/></disp-formula><p>From Equations (36)-(40), we have the following results:</p><p>Case 1.</p><disp-formula id="scirp.62438-formula1801"><graphic  xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/7-1100407x103.png"  xlink:type="simple"/></disp-formula><p>Case 2.</p><disp-formula id="scirp.62438-formula1802"><graphic  xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/7-1100407x104.png"  xlink:type="simple"/></disp-formula><p>So that the exact solution of equation</p><p>Case 1.</p><p>when <inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/7-1100407x105.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula></p><disp-formula id="scirp.62438-formula1803"><label>(41)</label><graphic position="anchor" xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/7-1100407x106.png"  xlink:type="simple"/></disp-formula><p>when <inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/7-1100407x107.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula></p><disp-formula id="scirp.62438-formula1804"><label>(42)</label><graphic position="anchor" xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/7-1100407x108.png"  xlink:type="simple"/></disp-formula><p>when <inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/7-1100407x109.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula></p><disp-formula id="scirp.62438-formula1805"><label>(43)</label><graphic position="anchor" xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/7-1100407x110.png"  xlink:type="simple"/></disp-formula><p>when <inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/7-1100407x111.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula></p><disp-formula id="scirp.62438-formula1806"><label>(44)</label><graphic position="anchor" xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/7-1100407x112.png"  xlink:type="simple"/></disp-formula><p>when <inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/7-1100407x113.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula></p><disp-formula id="scirp.62438-formula1807"><label>(45)</label><graphic position="anchor" xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/7-1100407x114.png"  xlink:type="simple"/></disp-formula><p>Case 2.</p><p>when <inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/7-1100407x115.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula></p><disp-formula id="scirp.62438-formula1808"><label>(46)</label><graphic position="anchor" xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/7-1100407x116.png"  xlink:type="simple"/></disp-formula><p>when <inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/7-1100407x117.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula></p><disp-formula id="scirp.62438-formula1809"><label>(47)</label><graphic position="anchor" xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/7-1100407x118.png"  xlink:type="simple"/></disp-formula><p>when <inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/7-1100407x119.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula></p><disp-formula id="scirp.62438-formula1810"><label>(48)</label><graphic position="anchor" xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/7-1100407x120.png"  xlink:type="simple"/></disp-formula><p>when <inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/7-1100407x121.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula></p><disp-formula id="scirp.62438-formula1811"><label>(49)</label><graphic position="anchor" xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/7-1100407x122.png"  xlink:type="simple"/></disp-formula><p>when <inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/7-1100407x123.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula></p><disp-formula id="scirp.62438-formula1812"><label>(50)</label><graphic position="anchor" xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/7-1100407x124.png"  xlink:type="simple"/></disp-formula></sec></sec><sec id="s4"><title>4. Conclusion</title><p>The <inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/7-1100407x125.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula> method has been successfully used to find the exact traveling wave solutions of nonlinear evolution equations. As an application, the traveling wave solutions for (2+1)-dimensional soliton breaking equation and (3+1)-dimensional Kadomstev-Petviash-vili which have been constructed using the modified simple equation method. Let us compare between our results obtained in the present article with the well-known results obtained by other authors using different methods as follows: Our results of (2+1)-dimensional soliton breaking equation and (3+1)-dimensional Kadomstev-Petviash-viliare are new and different from those obtained in [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="scirp.62438-ref38">38</xref>] [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="scirp.62438-ref39">39</xref>] . Figures 1-4 show the solitary wave solutions of equations. It can be concluded that this method is</p><fig id="fig1"  position="float"><label><xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig1">Figure 1</xref></label><caption><title> Solution of Equations (23)-(25)</title></caption><graphic mimetype="image"   position="float"  xlink:type="simple"  xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/7-1100407x126.png"/></fig><fig id="fig2"  position="float"><label><xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig2">Figure 2</xref></label><caption><title> Solution of Equations (26) and (27)</title></caption><graphic mimetype="image"   position="float"  xlink:type="simple"  xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/7-1100407x127.png"/></fig><fig id="fig3"  position="float"><label><xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig3">Figure 3</xref></label><caption><title> Solution of Equation (41)-(43)</title></caption><graphic mimetype="image"   position="float"  xlink:type="simple"  xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/7-1100407x128.png"/></fig><fig id="fig4"  position="float"><label><xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig4">Figure 4</xref></label><caption><title> Solution of Equation (44) and (45)</title></caption><graphic mimetype="image"   position="float"  xlink:type="simple"  xlink:href="http://html.scirp.org/file/7-1100407x129.png"/></fig><p>reliable and propose a variety of exact solutions NPDEs. 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